数 学（理工农医类）
本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。第Ⅰ卷1至2页，第Ⅱ卷3至10页。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题共60分）
一、选择题：本大题共12小题，每小题5分，共60分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的.
（1）如果函数的图象与轴有两个交点，则点平面上的区域（不包含边界）为（ ）
（2）抛物线的准线方程是，则a的值为 （ ）
（A） （B）－ （C）8 （D）－8
（3）已知 （ ）
（A） （B）－ （C） （4）设函数的取值范围是（ ）
（A）（－1，1） （C）（－∞，－2）∪（0，+∞） （5）是平面上一定点，是平面上不共线的三个点，动点满足的轨迹一定通过的
D）－
B）
D）（－∞
（（（ （A）外心 （B）内心 （C）重心 （D）垂心
（6）函数的反函数为（ ）
（A） （B）
（C） （D）
（7）棱长为的正方体中，连结相邻面的中心，以这些线段为棱的八面体的体积为（ ）
（A） （B） （C） （D）
（8）设，曲线在点处切线的倾斜角的取值范围为到曲线对称轴距离的取值范围为 （ ）
（A） （B） （C） （D）
（9）已知方程的四个根组成一个首项为的的等
差数列，则 （ ）
（A）1 （B） （C） （D）
（10）已知双曲线中心在原点且一个焦点为F（，0），直线与其相交于M、N两点，MN中点的横坐标为，则此双曲线的方程是 （ ）
（A） （B） （C） （D）
（11）已知长方形的四个顶点A（0，0），B（2，0），C（2，1）和D（0，1），一质点从AB的中点沿与AB的夹角的方向射到BC上的点后，依次反射到CD、DA和AB上的点、和（入射角等于反射角），设的坐标
为（，0），若，则tg的取值范围是 （ ）
（A）（，1） （B）（，） （C）（，） （D）（，）
（12）一个四面体的所有棱长都为，四个顶点在同一球面上，则此球的表面积为（ ）
（真的不掉线
吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
A） （B）4 （C） （D）
2003年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷）
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
数 学（理工农医类）
第Ⅱ卷（非选择题共90分）
二.填空题：本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分。把答案填在题中横线上。
（13）的展开式中系数是
（14）某公司生产三种型号的轿车，产量分别为1200辆，6000辆和2000辆。为检验该公司的产品质量，现用分层抽样的方法抽取46辆进行检验，这三种型号的轿车依次应抽取___________，__________，___________辆。
（15）某城市在中心广场建造一个花圃，花圃分为6个部分（如图）。现要栽种4种不同颜色的花，每部分栽种一种且相邻部分不能栽种同样颜色的花，不同的栽种方法有___________________种。（以数字作答）
（16）对于四面体ABCD，给出下列四个命题
①。
②
③④
其中真命题的序号是__________________.（写出所有真命题的序号）
三、解答题：本大题共6小题，共74分，解答应写出文字说明，证明过程或或演算步骤
（17）（本小题满分12分）
有三种产品，合格率分别为0.90,0.95和0.95，各抽取一件进行检验。
（Ⅰ）求恰有一件不合格的概率；
（Ⅱ）求至少有两件不合格的概率。（精确到0.001
（18）（本小题满分12分）
已知函数上的偶函数，其图象关于点对称，且在区间上是单调函数。求的值。
（19）（本小题满分12分）
如图，在直三棱柱中，底面是等腰直角三角形，，侧棱，D、E分别是与的中点，点E在平面ABD
上的射影是△ABD的重心G
（Ⅰ）求与平面ABD所成角的大小（结果用反三角函数值表示）
（Ⅱ）求点到平面AED的距离
（20）（本小题满分12分）
已知常数。经过原点O以为方向向量的直线与经过定点为方向向量的直线相交于P，其中。试问：是否存在两个定点E、F，使得为定值。若存在，求出E、F的坐标；若不存在，说明理由。
（21）（本小题满分12分）
已知为正整数。
（Ⅰ）设，证明；
（Ⅱ）设，对任意，证明。
（22）（本小题满分14分）
设，如图，已知直线及曲线上的点的横坐标为作直线平行于轴，交直线作直线平行于轴，交曲线的横坐标构成数列
（Ⅰ）试求的关系，并求的通项公式；
（Ⅱ）当时，证明
（Ⅲ）当时，证明
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
一、 仿照例句用所给的词汇造句。
1. Example: I, see him, he, cross the street
I saw him while he was crossing the street.
