⼀.直接引语/间接引语
如果引语的主句所⽤动词为过去时,那么间接引语要做相应变化:时态,⼈称,时间地点及指⽰词 1) 时态变化:
⼀般现在时——⼀般过去时 现在进⾏时——过去进⾏时 ⼀般过去时——过去完成时 现在完成时——过去完成时 ⼀般将来时——过去将来时
be going to——was/were going to/would can--could may--might
2) 时间地点及指⽰词的变化:
here-there, tomorrow-the next day, the following day, this-that… 3) ⼈称变化:根据句意改变⼈称。 4) 直接宾语/间接宾语
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的⼈或事务,也可以说间接宾语表⽰动作是对谁做的,或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要⽤名词或者宾格代词来担当。
He gives me a book.(me间接宾语,a book直接宾语) 直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加⼀个介词to或for: 主语+及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语 Give me a book. = Give the book to me. Send him a letter. = Send a letter to him.
Show him the new dress. = Show the new dress to him. ⼆.将来完成进⾏时 形式
will/shall have been+现在分词⽤于第⼀⼈称,⽽ will have been+现在分词⽤于其他⼈称。 ⽤法
正如将来完成时⼀样,它通常与⼀个以by开头的时间短语连⽤: By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years. 到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。
将来完成进⾏时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进⾏时与现在完成时的关系⼀样。即在以下情况下可以⽤将来完成进⾏时⽽不⽤将来完成时: 1. 动作本⾝就是连续的:
By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years. 到了⽉底他在这⾥居住/⼯作/学习就满⼗年了。 2. ⼀种经常进⾏的动作被表⽰为连续的动作:
By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years. 到了这个⽉底他驯马/登⼭就满20年了。
但是如果提到所驯马匹或所攀登的⼭峰的数⽬,或⽤任何⽅式把动作分割为⼀次⼜⼀次的动作,就必须⽤将来完成时: By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains. 到本⽉底,他驯服的马就有600匹/攀登的⼭峰就有50座了 三.过去完成进⾏时
表⽰⼀个动作从过去某时开始,⼀直延续到另⼀个过去时刻,到那个时刻,该动作可能刚刚终⽌,也有可能还在继续。 形式
had been + V-ing形式 ⽤法
1. 过去完成进⾏时所表⽰的动作与过去的时间的关系,可以⽤时间状语来表⽰,也可以通过上下⽂来表⽰。例如:
By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days. 到上个⽉为⽌,他们在这⾥⼯作⼤约有⼗天了。 She said that she had been listening to radio after school. 她说她放学后⼀直在听收⾳机。 2. 过去完成时可以表⽰⼀个动作已经结束,但其结果仍然影响到过去的某⼀时刻。例如: It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天⼀直在下⾬,街道仍然很湿。
3. 像 work、study、stay、sing、teach等延续性动词与表⽰⼀段时间的时间状语连⽤时,⽤过去完成进⾏时可以表⽰⼀个动作⼀直延续到过去某⼀时刻,通常强调动作的持续性和不间断性。例如:
She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 当她的同学来看她的时候,她学习有两个⼩时了。 4. 过去完成进⾏时与过去进⾏时的区别:过去进⾏时主要表⽰过去某时的⼀个动作正在进⾏。例如: I was writing a letter when she came to see me. 当她来看我时我正在写信。
I had been writing a letter for two hours by the time she came to see me. 当她来看我的时候,我已经写了两个⼩时的信了。
5. 过去完成进⾏时与过去完成时的`不同:过去完成时表⽰过去某时间前已经发⽣的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以⽤by,before等介词短语或⼀个时间状语从句来表⽰;或者表⽰⼀个动作在另⼀个过去动作之前已经完成。例如: They had just had breakfast when Tom came in. 汤姆来时,他们刚吃过早饭。
They had been having breakfast for ten minutes when Tom came in. 汤姆来时,他们已经吃了⼗分钟的早饭了。 四.现在完成进⾏时 现在完成进⾏的形式
I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词 He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 现在完成进⾏的功⽤
1) 表⽰⼀个在过去开始⽽在最近刚刚结束的⾏动,如: Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 2) 表⽰⼀个从过去开始但仍在进⾏的⾏动,如: It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表⽰⼀个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的⼀个阶段内,重复发⽣的⾏动,如: She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 现在完成时强调动作⾏为的结果、影响,⽽现在完成进⾏时只强调动作⾏为本⾝,如: Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car. The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it. 注意:
现在完成时有否定结构、⽽现在完成进⾏时没有否定结构。
现在完成时态可表⽰做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进⾏时不可以。 现在完成进⾏时的否定结构
在当代英语中,现在完成进⾏时有时也可⽤否定结构。如:
Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. ⾃从上周发⽣了那次不幸事故之后,我⼀直睡得很不好. He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我⼯作过,我和他没有过那许多接触。 否定句构成:
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词 ⼀般疑问句构成:
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他 过去将来完成时 五.过去将来完成时 形式
should / would have done sth. ⽤法
1、 过去将来完成时表⽰在过去将来某⼀时间以前发⽣的动作,并往往会对过去将来某⼀时间产⽣影响。 I thought you'd have left by this time. 我想这会⼉你已经⾛了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock. 他告诉他们他会在8点以前⼲完。 I guessed that Helen would have told her something. 我猜海伦会告诉她⼀些情况的。 2、 过去将来完成时还常⽤在虚拟语⽓中,表⽰与过去的事实相反。 六.过去将来进⾏时
过去将来进⾏时:表⽰就过去某⼀时间⽽⾔,将来某⼀时刻或某⼀段时间正在进⾏的动作,主要⽤宾语从句中,尤其多⽤于间接引语中。 基本⽤法:
⽤于间接引语:They said they would be coming.(他们说了他们将要来。)
⽤于定语从句:The new job he would be taking was raising racing horses.(他将要接受的新⼯作是养赛马。 ) 作⽤:
1. 过去将来进⾏时可以表⽰在过去某⼀时间之后即将进⾏的动作:
例如:He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.(他说他不能来因为要开会。)
2. 过去将来进⾏时表⽰在过去将来某⼀时间正在发⽣的动作:它常和表过去将来的时间状语连⽤,但上下⽂清楚时,时间状语亦可省略。和将来进⾏时⼀样,它也常表计划中的事,不表意愿或打算。它还有⼀个特点,即常⽤在宾语从句(尤其是间接引语)中。 例如:John told us that Mary would be coming next day.(约翰告诉我们玛丽第⼆天来。) 3. 过去将来进⾏时有时也可⽤在其它从句中:
⽤在定语从句中:The new name he would be using was Jack Jones.(他将⽤的新名是杰克琼斯。)
⽤在状语从句中:He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France.(其余款项,他将在离开法国时付清。) 4. 过去将来进⾏时也可⽤在独⽴句中:
例如:The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university.(车⼦发动了。埃伦詹姆斯要开车到⼤学去。)【英语语法⼤全汇总】
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