雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编9(题后含答案及解析)

雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编9 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.AmbergrisWhat is it and where does it come from ?Ambergris was used to perfume cosmetics in the days of ancient Mesopotamia and almost every civilization on the earth has a brush with ambergris. Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese names ambergris as lung sien hiang, “dragon’s spittle perfume.” as they think that it was produced from the drooling of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of a sea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar, believing that it is produced from springs near seas. It also gets its name from here. For centuries, this substance has also been used as a flavouring for food.During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a remedy for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments. In the 1851 whaling novel Moby-Dick, Herman Melville claimed that ambergris was “largely used in perfumery.” But nobody ever knew where it really came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720’s, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales. Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned. By 20th century ambergris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses of sperm whales.Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named grey amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold.(Ambergris sells for roughly $20 a gram, slightly less than gold at $30 a gram.)Amber floats in salt water, and in old times the origin of both these substances was mysterious. But it turned out that amber and ambergris have little in common. Amber is a fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized as jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent, wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees, mainly pines.To the earliest Western chroniclers, ambergris was variously thought to come from the same bituminous sea founts as amber, from the sperm of fishes or whales, from the droppings of strange sea birds(probably because of confusion over the included beaks of squid)or from the large hives of bees living near the sea. Marco Polo was the first Western chronicler who correctly attributed ambergris to sperm whales and its vomit.As sperm whales navigate in the oceans, they often dive down to 2 km or more below the sea level to prey on squid, most famously the Giant Squid. It’s commonly accepted that ambergris forms in the whale’s gut or intestines as the creature attempts to “deal” with squid beaks. Sperm whales are rather partial to squid, but seemingly struggle to digest the hard, sharp, parrot-like beaks. It is thought their stomach juices become hyper-active trying to process the irritants, and eventually hard, resinous lumps are formed around the beaks, and then expelled from their innards by vomiting. When a whale initially vomits up

ambergris, it is soft and has a terrible smell. Some marine biologists compare it to the unpleasant smell of cow dung. But after floating on the salty ocean for about a decade, the substance hardens with air and sun into a smooth, waxy, usually rounded piece of nostril heaven. The dung smell is gone, replaced by a sweet, smooth, musky and pleasant earthy aroma.Since ambergris is derived from animals, naturally a question of ethics arises, and in the case of ambergris, it is very important to consider. Sperm whales are an endangered species, whose populations started to decline as far back as the 19th century due to the high demand for their highly emollient oil, and today their stocks still have not recovered. During the 1970’s, the Save the Whales movement brought the plight of whales to international recognition. Many people now believe that whales are “saved”. This couldn’t be further from the truth. All around the world, whaling still exists. Many countries continue to hunt whales, in spite of international treaties to protect them. Many marine researchers are concerned that even the trade in naturally found ambergris can be harmful by creating further incentives to hunt whales for this valuable substance.One of the forms ambergris is used today is as a valuable fixative in perfumes to enhance and prolong the scent. But nowadays, since ambergris is rare and expensive, and big fragrance suppliers that make most of the fragrances on the market today do not deal in it for reasons of cost, availability and murky legal issues, most perfumeries prefer to add a chemical derivative which mimics the properties of ambergris. As a fragrance consumer, you can assume that there is no natural ambergris in your perfume bottle, unless the company advertises this fact and unless you own vintage fragrances created before the 1980s. If you are wondering if you have been wearing a perfume with this legendary ingredient, you may want to review your scent collection. Here are a few of some of the top ambergris containing perfumes: Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No. 5, and Gucci Guilty.Questions 1-6Classify the following information as referring toA ambergris onlyB amber onlyC both ambergris and amberD neither ambergris nor amberWrite the correct letter, A, B, C, or D in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

1． being expensive

正确答案：C

解析：该题目信息对应文章第三段第三句话“Both of them were the most sought-after sub—stances in the world，almost as valuable as gold”，这里“as valuable as gold”对应题目信息“expensive”，所以正确答案为C。

2． adds flavor to food

正确答案：A

解析：该题目信息对应文章第一段最后一句话“For centuries，this substance has also beenused as a flavouring for food”，原文只提及“ambergris”是可以为食物增味的，但是“amber”是否有此功能未提及。所以正确答案为A。