He was crossing the street when I saw him.
A. the sun, shine, we, e out
B. she, study at college, the war, break out
C. she, work in a factory, the city, be liberated (解放)
D. he, lose his pen, he, go sightseeing in the city
2. Example: I, do my homework, last night
I was doing my homework last night.
A. they, have a dress rehearsal, yesterday evening
B. my grandma, visit my family, half an hour ago
C. I, travel in the south, at this time last year
D. they, build a power station, at that time
3.Example: she, not at home that evening, she, look after her sick child in hospital
She wasn’t at home that evening.
She was looking after her sick child in hospital.
A. it, rather chilly yesterday, the sun, not shine
B. she, ill that day, she, suffer from a severe headache
C. I, not say anything, but a struggle (斗争), go on in my mind
D. We, be rather busy then, we, make preparation for the journey
4. Example: war, go on, during all those years
War was going on during all those years.
A. a cold rain, drizzle down, all day yesterday
B. the whole night, the wind, howl like mad
C. in all those days, they, struggle heroically against the fascists (法西斯主义者)
D. for three weeks, our forces, push forward at a great speed
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
二、 用动词的适当形式填空。
1. While we __________ (wait) for the bus, a girl __________ (run) up to us.
2. I __________ (telephone) a friend when Bob __________ (e) in.
3. Jim __________ (jump) on the bus as it __________ (move) away.
4. We __________ (test) the new machine when the electricity __________ (go) off.
5. She __________ (not want) to stay in bed while the others ________________ (all, work) in the fields.
6. While mother ________ (put) Cathy to bed, the door bell ________ (ring).
7. As I __________ (walk) in the park, it __________ (begin) to rain.
8. Even when she ___________ (be) a child she ________________ (already, think) of being a ballerina (芭蕾舞演员).
9. It was quite late at night. George __________ (read) and Amy __________ (ply) her needle when they __________ (hear) a knock at the door.
10. There __________ (be) a group round the fire when they __________ (reach) it. An old woman __________ (sit) on the ground near the kettle; two small children __________ (lie) near her; a donkey __________ (bend) his head over a tall girl.
1. I _____ (have) my breakfast at half past six yesterday morning.
2. Mary _____ (go) over her lessons from six to seven last night. John and peter ____(do) the same thing.
3. What _____ you ___ (do) at that time? We _____ (watch) TV.
4. Was your father at home yesterday evening? Yes ,he was. He _____ (listen) to the radio.
5. They _____(not make) a model ship when I saw him.
6. _____ they ____ (have) a meeting at 4 yesterday afternoon?
No, they _____. They _____ (clean) the classroom.
7. ______ it ______(rain) when you left school? Yes, it ____. (No, it ____)
