“动词+不定式”结构的特殊意义

“动词+不定式”结构的特殊意义及其它

湖南省常德芷兰实验学校 张如明

一、“动词+不定式”结构的特殊意义

1、ache to do sth 渴望做某事/拥有某物

I was aching to tell him the good news.

我急不可待地想把好消息告诉他。

2、aspire to do sth 渴望（得到或成为…）

I aspire to be made monitor.

我渴望被选为班长。

3、can’t wait to do sth 迫不及待地想做某事

I can’t wait to see my family again!It’s been a long time!

4、be dying to do sth 迫不及待地想做某事/渴望做某事

We’re dying to get started.

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5、long to do sth 渴望，盼望做某事

I long to see her again.

6、afford to do sth 买得起；支付得起；承担得起

I can’t afford to buy the house.

We can’t afford to go on vacation this year.

今年我们没有钱去度假。

We simply can’t afford to offend such an important customer.

惹怒这样一位重要客户，我们可担当不起。

7、bother/trouble to do sth 麻烦；费心（常用于否定句或疑问句中）

Don’t trouble/bother to meet me at the station.

不用麻烦到车站接我。

8、fail to do sth 没有；没有能够

He did well,but failed to break the record.

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他表现很好，但是没有打破记录。

The government failed to meet the needs of the people.

政府没能满足人民的需要。

I fail to see/understand why you find it so amusing.

我不明白你为什么会觉得这很有趣。

9、help(sb) to do sth 帮助；有助于

This method helps to improve your English.

10、come to do sth 开始做某事（尤指随着时间或经历的增长，开始对某人或某物产生某种感情或看法）

In time you may come to like it here.

过段时间，你可能会喜欢上这儿的。

That’s the kind of behavior we’ve come to expect from him.

那正是我们期待他做的。

He’s come to realize the importance of English study.

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他终于意识到了英语学习的重要性。

11、get to see/know/understand etc 逐渐明白/知道/理解等

I’m sure that the kids will soon get to like each other.

我相信这些孩子很快就会互相喜欢的。

How did you two get to know and love each other?

你们俩是如何相识相爱的？

12、get to do sth 能做某事（尤指困难或不寻常的事）

Since the divorce,he hardly gets to see Jenny.

自从离婚之后，她就几乎见不到詹妮了。

13、have to do sth 必须；不得不

First I’d have to get my father’s consent.

首先，我要征得我父亲的同意。

He may have to cancel his plan.

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他也许不得不取消他的计划。

14、happen/chance to do sth 碰巧；凑巧；恰巧

I happened to meet her on my way home.

If you happen to meet your friend,give him these.

15、hesitate to do sth 犹豫着不想做某事

Don’t hesitate to ask me for help.

请尽量找我帮忙好了。

Don’t hesitate to tell me if there’s anything at all you need.

如果你有什么需要，请告诉我一声。

If the wound should become swollen,do not hesitate to call me.

万一伤口出现肿胀，请给我打电话。

16、It won’t/doesn’t hurt (sb) to do sth 做某事不会（对某人）有坏处

It won’t hurt Julia to get up early for once.

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偶尔早起一次不会对茱莉亚造成什么不便。

The rain may hold off(下不下来),but it won’t hurt to take an umbrella.

17、hasten to do sth 赶紧做某事

Then he hastened to add that… 他赶紧补充说…

18、hate to do sth 不愿意；不喜欢

I hate to trouble you.

I hate to say it,but your service is really too poor.

我很不情愿说这件事，不过你们的服务也实在太差了。

19、mean to do sth 意欲；打算

I’ve been meaning to phone you all week.

整整一星期以来我一直打算给你打电话。

I didn’t mean to hurt you.

我不是有意想伤害你。

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20、offer to do sth 主动提出做某事

My friend offered to lend me a little money.

The taxi driver offered to take me to the station.

这位的哥主动提出送我去车站。

21、promise to do sth 允诺，答应（主语是人）；有可能；有望（主语是物）

Jack promised not to be late for the wedding.

This year promises to be another one for harvests.

今年有望又是一个丰收年。

It promises to be fine tomorrow.

明天有可能是晴天。

22、It pays to do sth 值得，有利，有好处

It usually pays to tell the truth;it doesn’t pay to be dishonest.

讲真话通常有利，而不诚实常常吃亏。

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It will pay to read that book.

23、pretend to do sth 假装；装作

Don’t pretend to know what you don’t know.

不要不懂装懂（不要强不知以为知）。

She never pretends to be what she isn’t.

她从不装模作样。

She pretended to be reading when her mother came in.

24、serve to do sth 足以，适用，有用

A simple example will serve to illustrate the point.

一个简单的例子就足以说明这一点。

25、tend to do sth 容易，易于；往往，总是

Once you lose patience,things tend to go wrong.

一旦你失去耐心，事情往往就会变得不对劲。

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He tends to get angry when people disagree with him.

当人们不同意他的意见时，他容易生气。

People tend to get fat as they grow older.

随着年龄的增长，人往往容易发胖。

26、threaten to do sth 威胁要做某事

Every time they quarrel,Jan threatens to leave.

每次他们吵架，简就威胁要走人。

27、turn out to be sb/sth 结果是；原来是；证明是；被发现是

He turned out to be a pickpocket（=It turned out that he was a pickpocket）.

