第九章形容词词组和比较
形容词的句法特征
形容词是一种特殊词类,有其自身的句法特征,这有助于和其 他词类区分开。 形容词词组的结构
形容词词组的全部结构可以用下列公式代表,其中中心词是形容词,括号里面是选项:(前置修饰语)+中心词(+后置修饰语)。
前置修饰语总是副词;后置修饰语可有多种形式:副词、介词词组、限定从句、或者非限定从句:
①He is an extremely intelligent man.(副词+中心词)他是个非常聪明的人。
②I don't think he's old enough to look after himself.(中心词+副词) 我认为他还没有到能照顾自己的年龄。
③We are confident of success.(中心词+介词词组)我们自信能成功。
④She was sure that he would show up soon.(中心词+限定从句)她相信他很快就会来。 ⑤He was afraid to fail again.(中心词+非限定从句)他害怕再次失败。 定语形容词和表语形容词
形容词一般修饰名词,可位于名词词组中名词前后,分别叫做前置修饰语和后置修饰语,二者均属于形容词的定语作用。作前置修饰语时,它的典型位置是在限定词和名词之间: an interesting story一个有趣的故事
all these creative ideas所有这些有创造性的思想
而且,作前置修饰语的通常是一连串的形容词或自身有修饰语的形容词,而不是单一的形容词。 a friend helpful
all the people old and young所有的老年人和年轻人
the woman anxious to keep up with the Joneses渴望赶上时代的妇女 少数几个能单独作后置修饰语的形容词包括(柯林斯,1990:75): (1) designate,elect,galore,incarnate等等,只能紧跟名词后面: the minister designate尚未就任的部长 the president elect当选而尚未就任的总统
(2) broad,deep,high,long,old,tall,thick,wide等等,当要说明尺寸、持续时间长短、事物的年代和人的年龄时,放在数词的后面: six feet tall六英尺高 three metres wide三米宽 twenty five years old二十五岁
(3) concerned,involved,present,proper,responsible等,作前置修饰语和后置修饰
语时有不同的含义:
the mother concerned 有关的母亲(提到的) the concerned mother 担心的母亲(焦虚的) the members present 出席的成员(在知道的地方) the present members 目前的成员(现有的) the issues involved 牵涉的问题(涉及的) the involved style 复杂的文体(复杂的) the man responsible 应负责任的人(负有责任) the responsible man 可靠的人(有责任感)
(4) affected,available,required,suggested等,可用于名词前后而不改变意义: available information 现有的信息 information available 现有的信息 suggested improvements 提出的改进意见 improvements suggested 提出的改进意见 the affected population 那些受影响的居民 the population affected 那些受影响的居民
除了作定语,形容词可以通过充当主语补足语或宾语补足语的方式修饰名词。这种情况下形容词起表语作用,大多数形容词既能作定语又能作表语: a lovely girl一位可爱的女孩 The girl is lovely这女孩很可爱。 her pleasant voice她柔和的声音 Her voice is pleasant.她的声音很柔和。 an old car一辆旧车 The car is old.这车旧了。
然而,这类关系在下列情况下不存在: the upper class上层阶级 *The class is upper. utter nonsense胡说八道 *The nonsense is utter. *an asleep baby The baby is asleep.这婴儿睡着了。 *all ill man The man is ill.这个人病了。 定语形容词
下面列举的是一些几乎只用作定语的形容词:
(1)以-er结尾表示关系的形容词(elder,former,inner,latter,outer,upper等): my elder brother我的哥哥 *Who is elder? an outer region *The region is outer.
(2)强化性形容词包括强调性形容词( certain,definite,plain, pure,sheer等),增强性形容词(absolute,entire,extreme,perfect,total等)和减弱性形容词(feeble,slight等): It's sheer blackmail.那纯粹是敲诈。 *The blackmail is sheer.
a perfect idiot一个十足的白痴 *The idiot is perfect.
(3)限制涉及范围的形容词(chief,joint,lone,main,only,principal,sole,very等): the chief product主要产品 *The product is chief. the principal rule *The rule is principal.
(4)专业性形容词( chemical,coastal,earthen,hydro-electric,maritime, nuclear, wooden, woolen等):
the chemical weapons化学武器 *The weapons are chemical. the solar energy太阳能 *The energy is solar.
