Than专题
有关than的结构在历年考研英语中都会出现,尤其是在“英译汉”和“完形填空”中。比如,在2006年考研英稻“英译汉”中,第49题和第50题连续出现两个含有than结构的句子翻译,其重要性可见一斑。
真题再现
[例句] But his primary task is not to think about the moral code. which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expended to dedicate his energies to an expiration of rules of conduct in business.(2006年第49题)
[例句] They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.(2006年第50题)
17.l在more than结构的理解与翻译
17.1.l more...than...引导比较状语从句的转译
关于than引导的比较状语从句,在4.9.2 小节已经详细讨论过,现在来看看它的翻译问题。more...than...最基本的意思就是“比…多”或“比…更加…”,但在具体语境中,我们常常需要认真措辞,进行转译。
真题再现
[例句] There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term them there is on how to interpret or classify them. 1992(年第71题)
[解析] 这是一个典型的 than引导的比较状语从句。但若按字面译成“有更多的一致意见在这个词所指的不同表现方面,较少的一致意见对这些表现如何解释或分类”,则显得比较生硬,故这里需要转译。
[译文] 对智力这个词所指的不同表现人们意见比较一致,而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。
这里只是给大家提一个醒,在考研“英译汉”中,遇到than时要考虑转泽,而不一定要直译。具体如何转译,则需要具体句子具体分析,没有一定之现。
17.1.2 more than表示“不仅仅是…”
上面讨论的是分开用的 more...than...有时需要转译。接下来,我们分析 more than的翻译问题。在很多句子中, more than不能按字面意思翻译成“比…多”,而是要引申转译为“不仅仅是’域“不只是”。此时more than后边往往接一个动词,比如我们上面提到的第(2)句 more than earn。
[例句] They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006年第50题)
[解析] 这里 more than后接动词earn,此时 more than一般都理解成“不仅仅是”。
[译文] 他们(知识分子)可能很会教书,而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水,但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的人类问题进行思考。
[例句] In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.(CET-4)
[解析] 这里more than后边接动词 attend。
[译文] 在一天当中,学生们不只是上上课而已。
[例句] Teachers do much more than impart knowledge. They are forces in young lives.
[解析]这句话是小布什总统的夫人Laura Bush说的。这里more than后接动词impart。
老师不只是授业解惑,他们还是年轻生命的力量源泉。
除了动词之外, more than后边接名词,也可理解成“不仅仅是”。
[例句] Because of its intimacy,radio is usually more than just a medium, it is company.(2001年语法)
[解析] 这里 more than后边接名词 medium,译成“不只是一个媒体”。
[译文] 收音机与我们的生活息息相关,所以它不只是媒体,更是我们的伙伴。
[例句] For example, when an American uses the word“friend”, the cultural implications of the word maybe quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.( 1997年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里 more than后边接名词 enceinte,理解成“不只是一次邂逅”。
[译文] 例如,当一个美国人使用“朋友”一词时,该词所含的文化意义也许会与它在游客的语言和文化中的含义相去甚远。区别礼貌的习俗和个人兴趣不能单凭一次公共汽车上的短暂相遇。
[例句] In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. (1999年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里more than后接名词 fashion,理解成“不只是一种时尚”。
[译文] 在网络商务的初期,商务活动主要围绕消费者市场的开发。近来,网络已经超越一种时尚的概念,
因此公司之间开始相互做起了商品和服务的交易。
[例句] But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment.(2006年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里more than 后接名词 pleasure,理解成“不只是没有痛苦的快乐”。
[译文] 但是,我们所忘记的——我们的经济依赖于我们所忘记的——是幸福并不仅是没有痛苦的快乐。事实上,带来最大快乐的事情往往潜含着给我们带来损失和失望的最大可能。
17.1.3“more than+形容词”表示“非常”
在英文中,more than后进可以接一个形容词,这时more than本身相当于一个程度副词,用来修饰形容词,可理解为“十分,非常”。
真题再现 [例句] The USA remains more than capable of holding lraq down, while confronting North Korea and lran—its next main targets.