原来他是一个扒手。

The house that they had offered us turned out to be a tiny apartment.

他们给我们提供的住房原来是一个极小的公寓。

28、used to do sth 过去常常，现在不再（表示今昔对比）

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I do not swim so often as I used to.

What an ass I used to be!

我过去真蠢！

29、vow to do sth 发誓要做某事

They vowed to love each other throughout eternity.

他们发誓要彼此相爱，天长地久。

30、try to do sth 设法/努力/试图做某事，但多半没有成功

manage to do sth 设法做成某事

I tried to persuade him to change his mind,but it was in vain.

我试图说服他改变主意，但毫无作用。

I would have been punished,but I managed to slide out of the room without Dad seeing me.

我本来会受罚的，但我设法溜出了房间，没有让老爸看见。

31、phone/call to say 打电话说

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Write to say 写信说

He phoned to say that he is not coming tomorrow.

32、would like/love/prefer to do sth 希望/想要/宁愿做某事

My husband and I would love to go to Arizona.

Would you like to go to Sharon’s birthday party next Saturday?

She preferred to die rather than marry him.

二、表示希望、意图和打算的动词，如hope/want/wish/intend/mean/think/plan/expect等，用下面的两种结构表示过去的希望、意图和打算没有实现，是表达虚拟语气的一种特殊结构。

1、谓语动词的过去完成时+不定式的一般式；

2、谓语动词的一般过去时+不定式的完成式。

例如：①I had intended to speak about it,too,but time didn’t permit.

I intended to have spoken about it,too,but time didn’t permit.

我也本来打算提及此事，但时间不允许。

②I wanted to have called on you,but…

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I had wanted to call on you,but…

注意：在现代英语中，也可见到用这些动词的“一般过去时+不定式的一般式”的情况，例：I meant to buy a morning paper but I didn’t see any newsboy around.

我想买份晨报，但是我看不到附近有报童。

三、表示希望、意图和打算的动词，如would like to/want/wish/hope/expect/intend/

mean/plan等,因其本身含有将来的意味，因而很少与其它表示将来的结构连用，直接使用“动词+不定式”表示将来，是构成将来时态的九种结构之一。

例如：①Tim expects to go fishing this weekend.

②Linda plans to leave for Chicago on Tuesday and return on Friday.

四、need/dare to do sth 需要/敢于做某事。当need和dare用于否定句，疑问句和条件状语从句时，它们是情态动词，后接动词原形；但用于肯定句或已有助动词do的某种形式时，后接动词不定式。

例如：①I need to do my homework tonight.

②Do you need to get a visa if you go to Macao?

③He doesn’t need to wear glasses all the time.

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④I don’t dare (to) speak before the public.

⑤—Dare you go home alone,Mary?

—Yes,I dare to.

五、在happen/seem/pretend/prove等动词后，如接否定不定式时，否定词not往往转移到谓语动词前。

例如：①I didn’t happen to be there.我当时恰巧不在那里。

②I didn’t pretend to understand what he said for.我假装不明白他说话的用意。

③There doesn’t seem to be anyone in the room.房间里似乎没有人。

六、不定式短语的省略（重点内容）

在英语里，尤其是在英语交际口语中，如果需要重复不定式短语所要表达的内容，往往省略不定式符号to后面的动词或动词短语，只保留to。

1、Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to .

2、—Why didn’t you go to the concert?

—I didn’t want to.

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3、I haven’t written my parents yet this week,but I intend to.

4、—Did Jane enjoy the play?

—She seemed to.

5、I’d like to buy fresh flowers for my desk every day,but I can’t afford to.

6、I don’t play with toys any more,but I used to.

7、Tina doesn’t feel like going to the meeting,but she has to.

8、—Are you planning to go to the market?

—No,but I suppose I ought to.

省略不定式短语的情况大致有：

1、作宾语的不定式短语

①Then anyone who wants to (go by boat)can go for a walk round Aswan after the boat trip.

②—“You must come to our conference next year”,said the organizer.

—“I’d like to (come to the conference)very much”,said Dr Baker.

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③Black people had no right to vote in the southern states.If they wished to (vote),they had to pass a reading test.

④—Do remember to come to my birthday party tomorrow.

—I won’t forget to (come to your birthday).

⑤—Have you decided to go abroad?

—Yeah,I’ve decided to (go abroad).

2、作宾语补足语的不定式短语

①They should work hard,but you can’t force them to.

②—Did Sharon go with you in the end?

—No,but I advised her to.

③—Would you prefer them to drink so much?

—No,I’d prefer them not to.

3、作主语补足语的不定式短语

①—Did your husband give up smoking?

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—No,he was advised to,but he wouldn’t listen.

②—Was our English teacher invited to attend our meeting?

—Yes,she was invited to,but she said she had to go to the airport to meet her boyfriend who had just returned from abroad.

4、作状语的不定式短语

①—Could you explain this to me?

—Certainly,I’ll be glad to.

②—Are they likely to win the match?

—I’m afraid they are not likely to.

5、由助动词used to,have to,ought to,be going to等或是由“be+形容词+不定式”构成的短语，如：be sure to/be likely to/be bound to/be (un)willing to/be reluctant to/be determined to/be able to/be ready to/be prepared to/be pleased to/be anxious to/be eager to等，常常省略动词或动词短语，但要保留to。

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