3． used as currency

正确答案：D

解析：虽然原文提到“ambergris”和“amber”价格都很昂贵，但是它们是否曾经作为通货使用，原文并未提及，所以该题目正确答案为D。

4． being see-through

正确答案：B

解析：该题目信息对应文章第三段最后一句话“Although considered a gem，amber is a hard，transparent，wholly—organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees，mainly pines”，这里“transparent”对应题目信息“see-through”，而原文却未提及“ambergris”是否透明，所以正确答案为B。

5． referred to by Herman Melville

正确答案：A

解析：该题目信息对应原文第二段第二句话“In the 1851 whaling novel Moby-Dick,HermanMelville claimed that ambergris was‘largely used in perfumery’”，原文这里明显只提及了“ambergris”，所以正确答案为A。

6． produces sweet smell

正确答案：A

解析：该题目信息也对应原文第二段第二句话，文章提及“ambergris was‘largely used inperfumery’”，所以“ambergris”可以创造芳香的味道，而原文却未提及“amber”也具有此功能，所以正确答案为A。

Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.

7． Sperm whales can’t digest the______of the squids.

正确答案：beaks 解析：利用细节信息“squid”定位于原文第五段第二、三句话“It’s commonly acceptedthat ambergris forms in the whale’s gut or intestines as the creature attempts to‘deal’withsquid beaks．Sperm whales are rather partial to squid，but seemingly struggle to digest thehard，sharp，parrot-like beaks”，这里原文明显提及乌贼的“beaks”硬且锋利，因而导致“sperm whales”无法消化，所以正确答案为beaks。

8． Sperm whales drive the irritants out of their intestines by______.

正确答案：vomiting

解析：利用细节信息“irritants”和顺序原则定位于原文第五段第四句话“It is thought theirstomach juices become hyper-active trying to process the irritants，and eventually hard，resinous lumps are formed around the beaks，and then expelled from their innards by vomit-ing”，这里“expelled”对应题目信息“drive out”，“innards”对应题目信息“intestines”，所以正确答案为vomiting。

9． The vomit of sperm whale gradually______on contact of air before having pleasant smell.

正确答案：hardens

解析：利用细节信息“air”和“pleasant smell”定位于原文第五段倒数第二句话“But afterfloating on the salty ocean for about a decade，the substance hardens with air and sun into asmooth，waxy,usually rounded piece of nostril heaven”，这里“hardens with air”对应题目信息“on contact of air”，“nostril heaven”对应题目信息“pleasant smell”，所以正确答案为hardens。

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

10． Most ambergris comes from the dead whales today. A．真 B．假

C．Not Given

正确答案：A

解析：利用细节信息“dead whales”定位于原文第二段最后一句话“By 20th century amber-gris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses of sperm whales，这里“carcasses”对应题目信息“dead whales”，“20th century”对应题目信息“today”。题目与原文是同意表达，所以答案为True。

11． Ambergris is becoming more expensive than before. A．真 B．假

C．Not Given

正确答案：C

解析：利用细节信息“expensive”定位于原文第三段第三句话“Both of them were the mostsought—after substances in the world，almost as valuable as gold”，但是至于是否现在比过去“more expensive”原文并未提及。题目信息在原文信息的基础上无法判断，所以答案为Not Given。

12． Ambergris is still a popular ingredient in perfume production today. A．真 B．假

C．Not Given

正确答案：B

解析：利用细节信息“perfume production today”定位于原文最后一段第二句话“big fra—grance suppliers that make most of the fragrances on the market today do not deal in it forreasons of cost，availability and murky legal issues，most perfumeries prefer to add a chemi—cal derivative which mimics the properties of ambergris”，原文明显提及现在香水制造商都开始使用“ambergris”的替代品，而非“ambergris”了。题目信息与原文信息正好相反，所以答案为False。