[解析] 这里more than后边添加了形容词capable, more than修饰这个capable,表示“十分有能力,完全有能力”。
[译文] 美国在推翻伊拉克的同时,完全还有实力可以与下两个打击目标一朝鲜和伊朗来对抗。
[例句] I would be more than ready to help you.
[译文] 我十分愿意帮助你。
18.1.4“more than+数字”表示“多于…”
在英文中,“more than+数字”往往表示“多于…”,对于这个用法,我相信大家应该比较熟悉,其反义词是less than。这时 than并不是表示比较用法,这不同于上述 6.1.1中的than。
真题再现 [例句] There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporation accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly.(2001年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里more than接了数字25%,表示“超过25%”,而less than 20%则表示“不到 20%”。
[译文]无疑,大企业正在变得更大、更强。在1982年,公司只占国际贸易不到20%的份额,现如今,这个数字已经超过25%,并且还在迅速上升。
在 more than前边还可以加程度修饰语,比如 a little, little等。请看例句:
[例句] The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 92002年第63题0
[解析] 这里 more than前边添加了a little来修饰,表示程度大小。
[译文] 自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
[例句] As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the l970s, to 18.5
percent-little more than two thirds the l960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.(1998年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里 more than前边添加了little来修饰,表示程度大小。
[译文] 结果,加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代降到18.5%——只是20世纪60年代增长率的三分之二强一点,比西部其他州的增长率低得多。
此外,我们还可以添加no来修饰 more than,构成“no more than+数字”这一结构,表m“仅仅,只有”。请看例句:
[例句] Abraham Lincoln received no more than six months of formal education.
[解析] 这里more than前边添加了no来修饰,表示程度大小。
[译文] 亚伯拉罕·林肯仅仅接受过六个月的正规教育。
请注意这里 no more than与下文 6.3 小节讨论的 no more than句型和下文 6.2 小节讨论的 nothing more than的意义和用法不同,请注意比较。
17.2 nothing more than 结构的理解与翻译
在上面 6.1.2 小节中,我们看到 more than可以表示“不仅仅是…”,而这里在 more than前面加了否定词 nothing,表示“只不过是…”,类似于nothing but短语。
真题再现 [例句] The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is_ D __
an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.
A. everything except B. anything but
C. no less than D. nothing more than (2001年语法)
[解析] 本题考查考生对 nothing more than的理解和掌握。
[译文] 每位电视观众总会觉得,在众多形形色色的观众当中,自己只不过是无足轻重的一小分子。
[例句] There are always concerns that traditional dances performed in a theater are nothing more than a spectacle.
[解析] nothing more than表示“仅仅是”,相当于 nothing but。
[译文] 人们总是担心,传统的舞蹈仅仅是很壮观而已。
我们看到这里 nothing more than和上述 no more than的区别是:前者后面通常接名词,比如 a spectacle,这正好与nothing相呼应;而 no more than后面接数字,表示“仅仅是多少数目”。此时的 no more than与我们接下来讨论的 no more than用法和意义都不同。
17.3 no more than/not any more than结构的理解与翻译
关于 no more...than...或 not...any more than...这个结构的意义与用法,已在 4.9.6 小节详细讨论过了,故不再赘述,仅举两例回顾一下。
真题再现
[例句]But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年第49题)
[解析] 本题考查的就是 no more...than的变体句型 not...any more than。这个句型就是用来表示两个事物之间的类比关系的,由上下文可知这里类比的对象是intellectual(就是his指代对象)和businessman。 用businessman的行为特点作比,就是为了说明intellectual的行为特点。从句谓语 is expected是肯定形式,但翻译时一定要译成否定“不能指望”,这是由这个句型的特点决定的。下面的译文采用了先译主句后译从句的译法。
[译文] 但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。
[例句] Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”,for example,to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.(2005阅读第四篇)
[解析] 本句所含的就是 no more...than句型。注意这里是单纯表示比较关系而不是类比关系,比较的对象是whom和 case-endings, 可以简单地译成“A与 B同样不…”。
[译文] 指责纵容的20世纪60年代并不是什么新鲜事,但是这还不仅仅是对教育质量下降的又一种批评。又一种批评。McWhorter先生的专业就是专门研究语言的历史与变迁,他认为像“whom”一词的逐渐消失是很正常的,如同古英语中格的消失一样,我们不必为此感到遗憾。
对于这句话,我看到有下列这样的译文:
“Mr. McWhorter的学术研究领域是语言史及其变迁,例如,他认为“whom(谁)这个词在语言中的逐
渐消失纯属自然现象,它不会比古英语词尾格的消失更令人惋惜。”这里黑体部分译文“它不会比古英语词尾格的消失更令人惋惜”,其实还是误解了no...more than这个句型的意义,这个译文与该句型所要表达的“如同古英语中格的消失一样,我们不必为此感到遗憾”还是有出入的。
下面再举两例,请考生认真体会该句型的用法与意义。
[例句] Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.