(5)和表示位置的副词有关的形容词(downstairs,downtown,indoor, inside, outdoor, outside, upstairs等): 形容词
an indoor tennis court室内网球场
a downtown school位于闹市区的一所学校 three upstairs bedrooms三间楼上卧室 副词
stay indoors呆在室内 go downtown去城里 go upstairs上楼 表语形容词
表语形容词一般分类三类: (1)带后置修饰语的形容词:
①The ship is bound for Australia.这只船开往澳大利亚。 *the bound ship for Australia
②The committee was opposed to my suggestion.委员会反对我的建议。 *the opposed committee to my suggestion
(2)带前缀a-的形容词(afloat,afraid,aghast,akin,alert,alight,alike, alive, alone, aloof, amiss, asleep,ashamed, averse, awake, aware,awash,等): ①The child was afraid.那孩子很害怕。 *an afraid child
②The couple look alike.那对夫妇长得相像。 *an alike couple
(3)一些表示健康状况的形容词(faint,ill,poorly,well,unwell等等): ①The girl looks poorly.这个女孩子看上去好像病了。 *the poorly girl
②My brother feels unwell.我哥哥感觉不太好。
* my unwell brother 形容词的语义分类
根据夸克等人(1985:434-6)的理论,形容词根据三个睾分为:静态形容词和动态形容词、可分等级形容词与不可分等级容词、本意形容词和转意形容词。等级是个程度由高到低由低到高不等的连续体,记住这一点很重要。因此我们论述的不是“一个存在或是不存在的定义特点”(夸克等,1985:434),这三个等级实际上是做同一件事用的三种不同的方式,并且可以互补。此外,形容词还有其他语义特点——限定性/非限定性,标记性/非标记性。 静态形容词和动态形容词
大部分形容词本意是静态的,描述永久性的本意特征时尤其如此: a big house 一间大房子 a red blouse 一件红色女衬衣 a tall man 一位高个子男人
甚至处在表语位置时,大多数形容词仍保持静态含义。使用静态形容词的进行式形式常常令人感到奇怪的原因,实际上进行式形式需用静态动词。 ①The house is big.这座房子大。 *The house is being big. ②She is pretty.她漂亮。 *She is being pretty. ③Peter is tall.彼得个子高。 *Peter is being tall.
然而,许多形容词带有动态含义,当他们出现在表语位置,表示主观的衡量或暗示一种暂时的状态时尤其如此:
①He is being foolish.他在犯傻。
②She is deliberately being rude.她是故意表现粗鲁。 进行式形式意味着形容词表示的特性可以控制和约束。 带有动态含义的形容词包括(选自夸克等,1985:434):
ambitious, awkward, brave, calm, careful, careless, cheerful, clever,conceited, cruel, disagreeable, dull, enthusiastic, extravagant, faithful, foolish,friendly, funny, generous, gentle, good, greedy, hasty, helpful, impatient, irritating, jealous, kind, lenient, loyal, mischievous, naughty, nice,noisy, obstinate, patient, playful, reasonable, rude, sensible, serious, shy,slow, stubborn, stupid, suspicious, tactful, talkative, thoughtful, tidy ,timid,troublesome, unfaithful, untidy, vain, vicious, vulgar, wicked, witty等。
可分等级形容词与不可分等级形容词
大多数形容词有比较级形式,或是屈折形式或是迂回变形。他们可由very和so之类的强化性副词修饰,且强度等级不同。 big,bigger,biggest
quite/rather/very/so/extremely big
只作定语的形容词(mere,latter,indoor等等),表示起源的形容词(British,French等等)以及有绝对含义的形容词(average,excellent,perfect,equal等等)不能分等级。
本意形容词和转意形容词
一般说来,表示固有特征的形容词描述名词指代物。a bighouse指面积大的房子,afirm hand shake指紧紧的握手。相比之下,转意形容词用间接的方式说明特征。例如,a big eater指的不是食者的胖瘦;同样,a firm believer也不指体力。必须从延伸义这个角度对他们加以解释。a big eater指食量很大的人,a firm believer指对某事有坚定信仰的人。 限定性形容词和非限定性形容词
限定性形容词通过描述名词的突出特征说明名词指代物,而非限定性形容词仅提供一些通常对说明指代物术重要的附加信息。这一概念也可用于区分限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句(参看12.1)。因而,a fat woman中fat是限定性的,因为他把这位女士和其他不胖的女士区分开。另一方面,fat这个词在myfat wife中可能是非限定性的。有鉴于此,修饰专有名词的形容词通常是非限定性的:foggy London, sunny Southern Califonia, the magnificent Great Wall等。
有标记的形容词和没有标记的形容词
很多形容词可以按对分组,因为他们表达相反的含义: big small old young heavy light tall short long short wide narrow thick thin difficult easy
far near
左列中的形容词经常被视为没有标记的词语,而右列中相应的词语有明显的含义。例如,问及某物的大小或某人的年龄常时,我们常说How big is it?或者How old is he?使用有标记的对应了假定这些特征的存在:
①I’ve heard a lot that you live in a very small house.But how small is it? 我经常听说你住在一间很小的房子里,房子到底有多小? ②You say your mother is very young. Tell me how young she is. 你说你妈妈很年轻,告诉我她到底多年轻? 前置修饰性形容词的顺序
形容词的排序经常和他们的语义特征有关(看9.2)。我们来看下列修饰语: (1) the entire American population,美国的总入口
(2)a certain funny retired movie star某一个有趣的退休电影明星
(3) both the last two nice big old round red carved French wooden card table.