8. What _____ your father _____ (do) when he was your age?
9. One day, Edison _____ (wait) for a train to arrive, and suddenly a little boy ran to the track(轨道) to play.
10. He asked me if I ______ (go) fishing that afternoon.
11. The three of them were in a hurry because their plane _____ (leave) in five minutes.
12. In a letter, john told us that he _____ (e) to china next month.
13. When the bell rang, jenny _____ (wait) in her seat.
14. She _____ (make) her dress the whole afternoon.
15. While my father ____ (look) through the evening paper, he suddenly ____ a cry.
16. When I ____ (e) in the room, he ____ (see) me, for he ____ (read) something
17. When we _____ (arrive) at the village, it _____ (get) dark and it _____ (rain) hard.
18. I _____ (know) you ____(wait) for me here.
19. One day a little monkey ____(play) in a tall tree. A mother crocodile(鳄鱼) ____ (look) for food near the bank.
20. What ____ your father ____ (do) yesterday evening? He ____ (study) at the evening school.
21. Later his parents found that he _____ (sit) on some eggs.
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
22. When he knocked at the door, my aunt ____ (cook)
23. The students ______ (sing) and ____ (dance) happily on the playground at that time.
24. I ____ (write) a letter when the door bell rang.
25. We had no classed at that time. We ____ (plant) trees.
三、 选择题。
1. I ______ cooked a meal when you _____ me.
a. cooked, were ringing b. was cooking, rang
c. was cooking, were ringing d. cooked, rang
2. He said he _____ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.
a. tries b. tried c. was trying d. will try
3. While she ______ TV, she ______ a sound outside the room.
a. was watching, was hearing b. watched, was hearing
c. watched, heard d. was watching, heard
4. They _____ a football game from 7 to 9 last night.
a. were watching b. watch c. watched d. are watching
5. What book ____ you ______ when I ____ you at four yesterday afternoon?
a. did, read, was seeing b. did, read, saw
c. were, reading, saw d. were, reading, was seeing
6. It was Friday evening. Mr and Mrs. Green _____ ready to fly to England. a. are getting b. get c. were getting d. got
7. Lei Feng _____ always _____ of others when he ______ in the army.
a. is, thinking, was b. was, thinking, is c. did, think, is d. was, thinking, was
8. A girl ______ my pen fall off the table when she _____ me.
a. saw, passed b. was seeing, passed c. was seeing, passed d. was seeing, was passing
9. We ____ for tom at ten last Sunday. He often kept us ______.
a. were waiting, waiting b. were waiting, wait c. waited, waiting d. waited, wait
10. He ____ his father on the farm the whole afternoon last Saturday.
a. helps b. would help c. was helping d. is helping
11. While mother _______ some washing, I _____ a kite for Kate.
a. did, made b. was doing, made c. was doing, was making d. did, was making
12. “_______ you angry then?” “they ______ too much noise.”
a. are, were making b. were, were making c. are, made d. were, made
13. He ____ some cooking at that time, so _____ me
a. did, heard b. did, didn’t hear c. was doing, heard d. was doing, didn’t hear
14. This time yesterday jack _____ his bike. He _____ TV
a. repaired, didn’t watch b. was repairing, watched
c. repaired, watched d. was repairing, wasn’t watching
15. His parents wanted to know how he _____ on with his new classmates.
a. was getting b. gets c. is getting d. will get
四、 翻译。
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
1． 昨天这个时候你们英语老师在做什么？她在和一些家长谈话吗？
2． 当我离开的时候他正在画一幅世界地图。
3． 当你看见他们的时候他们在干什么？他们在打扫教室。
4． 那时二班的学生没在操场上踢足球，他们在打篮球。
5． 一天，母亲下班回家的时候，约翰在写给一个朋友写信。
6． 上周五一下午，学生们在干什么？他们一直在往墙上贴海报。
7． 昨天这个时候，一些学生在植树,一些学生在给小树浇水。
8． 老师走进教室的时候，学术们正在谈论当天的新闻。
9． 老虎等猴子的时候，他听到一个声音。
10. 今天上午放学的时候在下雨吗？是的，天正下着大雨。
过去进行时专项练习（二）
一．填入以下单词的正确形式。
1． It was warm,so I _______(take) off my coat.
2． Jane ___________(wait) for me when I ______(arrive).
3． Sue wasn’t hungry, so she _________(eat) anything.
4． My brother came into the bedroom while I _________(dance).
5． _______ he ________(lie) on the ground at nine yesterday evening ?
6． What _____ Jim __________(write) when the teacher came in ?
7． Mike and I ________(play) baskteball at that time yesterday afternoon.
8． My brother ______(fall) while he _______(ride) his bicycle and hurt himself.
9． I first met Lisa three years ago. She ______(work) at a radio shop at the time.
10.When I arrived at his office , he ______ on the phone.(speak)
二.按要求进行句型转换。
1. We were having a PE class at four yesterday afternoon.(改为否定句)
We _______ ________ a PE class at four yesterday afternoon.
2. Kate was reviewing her lessons at eight last night.
(改为一般疑问句，做肯，否回答，对划线部分提问)
3. He ran in the park .(用at this time yesterday改写)
4. They were playing puter games at nine last night.( 划线部分提问)
5. I was reading a novel at three yesterday afternoon.( 划线部分提问)
三.根据汉语提示完成句子。
1． 他们那时不在打排球。
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
They _______ _______ volleyball at that time.
2． 当你回来时，他在看电视吗？
_______ he _______ Tv when you came back?
3． 昨天中午他在哪里等你？
_______ _______ he _______ for you at noon yesterday ?
4． 当我离开时，他正在做家庭作业。
He ________ ________ his homework when I left.
5． 正当他们扫地的时候，老师进来了。
While they_______ _______ the floor , the teacher came in.