[译文] 诚然,科学是建立在事实基础之上的,正如房屋是用砖块砌成的;但是简单的事实罗列不能称为科学,就如同砖块的堆砌不能成为房屋一样。
[例句] The greatness of a people is no more determined by their number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.
[译文] 一个民族的伟大不能由其人口数而定,正像一个人的伟大不能由其高矮决定一样。
17.4 no less than/nothing less than 结构的理解与翻译
在6.l.4小节我们讨论了no more than表了“仅仅,只有”,而这里的no less than相当于no more than的反义短语,表示“不少于…”,后边也是接数字。同理,在6.2小节讨论的nothing more than 的反义短语为nothing less than,表示“不亚于…,相当的…”。
真题再现 [例句] This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 19. (2005年第48题)
[解析] no less than字面意思是“不少于”,这里为了强调我们可以转译成“多达”。
[译文] 这一点就足以证明,要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实——在80个欧洲电视网中,多达一半在19年亏损。
再比如对考研作文的字数要求是这样的:
[例句] Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.(2005年的Directions)
[例句] Our reenactment promises to be nothing than spectacular.
[译文] 我们的再次表演将是相当壮观的。
17.5 Rainer than vs. other than 结构的理解与翻译
在考研英语中,多次出现 rather than和other than的辨别问题。比如:
真题再现 [例句] We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style_______ in a personal one.
A.rather than B.other than C.better than D.less than (1995年语法)
真题再现 [真题] Publication of the letter came two days attar Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest
when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.
A.better than B.othgr than C.rather than D.sooner than(2001年第42题)
现在将详细区分这两个短语的意义和用法。
l.首先,从意义上来看,“other than...”相当于“different from...”,意思是“不同于…,除了…以外其他的…”。“rather than…”意思是“而不是…”,表示否定 than后边的事物。
2.其次,从用法结构来看,“A rather than B”,这里 A和 B都是表示两个并列的成分。而如果“Another than B”,则往往是B属于A中的一种元素或一部分。简单地说, rather than连接的 A和 B两个成分是并列关系,other than连接的 A和 B两个成分是所属关系。
[例句]a. The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from a source other than animals.
b. The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from water rather than from animals.
[解析] 请比较 a, b两句。在a句中, animals是作为能提供能量的一种来源(a source),所以animals属于energy source的一种, 即表示所属关系,因此用了other than来连接。在b句中,两个介词短语 from water和from animals显然是表示两种不同的能量来源,是并列关系,所以用 rather than来连接。
[译文] a.水轮这种机械装置利用的不是动物能。
b.水轮这种机械装置利用的不是动物能,而是水能。
[例句] All parts of the building other then the windows are in good conditions.
[解析] 显然,这里 windows是 all parts of the building的一个部分,即表示所属关系,所以用other than来连接。
[译文] 这间房子除了窗户外,其他的都完好无损。
现在来看下面两道真题:
真题再现 [例句] We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style__A__ in a personal one.
A. rather than B. other than
C. better than D. 1ess than(1995年语法)
[解析] 这里is a formal style与 in a personal one显然是表示并列关系的两个成分,这里是并列的介词短语,表达的是两种不同风格的写作方式。故用raher than来连接。
[译文] 在学校里,老师教我们,商业信函应该采用正式的文体来写,而不是用私人化的风格来写。
[例句] Publication of the letter came two days lord Levine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges__C__to Parliament.