13． New uses of ambergris have been discovered recently. A．真 B．假

C．Not Given

正确答案：C

解析：原文中找不到与该题目对应的信息，所以答案为Not Given。

Tackling Hunger in MsekeniA There are not enough classrooms at the Msekeni primary school, so half the lessons take place in the shade of yellow-blossomed acacia trees. Given this shortage, it might seem odd that one of the school’s purpose-built classrooms has been emptied of pupils and turned into a storeroom for sacks of grain. But it makes sense. Food matters more than shelter.B Msekeni is in one of the poorer parte of Malawi, a landlocked southern African country of exceptional beauty and great poverty. No war lays waste Malawi, nor is the land unusually crowded or infertile, but Malawians still have trouble finding enough to eat. Half of the children under five are underfed to the point of stunting. Hunger blights most aspects of Malawian life, so the country is as good a place as any to investigate how nutrition affects development, and vice versa.C The headmaster at Msekeni, Bernard Kumanda, has strong views on the subject. He thinks food is a priceless teaching aid. Since 1999, his pupils have received free school lunches. Donors such as the World Food Programme(WFP)provide the food: those sacks of grain(mostly mixed maize and soyabean flour, enriched with vitamin A)in that converted classroom. Local volunteers do the cooking— turning the dry ingredients into a bland but nutritious slop, and spooning it out on to plastic plates. The children line up in large crowds, cheerfully singing a song called “We are getting porridge”.D When the school’s feeding programme was introduced, enrolment at Msekeni doubled. Some of the new pupils had switched from nearby schools that did not give out free porridge, but most were children whose families had previously kept them at home to work. These families were so poor that the long-term benefits of education seemed unattractive when set against the short-term gain of sending children out to gather firewood or

help in the fields. One plate of porridge a day completely altered the calculation. A child fed at school will not howl so plaintively for food at home. Girls, who are more likely than boys to be kept out of school, are given extra snacks to take home.E When a school takes in a horde of extra students from the poorest homes, you would expect standards to drop. Anywhere in the world, poor kids tend to perform worse than their better-off classmates. When the influx of new pupils is not accompanied by any increase in the number of teachers, as was the case at Msekeni, you would expect standards to fall even further. But they have not. Pass rates at Msekeni improved dramatically, from 30% to 85%. Although this was an exceptional example, the nationwide results of school feeding programmes were still pretty good. On average, after a Malawian school started handing out free food it attracted 38% more girls and 24% more boys. The pass rate for boys stayed about the same, while for girls it improved by 9.5%.F Better nutrition makes for brighter children. Most immediately, well-fed children find it easier to concentrate. It is hard to focus the mind on long division when your stomach is screaming for food. Mr Kumanda says that it used to be easy to spot the kids who were really undernourished. They were the ones who stared into space and didn’t respond when you asked them questions,” he says. More crucially, though, more and better food helps brains grow and develop. Like any other organ in the body, the brain needs nutrition and exercise. But if it is starved of the necessary calories, proteins and micronutrients, it is stunted, perhaps not as severely as a muscle would be, but stunted nonetheless. That is why feeding children at schools works so well. And the fact that the effect of feeding was more pronounced on girls than on boys gives a clue to who eats first in rural Malawian households. It isn’t the girls.G On a global scale, the good news is that people are eating better than ever before. Homo sapiens has grown 50% bigger since the Industrial Revolution. Three centuries ago, chronic malnutrition was more or less universal. Now, it is extremely rare in rich countries. In developing countries, where most people live, plates and rice bowls are also fuller than ever before. The proportion of children under five in the developing world who are malnourished to the point of stunting fell from 39% in 1990 to 30% in 2000, says the World Health Organisation(WHO). In other places, the battle against hunger is steadily being won. Better nutrition is making people cleverer and more energetic, which will help them grow more prosperous. And when they eventually join the ranks of the well-off, they can start fretting about growing too fat.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Questions 14-20Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Why better food helps students’ learningii Becoming the headmaster of Msekeniiii Surprising use of school premisesiv Global perspectivev Why students were undernourishedvi Surprising academic outcomevii An innovative program to help girlsviii How food program is operatedix How food program affects school attendancex None of the usual reasonsxi How to maintain academic standard

14． Paragraph A

正确答案：iii

解析：该段落大量提及关于教室的内容(对应标题iii中的school premises)，并主要讲到一间教室被腾空用作谷物的储藏(原文说到odd，对应标题iii的surprising).虽然该段落也提及食物，但是标题i(why better food helps students learning)，viii(how food program is operated)，ix(how food program affects school attendance)的信息很明显没有提及，所以正确答案为iii。

15． Paragraph B

正确答案：x

解析：该段落主要讲述Malawi地区的贫困并非一般原因所导致(对应标题x．none of the usual reasons)，同时也出现了“half of the children under five are underfed tothe point of stunting”(对应标题v的undernourished)，但是却并没有讲述原因，应该排除。所以正确答案为x。