过去进行时专项练习（三）
一、动词填空。
１John_______（work） all day yesterday.
２He _______（walk） home when the （rian）_______begin.
３—What______you _______（do） at ten o'clock yesterday﹖
—I_______（studay） in class．
４When Harry _______（have） breakfast Lily _______（telephone） him．
５When I ________ （go） to school this morning I ______ （see） a car running into a bus．
6This time yesterday Jack ______ (mend) his bike.
7.I ______ (write) a letter at ten last night.
8.It was six. The Greens ______ (have) supper.
9.When you ______ (knock) at the door yesterday,I ______ (do) some washing.
10.While my mother ______ (watch) TV, I ______(make) a kite.单项选择
二、选择
1.My brother ___ while he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding C. had fallen, rode D. had fallen, was riding
2. Tom ___ into the house when no one ___. A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, lookedC. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked
3.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking
4.I don ' t think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
5.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
6.---Hey, look where you are going!
---Oh, I ' m terribly sorry.________.
A. I ' m not noticing B. I wasn ' t noticing C. I haven ' t noticed D. I don ' t notice
7. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. Traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
8. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.
A. had B. had been having C. have been having D. was having
9.When I arrived at his office, he ___ on the phone.
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D. had spoken
10. “ What ' s the matter, Ali? You look sad. ”
“ Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I ___ of my friends back home. ”
A. just thought B. have just been thinking C. was just thinking D. have just thought
三、句型变换
1、I was waiting for a bus at that time.
改为否定
句
对划线部分提
问
2、The boy was playing over there at six yesterday.
改为一般疑问
句
做出肯定和否定回
答
对划线部分提
问
3、Lucy was helping her mother this time on Sunday.
改为反意疑问
句
对划线部分提
问
四、英汉互译。
1、 昨晚我给你打电话时，你正在干什么？
2、 上中学时，我住老师家里。
3、 他昨天本来要看那场戏的，可是太忙
4、 They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.
5、 Soon the whole town was talking about it.
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
选择题。Bcdac,cdaac,cbdda
用动词的适当形式填空。
1. was having 2. was going,were doing 3. were doing,were watching 4. was listening 5. were not making 6. Were having were cleaning 7. was raining 8. did do(do) 9. was waiting 10. was going/would go 11. was leaving 12. is ing /will e 13 was waiting 14. was making 15. was looking ,heard 16. came ,didn’t see , was reading 17. arrived , was getting , was raining 18. didn’t know ,are waiting 19. was
playing ,was looking 20. was doing , was studying 21. was sitting 22. was cooking 23. were singing dancing 24. was writing 25. were planting
翻译。1 What was you English teacher doing this time yesterday?Was she talking with some parents?
2． When I left, he was drawing a map of the world.
3． What were they doing when you saw them?They were cleaning the classroom.
4． At that time the Class Two students were not playing football in the playground. They were playing basketball.
5． One day John was writing to one of his friends when his mothers came back from work.
6． What were the students doing the whole afternoon last Friday?They were putting up the posters on the wall.
7．This time yesterday some students were planting trees and some were watering the trees.
8． When the teacher came into the classroom, the students were talking about that day’s news.
9． When the tiger was waiting for the monkey, he heard a sound.
10 Was it raining when school was over this morning?Yes, it was raining heavily.
答案:
一. 1. A. The sun was shining when we came out. (While sun was shining, we came out.)
B. She was studying at college when the was broke out. (While she was studying at college, the was broke out.)
C. She was working in a factory when the city was liberated. (While she was working in a factory, the city was liberated.)
D. He lost his pen while he was going sightseeing in the city. (When he lost his pen, he was going sightseeing in the city.)
2. A. They were having a dress rehearsal yesterday evening.
B. My grandma was visiting my family half an hour ago.
C. I was traveling in the south at this time last year.
D. They were building a power station at that time.
3. A. It was rather chilly yesterday. The sun was not shining.
B. She was ill that day. She was suffering from a severe headache.
C. I did not say anything, but a struggle was going on in my mind.
D. We was rather busy then. We were making preparation for the journey.
4. A. A cold rain was drizzling down all day yesterday.
B. The whole night the wind was howling like mad.
C. In all those days they were struggling heroically against the fascists.
D. For three weeks our forces were pushing forward at a great speed.
二、1. were waiting; ran
2. was telephoning; came
3. jumped; was moving
4. was testing; went
5. didn’t want; were all working
6. was putting; rang 真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
Module5Unit3练习题
一 根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.No one knows whether Mr Li lives on the ______(八)floor of this building.