A.better than B.other than
C.rather than D.sooner than (2001年第42题)
[解析] to judges 与to Parliament显然是表示并列关系的两个成分,是并列的介词短语,表达的是权力归属于两种不同的机构。故用rather than来连接。
[译文] 大法官Irvine说,对欧洲立法中所包含的关于个人隐私监探权的解释,将留给法官,而不是议会。这招致新闻媒体的一片。此后两天,信被公之于世。
在上面的例句中,rather than连接的并列成分都是并列的介词短语,比如 from water和 from animals; to judges和to Parliament等。下面请看rather than连接的其他并列结构,以便更全面了解rather than的用法。
17.5.1并列的名词: 真题再现 [例句] Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computerswith in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. (2001年第72题)
[解析] 这里 rather than连接的是两个并列的名“workmates”和“tools。
[译文] 儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就来到了。
17.5.2 并列谓语动词: 真题再现
[例句] As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.(2001年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里 rather than连接的是两个并列的谓语动词“narrow”和“widen”。
[译文] 因此,我相信数字化差异在未来的几年将会缩小,而不是扩大。
18.5.3 并列的分词短语:
真题再现 [例句] To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake:it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. (1997年第75题)
[解析] 这里 rather than连接的是两个并列过去分词“encouraged”和“laughed at”。
[译文] 大多数人看到动物受苦足以产生同情。这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应受到鼓励,而不是遭到嘲弄。并列的从句:
[例句] In her writing, she often dealt with her own personality as it was rather than as others defined it.
[解析]这里 rather than连接的是两个并列的方式状语从句“as it was”和“as others defined it”。
[译文] 在她的作品里,她往往是真实地描述自己的性格,而不是像别人杜撰的那样。
再来看有关other than的例句:
[例句] Technically,any substance other than food that alters our body or mental functioning is a drug.
Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal
chemical taken by drug addicts.They don’t realize that familiar substances such alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.(1997年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里substance和food的关系是,food属于一种substance,即表示所属关系。所以,这里用other than来连接。
[译文] 从技术上来讲,除食品外,任何改变我们身体或大脑功能的物质都是“药物”。许多人错误地认为“药物”一词仅指某种药品或吸毒成德者使用的非法化学物质。他们没有意识到诸如烟、酒之类的熟悉物质也属药物。
请用 rather than或 other than填空:
[例句] Many modern photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography light in their photographs.
[例句] Research and technological advances in scientific photography may ultimately enable a doctor to discover a patient’s problem with pictures______ with blood and tissue samples.
[例句] Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources_____ the imperatives of the contemporary world.(199年英译汉)
[例句] Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly
invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun______ around the Earth. (1994年英译汉)
[例句] She never speaks to me______ to ask for something.
[例句] No animals_____ monkeys can develop such emotions.(2005年阅读第一篇)
[例句] The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything its peoples, their cultures and national identities.(2005年“英译汉”)
[答案] other than,rather than,rather than,rather than,other than,other than,other than
17.6 than引导定语从句
关于than引导定语从句时的用法,在1.7小节已详细讨论过,在此仅举几例回顾一下。
真题再现 [例句] The project requires more labor than___A_____.(1992年语法)
A.has been put in B.have been put in C.being put in D.to be put in
[解析] 这里than作从句主语,指代先行词labor,故谓语要用单数has。
[译文] 这个工程项目需要投入更多的劳动力。
[例句] There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than__A____ in the public mindtoday. (1995年语法)
A.exists B.exist C.existing D.existed
[解析] 这里than作从句主语,指代先行词anxiety,故谓语要用单数exists。
[译文]人们不应该像如今这样担心患上癌症。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容
Copyright © 2019- igat.cn 版权所有 赣ICP备2024042791号-1
违法及侵权请联系:TEL:199 1889 7713 E-MAIL:2724546146@qq.com
本站由北京市万商天勤律师事务所王兴未律师提供法律服务