16． Paragraph C

正确答案：viii

解析：虽然该段落一开头提及Msekeni的headmaster(对应标题ii．becoming theheadmaster of Msekeni),但是全段并未提及成为headmaster的奋斗过程或成就等等，故排除。该段落主要提及了一个food program“WFP”，而且讲述了食物的来源，谁来做，以及如何分配等，对应标题viii(how food program is operated)，所以正确答案为viii。

17． Paragraph D

正确答案：ix

解析：该段落再次提及food program，并且说明该food program的引入对学生的出勤有影响(原文“enrolment at Msekeni doubled”)，对应标题ix(how foodprogram affects school attendance)，且其他标题信息都未提及，所以正确答案为ix。

18． Paragraph E

正确答案：vi

解析：该段落第一句话提到教学标准“you would expect standards to drop”，对应标题xi(how to maintain academic standard)，也提到学生的学习表现，例如“pass rates”的变化，但是并未提到该如何maintain，所以应该排除。相反，该段开头却说人们预期standard会下降，甚至会下降得很厉害，但是“But they have not．Pass rates at Msekeniimproved dramatically,from 30％to 85％”，也就是说学生成绩反而上升了，这对应标题vi(surprising academic outcome)，且其他标题信息并未提及，所以正确答案为vi。

19． Paragraph F

正确答案：i 解析：该段落虽然提及nutrition和undernourished，但是标题v(why studentsare undernourished)对应的原因并未在段落中出现，所以应该排除。该段落实际是在讲食物对身体和学习的影响，例如“well-fed children find it easier to concentrate”，“moreand better food helps brains grow and develop”等等，对应标题i(why better food helpsstudents learning)，所以正确答案为i。

20． Paragraph G

正确答案：iv

解析：该段落非常明显地在开头提及了“on a global scale”，讲述在全球范围食物的现状，对应标题iv(global perspective)。虽然该段落也提及“children under five inthe developing world who are malnourished”，但是并未提及导致这种现象的原因，而且讲的也不是学生，所以标题v(why students are undernourished)应该排除。所以正确答案为iv。

Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS /OR A NUMBER from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 21-24 on your answer sheet.

21． In Kumanda’s school______are given to girls after the end of the school day.

正确答案：extra snacks

解析：因为全文讲述的基本上都是Kumanda在Msekeni学校的事情，所以“Kumanda”不可以作为细节词使用。按照顺序原则和“girls”，“after the end of the school day”定位于原文段落D最后一句话“Girls，who are more likely than boys to be kept out of school，are given extra snacks to take home”，所以正确答案为extra snacks。

22． Many children from poor families were sent to collect______from the field.

正确答案：firewood

解析：利用细节词“poor families”和“from the field”定位于原文D段落中间一句话“Thesefamilies were so poor that the long-term benefits of education seemed unattractive when setagainst the short-term gain of sending children out to gather firewood or help in the fields”，所以正确答案为firewood。

23． Thanks to the free food program,______of students passed the test.

正确答案：0.85

解析：利用细节信息“free food program”和“passed the test”定位于原文E段落中间“Passrates at Msekeni improved dramatically,from 30％to 85％．”所以正确答案为85％。

24． The modern human is______bigger than before after the Industrial Revolution.

正确答案：0.5

解析：利用细节词“modern human”和“Industrial Revolution”定位于原文G段落第二句话“Homo sapiens has grown 50％bigger since the Industrial Revolution”，其中“homosapiens”对应“modern human”。所以正确答案是50％。

Choose TWO letters, A-F.Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.Which TWO of the following statements are true?A Some children are taught in the open air.B Bernard Kumanda became the headmaster in 1991.C No new staffs were recruited when attendance rose.D Girls are often treated equally with boys in Malawi.E Scientists have devised ways to detect the most underfed students in school.F WHO is worried about malnutrition among kids in developing countries.