2.They have____ _____(谈论)the film many times since they saw it.
3.Mr Black________(养)a dog last year.
4.________ ______(随便吃)some fish,children.
5.My friends are all invited______(除了)me,so I feel sad.
6.李小姐也加入到阅读中了。
Miss Li______ ______ ______reading.
7.学生们都通过了这次考试，包括我。
The students have passed the exam,_______me.
8.农民们在春天辛勤地劳动是为了在秋天有一个好的收成。
The farmers work hard in spring______ _____ ______have a good harvest in autumn.
9.—他能读书吗？
—是的。他在五岁时就能读书了。
—______he read books?
—Yes,he_____.He_______do it at the age of 5.
10.他建议每天我们应浇三次花。
He suggested that we_______ ______the flowers three times a day.
二 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.Have you ever_______(be)to Beijing?
2.I have nothing_______(drink0.
3.I can see a bird ______(fly)in the sky.
4.We aren’t allowed ______(smoke) in the
school.
5.He suggested that the girl______(leave) the room at once.
6.Sunday is the______(one)day of a week.
7.I’m sorry to keep you______(wait)so long.
8.The policemen are very______(worry) about this traffic accident.
9.Education can help children and young people develop______(good) havits.
10.They have to do something to look after their_______(nature) environment.
三 单项选择
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
( )1.—Could you finish the task in two days?
—______.I have something else to do these days.
A.I could not B.Yes,I think so. C.I’m afraid so D.I’m afraid not
( )2.Liu Ming_____row a boat when he was ten.And he still_____now.
A.can’t;can’t B.could;couldn’t C.couldn’t;can’t D.couldn’t;couldn’t
( )3.—I’ll be away on holiday.Would you mind looking after my cat?
—Not at all.____.
A.I have no time B.I’d rather not C.Yui can leave D.I’d be happy to
( )4.It’s a serious problem.We can’t decide_____Mr Harris es back.
A.while B.since C.until D.so
( )5.Te reporters asked the
man_____questions,but he said_____words.
A.many;few B.much;a little C.a lot of;a few
( )6.—Must I go and do it now?
—No,you_____.We still have tow more days.
A.shouldn’t B.can’t C.needn’t D.won’t
( )7.Four hundred dollars for a pair of shoes,you_____be joking!
A.may B.can C.need D.must
( )8.The plane sounds____.I’m sure it will be quite useful.
A.great B.terrible C.well
( )9.the English song____very nice.Can you guess who is singing?
A.smells B.tastes C.sounds
( )10.This morning I went to school in such a hurry that I_____my notebook at home.
四 补全对话。
M:Good morning.Can I help you,madam?
W:Yes,please. 1______
M:OK.Qingdao is a nice place to visit. 2_____.The weather is neither hot nor cold.
W:Sounds good. 3______
M:You can get there by train.
W:Shall I visit places of interest by bus in Qingdao?
M:Sure. 4_____
W:Really perfect. 5_______.
M:280 yuan each person.It includes train
tickets,park tichets,hotel and meals.
W:Well.It’s nice.I’d like to book the tour for two.
A.Why not call a taxi to go there with your friends? B.Our sightseeing bus will take you around the city. C.How can I get there? D.Could you introduce me a nice place to see over the weekend? E.Hope you will have a great time there. F.How much does it cost? G.It’s the right time to go there. 五 阅读理解。
One day a farmer was walking along a road with his son Tom.The father said,
“Look!There’s a horseshoe.Pick it up and put it in your bag.”Tom said,“It isn’t worth the trouble.”His father said nothing but picked it up himself.When they came to a nearby town,they had a rest.There the farmer sold the horseshoe and with the few pennies he bought some cherries(樱桃).
The father and the son walked on.The sun was high up in the sky,but there wasn’t a house or even a tree where they could have a rest.Tom felt too thirsty to walk on.At this time,his father dropped a cherry on the ground and Tom picked it up quickly and ate it.After a while,his father dropped another cherry and once again his son lost no time in picking it up and putting it
in his mouth.