最后两张红色的大的漂亮的法国制造的旧刻花木质牌桌。 限定词和中心词之间被名词词组中的先行修饰性形容词所占据的空间可分为四个区域
(夸克等,1985:1338-40),每个区域都有特殊形容词。
前置修饰性形容词占据的:四个区域 DET the a ZONE I entire certain ZONEⅡ funny ZONEⅢ retired ZONEⅣ Amertcan movie HEAD population star both the last two nice, big, old, round 这四个区域分别被下列形容词占据: 第1区域:强化性形容词 第Ⅱ区域:可分等级形容词 第Ⅲ区域:表示颜色的形容词和分词 第Ⅳ区域:类属形容词 强化性形容词描述本质特征,因此位于第I区——修饰语的外围。 第Ⅱ区包括完全符合形容词下列四个标准的形容词——起定语作用,起表语作用,可强化词very前置修饰,有比较级/最高级形式。但是,当形容词同时出现在这一区域时,规则就有例外,顺序则主要因人定而异。这里有二些方法仅供参考。就形容词的形式而言,非派生的形容词(small,old,thick等)通常放在派生的形容词(helpful,attractive,interesting等)前面。 a cold beautiful lady 一位漂亮的冷美人 this green hilly slope 这片翠绿的山坡 语义研究表明,并列出现的形容词常常遵守下列公式格林,帮姆,1973:125) 主观的衡量+客观的衡量(尺寸/形状)+年龄 虽然区别较小,我们知道顺序通常是从表明主观态度形容词到易受客观衡量影响的形容词: a handsome young man一位年轻英俊的先生(主观判断+年龄) a mean wealthy man一位富有而吝啬的男人(主观判断+客观衡量) a cozy small cottage一间温暖而舒适的小屋(主观判断+尺寸) 第Ⅲ区的形容词包括表示颜色的形容词和分词(-ing或-ed): a huge red flag面红色的大旗 an enormous steaming pressure cooker一个巨大的蒸气鼓 all the expensive black carved stone figures所有昂贵的黑色石雕 第Ⅳ区的形容词“最不具有形容词特点,却最具有名词特点”它们是由名词或者用作形容词的名词派生的。 some big round black Indian beads一些又大又圆的黑色印度珠子(国籍)
red carved French wooden card tables
an expensive woolen cardigan一件昂贵的羊毛衫(材料)
the major tourist attractions主要的旅游景点(名词作形容词用) an attractive Russian mahogany bedroom set一套引人的用桃花心木做成的俄罗斯卧室用具(国籍+材料+名词作形容词) 比较 比较的形式 规则变化 除了分词,单音节词变化有规则,后加-er/-est 单音节词的比较级和最高级形式 ADJ ADJ&ADV PART 双音节词一般作迂回变形,前面加more/most。以-y,-er,-ure,-le或,-ow结尾的词除外,这些词最好也作屈折变形 有特殊结尾的双音节词的比较级/最高级形式 TWO- SYLLABLE WORDS -y -er -ure -1e -ow gentle simple hollow narrow gentler/gentlest simpler/simplest hollower/hollowest narrower/narrowest more gentle/most gentle more simple/most simple more hollow/most hollow more narrow/most narrow easy silly clever mature obscure INFLECTED easier/easiest sillier/silliest cleverer/cleverest maturer/maturest obscurer/obscurest more clever/most clever more mature/most mature more obscure/most obscure PERIFRASTIC bored drunk more bored/most bored more drunk/most drunk hard fast harder/hardest faster/fastest ONE-SYLLABLE WORDS big slow INFLECTED bigger/biggest slower/slowest PERIPHRASTIC
common,pleasant,polite,remote,sincere,solid,stupid等也可有屈折形式。然而,这类词的迂回形式将是“commoner”或“more commonl”。 当两个或更多的形容词连用时,甚至单音节形容词也可用迂回形式: ①She is more kind and gentle than her mother. ②She is kinder and gentler than her mother. 她比她妈妈更善良,更温柔。 ③You cauldn't hope to meet a more kind or gentle person. ④You couldn't hope to meet a kinder or gentler person. 你不能指望遇见一位更善良更温柔的人。 