25．

正确答案：A 解析：选项A“taught in the open air”对应原文段落A第一句话“half the lessons take place in theshade of yellow-blossomed acacia trees”，所以为正确选项。选项B利用细节词“Bernard Kumanda”和“headmaster”定位于原文段落C，但是这里并没有提及Bernard Kumanda是何时成为校长的，更没有出现选项中的时间“1991”，所以应该排除。选项C利用细节词“attendance”和“no new staffs were recruited”定位于原文E段落第三行。“when the influx of new pupils”对应“when attendance rose”，“is not accompanied by anyincrease in the number of teachers”对应“no new staffs were recruited”。选项信息与原文内容完美对应，所以为正确选项。选项D利用girls和boys的比较定位于原文段落F最后两句话“And the fact that the effectof feeding was more pronounced on girls than on boys gives a clue to who eats first in ruralMalawian households．It isn’t the girls”，这里明显可以看出女孩子地位低下，不如男孩子，所以为错误选项，应该排除。选项E利用detect underfed students定位于原文段落F，但是这里提及的方法并非是科学家专门发明或设计的方法，所以为错误选项，应该排除。选项F利用细节词“WHO”很容易定位到原文段落G，但是选项信息“worried”明显与原文内容相反，因为原文提及“The proportion of children under five in the developingworld who are malnourished to the point of stunting fell from 39％in 1990 to 30％in 2000”，营养不良的比率在下降，并且“In other places，the battle against hunger is steadily beingwon”，所以该选项错误，应该排除。综上所述，Questions 25-26的正确答案为A和C。

26．

正确答案：C

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Placebo Effect—The Power of NothingWant to devise a new form of alternative medicine? No problem. Here’s the recipe. Be warm, sympathetic, reassuring and enthusiastic. Your treatment should involve physical contact, and each session with your patients should last at least half an hour. Encourage your patients to take an active part in their treatment and understand how their disorders relate to the rest of their lives. Tell them that their own bodies possess the true power to heal. Make them pay you out of their own pockets. Describe your treatment in familiar words, but embroidered with a hint of mysticism: energy fields, energy flows, energy blocks, meridians, forces, auras, rhythms and the like. Refer to the knowledge of an earlier age: wisdom carelessly swept aside by the rise and rise of blind, mechanistic science. Oh, come off it, you’re saying. Something invented off the top of your head couldn’t possibly work, could it?Well yes, it could—and often well enough to earn you a living. A good living if you are sufficiently convincing or, better still, really believe in your therapy. Many illnesses get better on their own, so if you are lucky and administer your treatment at just the right time you’ll get the credit. But that’s only part of it. Some of the improvement really would be down to you. Not necessarily because you’d recommended ginseng rather than camomile tea or used this crystal as opposed to that pressure point. Nothing so specific. Your healing power would be the outcome of a paradoxical force that conventional medicine recognises but remains oddly ambivalent about: the placebo effect.Placebos are treatments that have no direct effect on the body, yet still work because the patient has faith in their power to heal. Most often the term refers to a dummy pill, but it applies just as much to any device or procedure, from a sticking plaster to a crystal to an operation. The existence of the placebo effect implies that even quackery may confer real benefits, which is why any mention of placebo is a touchy subject for many practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine(CAM), who are likely to regard it as tantamount to a charge of charlatanism. In fact, the placebo effect is a powerful part of all medical care, orthodox or otherwise, though its role is often neglected and misunderstood.One of the great strengths of CAM may be its practioners’ skill in deploying the placebo effect to accomplish real healing. “Complementary practitioners are miles better at producing non-specific effects and good therapeutic relationships,” says Edzard Ernst, professor of CAM at Exeter University. The question is whether CAM could be integrated into conventional medicine, as some would like, without losing much of this power.At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our physiology: anger opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the tear glands.But exactly how placebos work their medical magic is still largely unknown. Most of the scant research to date has focused on the control of pain, because it’s one of the commonest complaints and lends itself to experimental study. Here, attention has turned to the