And so they went on.The old father dropped the cherries and the son picked them up.When Tom had eaten up all the cherries,his father said to him,“My dear son,if you had bent(弯腰)down early to pick up that horseshoe,it would not have been necessary for you to bend so many times for the cherries.Always remember the lesson that who does not worry about the little things will find that he cannot do the great things.
( )1.Who picked up the horseshoe?
A.The father B.The son C.Neihter the father nor the son
( )2.What did the farmer buy with the money
after he sold the horseshoe?
A.Some pennies B.Some cherries C.Some water
( )3.What did the father do when the son refused to pick up the horseshoe?
A.He punished the son B.He said nothing C.He got angry
( )4.Why did the father drop the cherries one by one?
A.He wanted to laugh at his son B.He wanted to punish his son. C.He wanted to teach his son a lesson.
( )5.What can we learn from the story?
A.Pick up the horseshoe when we see it next time B.If we don’t worry about the little things,we cannot do the great things.C.If we want to eat cherries,we must pick up a horseshoe. 真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
早教计划说明
1、此“早教计划”内容只是一种提示，一种参考。早期教育的内容可以因时期、因地域、因家庭、因父母、因祖辈、因亲朋、因孩子的特点等众多不同而随时撷取的，可丰富一些，也可突出一些，终因条
件而定，生活中“教”，游戏中“学”，内容可增可减，不必太拘泥。
2、早期教育实操内容没有严密的系统性，你孩子发展好一点，某些内容可超越年龄段诱导；你的孩子起步晚一点，可补补前些年龄段的“诱导”内容。还是那句话：早期教育不分学科，不讲系统，不顾深浅，不求甚解，唯一特别讲究的是孩子的活动兴趣，求知快乐，亲情融洽，激发自信。
3、千万不要因为有“计划”提示而放松对《早教革命》理论篇和方法篇的阅读和研究，最佳的操作来自于理论和方法论的指导；只要精通了“冯式早教”的理论和方法，计划内容在日常生活中俯拾皆是，并且能创新实施，不受束缚，培养出更加出类拔萃的好孩子。
0.5—1岁儿童
早期教育计划
一、训练感观灵敏，发展运动能力，提高认知水平 二、掌控亲诱导语言发展 多看较远处的事物，如树、花、云、楼房、汽车和各种小动物，并对牛弹琴地告诉他事物名称；指宝宝和妈妈的头、眼、鼻、口、耳、手等，抱着宝宝各种小动物和琴”地与宝宝多用一手托宝告诉他名称 子脸朝外便于近一岁要看圆形、正方形、三角形图并告诉名称 孩子8个而少露”，不要切、和蔼、平和语言对孩子静静，不慌张抓住婴儿食指按按扭，开CD机播放音乐 宝宝要吃大叫时，父母慢慢说“不急妈妈空出手来转移他的情绪等待 让宝宝两手敲碰铃，发出悦耳的声音；逐步训练按节奏真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？ 七八个月直到鼓励孩子控能力（不要断奶，经受身碰打，培养节奏感。