由形容词派生的以后缀-ly结尾的副词,总是用迂回形式: slowly more slowly most slowly quickly more quickly most quickly 由三个音节构成的词或更长的词用迂回形式: important more important most important responsible more responsible most responsible 不规则变化 比较级和最高级的不规则变形 ADJECTIVES old good,Well bad far little many, much ADVERBS well badly far little much COMPARATIVE older, elder better worse farther, further less more SUPERLATIVE oldest, eldest best wont farthest, furthest least most 注意,其中一些词跨越词类——形容词,副词,甚至名词和限定词——互相重叠,例如little和much。 用法 elder和older elder/eldest暗示家庭成员中年长的,只作定语。older/oldest用作表语,用于指人和物: ①She is my elder/older sister.她是我姐姐。 ②They live in an*elder/older house than any other I have ever seen. 他们住在一间比我见过的任何房子都旧的房子里。 ③She is older/* elder than her husband.她比她丈夫大。 ④My car is even older than I am.我的车比我还老。 farther和further farther/farthest或者further/furthest可用于指自然距离,然而further/furthest,而不是
farther/farthest,通常用来指抽象的含义。
①I'm tired.I can't walk any farther/further.我累了,再也走不动了。 ②If there are no further questions, I declare the meeting closed. 如果没有其他问题,我宣布散会。
less和fewer
作为限定词,little的比较级形式less和不可数名词连用。用fewer和复数可数名词搭配,而不是less,被看做是比较地道的英语:
①They buy less beer and fewer cigarettes now.现在他们买的啤酒和香烟越来越少。 ②If only there were less holes on the roof! 要是房顶上洞少一些该多好啊!(非正式) lesser
作为形容词,lesser只用作定语,意为“不那么重要或巨大”,不和than连用。 to a lesser extent较小程度上
the lesser of two evils两害中较小的一个 the
形容词最高级常常和the搭配: the best 最好的 the cheapest 最便宜的, the most useful最有用的 另外,也可用其他限定词: my best friend我最好的朋友 your funniest joke你最有趣的笑话。 our most important task我们的最重要的任务
most不一定是最高级,它可用强化语,意为“very”,不和the搭配。 a most extraordinary man一个极为不寻常的人 a most interesting visit非常有趣的参观 This book is most interesting.这本书非常有趣。 指代两个人或物时,the和比较级形容词连用: ①He is the taller of the two.他是两个中较高的一位。
②Let me have a look at the two umbrellas... OK, I want the bigger one. 让我瞧瞧这两把伞,好的,我要那把大一点的。 the可以和副词最高级连用,也可以不连用:
①He works(the) hardest in this office.他是这个办公室中工作最努力的一位。 ②Of all the secretaries I've had, Chris handles my paper work(the)most effwiently. 我的所有秘书中,柯瑞斯处理文件效率最高。 the more.. the more
在the more… the more这一结构中,可以通过使用两个对比的比较级表示某一特征的数量和另一特征的数量有联系:
①The more friends you have, the less time you'll have to see them. 你的朋友越多,你见他们的时间就越少。 ②The earlier you start,the sooner you'Il get it.你开始越早,完成任务就越早。 ③The sooner,the better.越早越好。 ④The more,the merrier.越多,越开心。 比较结构
三种比较级由三种比较结构表达: 原级:as…as… 比较级:more…than... 最高级:the most... as…as
as... as和形容词、副词或者数量限定词(many,much,few和little)一起使用。和否定词连用时,有两种可替代形式,意思相同:not as…as…或not so…as…。在as…as…之后的人称代词可以是主语形式加上任意适当的助动词,在非正式语体中可以只用宾语形式。例如: ①My brother is as tall as,(am).(或…口s me)我弟弟和我一样高。
②I'm afraid we’re not working so fast as them. (或…as they are) 我恐怕我们和他们工作并非一样快。
③We don't have as much time as John.我们没有和约翰一样多的时间。
as... as结构可指两个人或物之间特征的同一数量的存在,如下面(1)所示。但是,它也可以用于比较同一个人或物的两种特征,如(2)所示,或是比较两个不同的人或物之间两个不同的特征。如(3)所示:
①Susan is as intelligent as her htiSband.苏珊和她丈夫一样聪明。 ②Susan is as intelligent as she is beautiful.她既漂亮,又聪明。