endorphins, natural counterparts of morphine that are known to help control pain. “Any of the neurochemicals involved in transmitting pain impulses or modulating them might also be involved in generating the placebo response,” says Don Price, an oral surgeon at the University of Florida who studies the placebo effect in dental pain.”But endorphins are still out in front.” That case has been strengthened by the recent work of Fabrizio Benedetti of the University of Turin, who showed that the placebo effect can be abolished by a drug, naloxone, which blocks the effects of endorphins. Benedetti induced pain in human volunteers by inflating a blood-pressure cuff on the forearm. He did this several times a day for several days, using morphine each time to control the pain. On the final day, without saying anything, he replaced the morphine with a saline solution. This still relieved the subjects’ pain: a placebo effect. But when he added naloxone to the saline the pain relief disappeared. Here was direct proof that placebo analgesia is mediated, at least in part, by these natural opiates.Still, no one knows how belief triggers endorphin release, or why most people can’t achieve placebo pain relief simply by willing it. Though scientists don’t know exactly how placebos work, they have accumulated a fair bit of knowledge about bow to trigger the effect. A London rheumatologist found, for example, that red dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones. Research on American students revealed that blue pills make better sedatives than pink, a colour more suitable for stimulants. Even branding can make a difference: if Aspro or Tylenol are what you like to take for a headache, their chemically identical generic equivalents may be less effective.It matters, too, how the treatment is delivered. Decades ago, when the major tranquilliser chlorpromazine was being introduced, a doctor in Kansas categorised his colleagues according to whether they were keen on it, openly sceptical of its benefits, or took a “let’s try and see” attitude. His conclusion: the more enthusiastic the doctor, the better the drug performed. And this year Ernst surveyed published studies that compared doctors’ bedside manners. The studies turned up one consistent finding: “Physicians who adopt a warm, friendly and reassuring manner,” he reported, “are more effective than those whose consultations are formal and do not offer reassurance.”Warm, friendly and reassuring are precisely CAM’s strong suits, of course. Many of the ingredients of that opening recipe—the physical contact, the generous swathes of time, the strong hints of supernormal healing power—are just the kind of thing likely to impress patients. It’s hardly surprising, then, that complementary practitioners are generally best at mobilising the placebo effect, says Arthur Kleinman, professor of social anthropology at Harvard University.Questions 27-32Complete the following sentences with the correct ending. Choose the correct letter, A-H, for each sentence below.Write your answers in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.A should be easy to understand.B ought to improve by itself.C should not involve any mysticism.D ought to last a minimum length of time.E needs to be treated at the right time.F should give more recognition.G can earn high income.H do not rely on any specific treatment.

27． Appointments with alternative practitioner

正确答案：D

解析：利用顺序原则(第一道题目应该对应文章开头)及细节词“Appointments”定位于原文第一段第三行“each session with your patients should last at least half an hour”，这里“each session with your patients”对应题目中的“Appointments”，“minimum length oftime”对应原文“at least half an hour”，所以正确答案为D。

28． An alternative practitioner’s description of treatment

正确答案：A 解析：利用细节词“description of treatment”定位于原文第一段中间“Describe your treatment in familiar words”，“easy to understand”对应原文的“familiar words”，所以正确答案为A。

29． An alternative practitioner who has faith in what he does

正确答案：G

解析：利用细节信息“has faith in what he does”定位于原文第二段第二句话“A good livingif you are sufficiently convincing or,better still，really believe in your therapy”。这里“believein your therapy”对应题目中“has faith in what he does”，“A good living”对应题目中“earn high income”，所以正确答案为G。

30． The illness of patients convinced of alternative practice

正确答案：B

解析：利用细节词“illness”及顺序原则定位于原文第二段第三句话“Many illnesses getbetter on their own”，这里“Many illnesses”对应题目中“The illness”，“get better ontheir own”对应题目中“improve by itself”，所以正确答案为B。

31． Improvements of patients receiving alternative practice

正确答案：H

解析：利用细节词“improvements”和顺序原则定位于原文第二段中间几句话“Some of theimprovement…Nothing so specific”。这里明确说明，病人病况的改善并非源于什么人参、菊花茶等等之类的秘方，实际上并没有什么秘方，也不需要什么秘方(原文“Nothing so specific”)，一切的改善全来自于安慰剂效应。所以正确答案为H。

32． Conventional medical doctors

正确答案：F

解析：利用细节词“Conventional medical doctors”定位于原文第二段最后一句话“Yourhealing power would be the outcome of a paradoxical force that

conventional medicinerecognises but remains oddly ambivalent about：the placebo effect”，这里“conventionalmedicine”对应题目中的“conventional medical doctors”。这里明显提及传统医生承认安慰剂效应，但是却对其三缄其口，模棱两可。唯一与其对应的选项为F，而其余选项都与原文信息不相关，所以正确答案为F。

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.

33． In the fifth paragraph, the writer uses the example of anger and sadness to illustrate that

A．people’s feelings could affect their physical behavior. B．how placebo achieves its effect is yet to be understood.