父母也可握其小手有节奏碰铃，并轻轻唱“一呀二呀三呀四呀五呀六呀七---八，二呀二呀三呀四呀五呀六呀七---八……” 辅食以后，学固定位臵上认吃或边玩边吃饭的饭桌固定制的高椅子）用小勺自己吃法篇一P25）每天看电视儿童节目、动物世界、天气预告和某些广告数分种 六七个月生人、小朋友点头、笑、摇叫、再见等 让婴儿抓握各种色彩鲜艳，声音悦耳的玩具，换手玩，摔打玩，抛开又抓回；常玩触摸球（塑料球上带刺八九个月被，会拍娃娃的那种）等 培养爱心 让婴儿撕纸玩（纸质要干净的），看、听、触、动，体验事物的变化 真的不掉吗？？、？？示范让他给他穿衣，学做游戏：躲猫猫。如用大手帕盖住妈妈的脸，妈妈不见了，让宝宝拉下手帕，妈妈回来了。妈妈躲到宝宝身后，让孩子找妈妈等 家里的墙英语短词汇，每天两次，每他喜欢看识字来看反面的字训练独坐、睡下、翻滚、坐起、匍行、学爬、学扶物站立、学走、学手足爬上台阶、独站片刻，玩水、学游泳（让宝宝从小不怕水）等 一岁左右锅在哪里？窗里？花字在哪里“嗯，嗯”训练揭开遮盖物取玩具，双手指拨弄小珠，盒（瓶）中取出小球，又一粒一粒装入盒（瓶）中 要宝宝把拿来给妈妈，来递给妈妈或真的不掉线吗？？、？？好表扬，人爬过去帮他训练左右手捏取米饭粒、葡萄干、爆花米；训练取物开盖、装物盖盖；能识别大小瓶盖的正确搭配 到室外去标语、招牌、认一认，读一大字时“嗯，训练用蜡笔空中涂画，到纸上涂画（训练右手） 常给宝宝谣（见《早教宝宝一岁左右 爸爸妈妈戏”，互相教故意冷落孩子爱字宝宝，争婴幼儿贵在诱 常给宝宝方法篇二P23念故事听 宝宝表现要快乐；表现表示严肃和不高兴和生气，光荣和害羞， 九个月学谢谢、再见、虫飞、小鸟飞等动作，别人会爬走过来， 一岁左右回答“你几岁 宝宝学走走；宝宝摔倒要去扶他抱他嘻鼓励他自已表现毫不经意 宝宝遇到雷鸣、狂风暴吵等）父母要其事，这就是对没有达到以上心理发展水平的孩子父母该怎么办呢？ 第一、从亲子关系、良好环镜、丰富生活、积极暗示等方面耐因为孩子还处在最佳发展期，正确“补导”也是一本万利之举，子，不但欲速则不达，还是对孩子心理的伤害，更是对家庭教育第二、因为父母的素质有高有低，各种关系对孩子影响有好以孩子的基本素质不可能尽善尽美，只要多项素质能达到或接近才能那就太好了！因为孩子年龄尚小，他后续的自我发展素质所不可破坏孩子的上进心理和亲子定位的“朋友”氛围，孩子仍会三代人将因此而获得无限的幸福与和谐。
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
本地化测试错误特征分析与测试方法
软件本地化测试是项系统性任务，讲究团队协作精神。软件测试工程师负责测试、发现、报告软件错误。软件错误修复工程师的工作是及时正确修复处理这些软件错误。为了便于软件错误修复工程师能够迅速重现报告的错误，寻找错误产生的原因，然后及时修复错误，需要测试工程师正确完整地报告发现的错误。另外，不同类型的软件错误，又分别由来自不同公司的软件错误修复工程师进行修复。例如，软件功能错误和软件国际化错误只能由源语言软件供应商的软件错误修复工程师进行修复，而本地化错误由本地化服务商的软件错误修复工程师进行修复。
下面对本地化软件的错误的三种典型类型进行分类讨论，探讨错误的表现特征，产生的原因，测试要求，发现错误的方法。
1、功能错误
表现特征
· 不能实现设计要求的功能。
· 产生与设计要求不符合的结果。
· 绝大多数存在于源语言软件和本地化软件，也有仅出现在本地化软件中。
· 经常出现在软件的菜单项、工具栏按钮和对话框的功能按钮中。
产生原因
· 源语言软件编码错误。
· 错误本地化，如将程序中的变量字串名进行了翻译等。
测试要求
· 保证输入数据正确，或者打开了正确的测试用例。
· 明确正确的输出结果和中间数据数值及格式。
测试方法
· 对于菜单项或工具栏按钮，通过全面测试各个选项，认真观察每一步是否正确执行，输出结果（包括格式和数值）是否正确。
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
· 对于对话框，可以逐个执行各按钮，各个列表选项等观察执行结果。
· 对于命令行形式的多个并列选项，采用路径跟踪法，按分支顺序测试嵌套的全部子项。
说明
· 特别注意不同选项、不同按钮相互操作的影响。
· 注意检查快捷键是否遗漏，是否多余，是否不同，是否起作用。
2、国际化错误
表现特征
· 控件或对话框中显示不可辩识或无意义的明显错误的字符。
· 不支持双字节字符的输入和输出，包括双字节的文件名和路径名。
· 与当地不符合的默认打印纸张大小。
· 与当地不符合的日期和时间格式。
· 本地化软件的列表项排序错误。