③Susan is as beautiful as her husband is intelligent.苏珊很漂亮,正如她丈夫很聪明一样。 由as... as表达的同等意义可以被前置修饰语加强、减弱、或取消:nearly, almost, exactly, (three) times, not nearly, not half, by no means,quite等。 ①He is exactly as tall as his brother.他确实和他哥哥一样高。
②This house is twice as expensive as the one we saw yesterday. 这间房子比我们昨天看到的那一间贵一倍。
③He is by to means as intelligent as his wife.他完全不像他妻那样聪明。子 ④Cast iron is a/most as useful a material as steel.铸铁和钢几乎是同样有用的材料。 和名词相比,形容词通常有两种位置:前置修饰或后置修饰: ①Jim is as qualied as a teacher as Bob. Jim is a teacher as qualified as Bob. 吉姆和鲍勃一样都是合格的教师。 ②I can’t move as heavy a box as this one. I can't move a box as heavy as this one.
这么重的箱子我搬不动。
③Hardly have l heard as impressive music as this. Hardly have l heard music as impressive as this. 我几乎没有听过像这样感人的曲子。
注意,作前置修饰语时,形容词应位于不定冠词和单数可数名词之前。 一般说来,限定诃不作后置修饰语(参看第四章),它们总是在名词之前: ①I can give you as many copies of this book as you want. 你要多少本这样的书,我就能给多少。
*I can give you copies of this book as many as you want. ②You can have as much fresh water∞you like from here. 你想要多少淡水就可以从这里运走多少。
*You can have fresh water as much as you like from here。 但是,这并不妨碍我们说:
Of course you can have a lot of fresh water from here; in fact you can have as much as you like.当然你可以从这里运走很淡水,事实上,你想运多少就可以运多少。
这句话中much是代词,而不是限定词。much的名词性用法也可以在下列句中看到: ①He is as much of口fool as his predecessor.他和他的常任一样愚蠢。 ②He is not so much ofn politician as his father.他不像他父亲那样有政治头脑。 more…than
我们通常用more...than...(和less.., than)比较两个人或物所具有的某一特征: ①Sue is cleverer than you( are).苏比你聪明。
②This is a more delightful house than our old one.这间房子比我们的旧房子更令人喜欢。 ③I feel that Mary negotiates more skillfully than her boss. 我感觉玛丽比她老板谈判更老练。
④We had more fun than they did last night.昨晚我们比他们玩的更开心。
形容词、副词、和限定词的比较级可带各种前置修饰语:far,even, many, much, still,a lot,a(little) bit,a great deal, rather, slightly,(three) times,not any等。一些前置修饰语可重复使用,以示强调:
①She is far more honest than her boss.她远比她的老板诚实。
②He came even、earlier than I asked.他甚至比我要求的时间来得还要早。 ③They have done twice as much work as us.他们已经比我们多干了一倍。
④He is much mote careful than we expected.他比我们预料的要细心得多。
和名词相比,more…than结构中的形容词可有两种位置供选择:前置修饰和后置修饰: ①Our neighbour has a larger house than ours. Our neighbour has a house larger than ours. 我们邻居的房子比我们的大。 ②Keener boys than he is will be chosen.
Boys keener than he is will be chosen. 比他聪明的男孩将被选中。 ③We can't afford more expensive food than this. We can't afford food more expensive than this. 我们买不起比这更贵的食物。
注意,当两个比较项不属于同一类时,前置修饰不起作用: ①Mr.White is a professor much more learned than his students. 特先生是位教授,他比自己的学生更有学问。 Mr.White is a much more learned professor than his students.