C．scientists don’t understand how the mind influences the body. D．research on the placebo effect is very limited.

正确答案：A

解析：本题目定位很明显，利用细节词“anger”和“sadness”可以很容易定位到第五段第一句话。“our state of mind can influence our physiology：anger opens the superficial bloodvessels of the face；sadness pumps the tear glands”，这里的冒号很明显地说明了“anger”和“sadness”的例子是为了解释说明“our state of mind can influence our physiology”，思想能够影响生理，所以正确答案为A。

34． Research on pain control attracts most of the attention because A．only a limited number of researches have been conducted so far. B．scientists have discovered that endorphins can help to reduce pain. C．pain reducing agents might also be involved in placebo effect. D．patients often experience pain and like to complain about it.

正确答案：D

解析：利用细节信息“research on pain control”及顺序原则定位于原文第五段中间“Mostof the scant research to date has focused on the control of pain，because it’s one of thecommonest complaints and lends itself to experimental study”(原文“most of the scantresearch”对应题目的“attracts most of the attention”)，而且原因就在于疼痛是“oneof the commonest complaints”，于是人们就倾向于对它进行较多的研究，所以答案为D。

35． Fabrizio Benedetti’s research on endorphins indicates that A．they are widely used to regulate pain. B．they can be produced by willful thoughts.

C．they can be neutralized by introducing naloxone. D．their pain-relieving effects do not last long enough.

正确答案：C

解析：利用细节信息人名“Fabrizio Benedetti”和“endorphins”定位于原文第六段开头。原文讲到，Fabrizio Benedetti的研究“showed that the placebo effect can be abolished bya drug，naloxone，which blocks the effects of endorphins”，该信息与选项C对应(“blocks”对应“neutralized”)，所以正确答案为C。

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

36． There is enough information for scientists to fully understand the placebo effect.

A．真 B．假

C．Not Given

正确答案：B

解析：该题目细节信息不明显，不好定位，只能利用顺序原则(同一组题目内，前一道题目在原文中对应信息，一般情况下应出现在后一道题对应信息之前)定位于原文第七段第二句话“Though scientists don’t know exactly how placebos work，they have accumulated a fair bit of knowledge about how to trigger the effect”。尽管科学还不清楚安慰剂效应的具体工作机制和原理，但他们已经积累了一定的有关如何触发安慰剂效应的知识。此信息与题目的“fully understand the placebo effect”正好相反，所以答案为False。

37． A London based researcher discovered that red pills should be taken off the market.

A．真 B．假

C．Not Given

正确答案：C

解析：利用细节词“London”和“red pills”定位于原文第七段“A London rheumatologistfound，for example，that red dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue，green or yellow ones”，但是他的研究只说明不同的颜色会有不同的效果，并没有说明“red pills should be taken off the market”。题目信息在原文信息的基础上无法判断，所以答案为Not Given。

38． People’s preference on brands would also have effect on their healing. A．真 B．假

C．Not Given

正确答案：A

解析：利用细节信息“preference on brands”定位于原文第七段最后一句话“Even brandingcan make a difference”，且详细提及了“Aspro”及“Tylenol”的例子。题目信息与原文信息是同意表达，所以答案为True。

39． Medical doctors had a range of views of the newly introduced drug of chlo-rpromazine.

A．真 B．假

C．Not Given

正确答案：A 解析：利用细节词“chlorpromazine”定位于原文倒数第二段第二句话“when the majortranquilliser chlorpromazine was being introduced,a doctor in Kansas categorised his colleagues according to whether they were keen on it，openly sceptical of its benefits，or tooka‘let’s try and see’attitude”。原文讲到该医生的同事对该药的态度可以分为三类：乐观的、怀疑的和试试看的，对应题目信息“had a range of views”。题目信息与原文信息是同意表达，所以答案为True。

40． Alternative practitioners are seldom known for applying placebo effect. A．真 B．假

C．Not Given

正确答案：B

解析：利用顺序原则定位于原文最后一段最后一句话“complementary practitioners are generally best at mobilising the placebo effect”。此处“complementary practitioners”就等同于题目中的“alternative practitioners”，且原文明显提及他们善于运用安慰剂效应，而题目却说他们是“are seldom known for applying placebo effect”。题目信息与原文信息正好相反，所以答案为False。