· 某些没有本地化的字符串。
· 仅出现在本地化后的版本中。
产生原因
· 源程序在设计时没有正确进行国际化设计，例如，没有提供双字节字符集的支持。
· 源程序在设计时没有将可以本地化的字符串与软件代码进行彻底分离。
· 软件本地化后，单字节字符向双字节字符转化过程中，由于单字节和双字节之间的差别，可能使得某些本地化后的双字节字符的显示乱码。
测试要求
· 本地化后的软件字符显示正确完整，无乱码或明显错别字。
· 与本地区域有关的数据类型（日期 / 时间，货币符号，纸张大小，字体，度量单位等）的显示符合本地的格式要求。
测试方法
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
· 执行菜单或按钮，检查对话框中的字符。
· 打开帮助文档，检查所有需要翻译的字符。
说明
· 注意检查对话框下拉列表中需要拖动滚动条才能显示的内容。
· 需要确认源语言软件对应项正确，仅本地化软件存在错误。
3、本地化错误
包括翻译错误和控件大小和位臵引起的布局错误。
表现特征
· 应该翻译而没有翻译的英文字符。
· 不应该翻译而翻译的中文字词。
· 错误翻译的字词。
· 较多隐含在对话框各控件以及帮助文档中。
· 只在本地化版本中存在该类型错误。
· 控件相互重叠或排列不均匀。
· 控件中字符显示不完整。
· 主要出现在本地化版本的对话框中。
产生原因
· 翻译人员不熟悉翻译要求。
· 翻译人员工作疏漏。
· 用户界面的翻译与标准术语表不一致。
· 软件本地化后，由于源语言和本地化语言的表达方式不同，本地化后的字符数与源语言不同，每个字符所占空间尺寸不同，使得在英文版本正确显示的控件字符，可能在本地化版本显示不正确。
· 在编译本地化软件之前，没有对资源文件对话框及其控件调整大小。
· 本地化人员调整软件资源文件不当引起。例如，对话框及其控件高度或宽度的不正确调整。
真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
测试要求
· 明确需要翻译和不需要翻译的内容。
· 明确正确的翻译方式。
· 根据术语表，确认术语翻译的正确性与一致性。
· 对话框中控件布局均匀，字符显示完整正确。
· 对话框中控件数量相等，没有多余或丢失的控件。
测试方法
· 主要同时打开中英文版本，执行相同的操作。
· 结合标准界面翻译术语表，参照对比。
· 执行将要打开对话框的菜单或工具栏按钮，观察打开对话框中的控件布局。
· 对比检查源语言软件和本地化软件对应的对话框中控件的数量
说明
· 对于对话框，如果含有下拉列表框，要打开列表框查看全部项。
· 特别要注意选项中开关类翻译错误。
· 可能在执行不同的操作后，如选择了不同单选或复选按钮后，编辑框显示重叠等。
· 执行后带省略号的菜单或命令按钮，将会显示对话框。
· 一些对话框控件的布局错误如果也存在于源语言软件中，则属于软件设计错误，应该分配给软件供应商处理。
以上对本地化软件测试经常遇到的三种错误类型进行了分析，实际测试是一个动态的过程，不能孤立静态地对待发现的错误，错误的类型并不是绝对的，需要具体问题。例如，本地化软件中如果发现应该翻译而没有翻译的错误，既可能是由于本地化翻译过程中忘记翻译引起的本地化错误，也可能是源语言软件设计编程中的硬编码引起的国际化错误。再者，某些软件功能错误既可能是由于本地化翻译过程中采用了错误的翻译格式 ( 例如，某些不应该翻译的程序变量字符被翻译了 ) 引起的错误，也可能是源语言软件编程错误。最后，一个错误可能包含着其他的不同类型的错误。比如在对话框中，选择某个按钮，产生一个错误提示对话框，这可能是一个按钮功能错误，如果对话框中存在需要翻译而没有翻译的英文，则又是一个本地化翻译错误，如果对话框中存在
无法辨识的字符，则又是一个国际化错误，如果对话框中按钮排列重叠，则还是一个本地化布局错误。
总之，本地化软件的错误的产生是多方面的，不能仅仅归结为软件本地化过程带来的错误。实际上，良好的国际化设计的源程序是减少软件本地化错误的根本保证。当然，提高软件本地化过程能力，提高翻译和检查，优化本地化软件编译流程，能够减少很多因本地化产生的错误。软件测试工程师需要认真思考软件错误表现的实质，深入分析错误来源，将其划分为正确的错误类型，分配给适当的修复工程师（源语言软件供应商或本地化服务商）处理。 真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？
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