②There are a lot of women more intelligent than John.有很多妇女比比约翰聪明。 *There are a lot of more intelligent women than John.
除非怀特先生的学生都是教授,否则professor前不能有修饰语。同样,如果该约翰是位女性,women前可有修饰语,而这几乎又是不可能的。 还需要注意限定词不能放在后置修饰位置:
①He likesto order more food than he can.eat.他喜欢多点菜,他根本吃不完。 *He likes to order food more than he can eat.
②We need fewer people than there are here.我们需要的人比现在还要少。 * We need people fewer than there are here.
并且,像much,more(还有less)之类的词也可用作名词: ①He is more of a fool than his predecessor.他比他的前任更蠢。
②He is less of a politician than his father.和他的父亲相比,他更缺少政治家的头脑。 the most
涉及三个或更多的人或物时,我们用最高级表示没有人或物具有更多的特性。我们通常需要用of+数字,in+地点,或者限制性定语从句来限制比较范围: ①This is the most expensive of the three cars.这是三辆车中最贵的一辆。 ②Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。
③This is the most exciting birthday party I’ve ever had. 这是我曾经有过的最令人兴奋的生日晚会。
④Of all my sisters Sue works the hardest.在我的所有姐妹中,苏工作最努力。 但是,最高级只用作强化语时,不需要限定范围:
①I'd like to express my deepest gratitude for all that you’ve done for me. 对于你为我所做的一切,我想表达我最真诚的谢意。
②I shall do it with the greatest pleasure.我会非常开心地去做这件事。
最高级最常见的前置修饰语是very(例如her very best dress,the very youngest),其他前置修饰语包括far,by far,far and away等等:
This is far/by farfar and'away the best school in the region.这是该地区最好的学校。 比较句中的省略
两个并列项重复使用时,常常会有省略。比较句中也有这种情况。考虑下列句子: ①Tom likes pop music more than his 19-year-old daughter likes pop music. ②Tom likes pop music more than his 18-year-old daughter likes it. ③Tom likes pop music more than his 18-year-old daughter does. ④Tom likes pop music more than his 18-year-old daughter. 汤姆比他们18岁的女儿更喜欢流行音乐。
第(1)句因为有不必要的重复而显得笨拙,所以很多人拒绝使用。也可能是由于下列句中的硬性省略的使用而被拒绝使用: ①She is more intelligent than her boss.
* She is more intelligent than her boss is intelligent. 她比她的老板聪明。 ②He works harder than anyone else in the office.
He works harder than anyone else works hard in the office. 在办公室里他工作最努力。
通常第①句和第③句比较好。第④句也一样,导致歧义时除外。脱离上下文时,这句话可从两种省略方式的角度加以解释:
①Tom likes pop music more than his 18-year-old daughter does. 汤姆比他们18岁的女儿更喜欢流行音乐。
②Tom likes pop music more than he likes his 18-year-old daughter. 汤姆喜欢流行音乐甚于喜欢他18岁的女儿。 很自然,用词简洁,常常会使意思含糊不清。 比较的其他表达法
除了我们在9.4.3中刚讨论的比较级结构外,比较的概念可进一步延伸到too和enough以及same和different。这些词的字义已含有比较之意,需要特别注意的是另外一组词,它们起源于拉丁文,有比较之意,并且句法结构独特。 superior/inferior
His work is superior/inferior to mine.他的工作比我的好/差。(质量较好的/较差的) the superior/inferior classes上层社会/下层社会(较高的/较低的) senlor/junior
John is senior/junior to Bob.约翰比鲍勃年龄大/小。(年龄上:较老/较年轻;工作方面:在一个机构工作时间较长/较短)
a senior citizen年龄较大的人(老年人的委婉说法) senior/junior officers高级官员/低级官员(职位高/低) major/minor The car needs some major/minor repairs.这辆车需要大修/简修(很重要/很不重要) the major/minor parties多数党派/少数党派(大/小) anterior/posterior anterior/posterior to the war战争之前/之后(前/后)
the anterior/posterior part of a fish鱼的前身/后身.(靠近罗眵靠近尾巴) prior: a prior engagement更早的定婚(较早的)
a prior claim of my time' and attention对时间和注意力的(优先的)要求 two days prior to the conference会议前两天(在……前)
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