5月1日——中国2010年上海世界博览会开园仪式在上海世博中心举行。
中国馆建筑外观以“东方之冠”的构思主题，表达中国文化的精神与气质。国家馆居中升起、层叠出挑，成为凝聚中国元素、象征中国精神的雕塑感造型主体——东方之冠；地区馆水平展开，以舒展的平台基座的形态映衬国家馆，成为开放、柔性、亲民、层次丰富的城市广场；二者互为对仗、互相补充，共同组成表达盛世大国主题的统一整体。国家馆、地区馆功能上下分区、造型主从配合，形成独一无二的标志性建筑群体。 2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）是一个筹备中的世界博览会，计划于2010年在中国上海市举行，也是历来首次由中国举办的世界博览会。博览会的主题是“城市，让生活更美好”（Better City, Better Life）。主办机构预计吸引世界各地7000万人次参观者前往，总投资达300亿人民币，是世界博览会史上最大规模。
The main structure of the China Pavilion, \"The Crown of the East,\" has a distinctive roof, made of traditional dougong or brackets, which date back more than 2,000 years. The dougong style features wooden brackets fixed layer upon layer between the top of a column and a crossbeam. This unique structural component of interlocking wooden brackets is one of the most important elements in traditional Chinese architecture. Dougong was widely used in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-467 BC). Pavilion Display
The contour design of the pavilion is based on the concept of \"Oriental Crown, Splendid China, Ample Barn, and Rich People,\" to express the spirit and disposition of Chinese culture. The pavilion will have a core exhibition area on the top floor, an experience area on the second and a functional area on the first. China's achievements in urban development from ancient to modern times will be the core theme of the pavilion.
Highlight 2:The Experience Trip
Excursion trains will give visitors an appreciation of the great wisdom and achievements in China's urban development from ancient to modern times Highlight 3:Focus on low-carbon future
Chinese people will tackle future challenges brought by urbanization in a sustainable way which takes low-carbon technologies as its core. 0月31日，中国2010年上海世博
会高峰论坛在世博中心开幕，国务院总理温家宝出席论坛并发表主旨演讲。当日，中国2010
年上海世博会高峰论坛在世博中心举行，会期一天。
世博网10月31日消息：2010年上海世博会高峰论坛31日开幕，中华人民共和国国务院总理温家宝在开幕式上发表主旨演讲。全文如下:
尊敬的各位来宾，女士们、先生们：
举世瞩目的上海世博会即将落下帷幕。本届世博会以“城市，让生活更美好”为主题，充分展示了丰富多彩的当代文明成就，汇集了人类探索城市发展的共同智慧，创造了多项世博会的新纪录，谱写了世界博览史的辉煌篇章。
上海世博会是一次成功的盛会，世博会云集了包括190个国家、56个国际组织在内的246个官方参展者，超出以往历届世博会。从5月1日到今天，世博会参观者达到7000多万人次，创下参观人数的新纪录。人们从世界各地来到美丽的黄浦江畔，走进世博园，顶着烈日，冒着风雨排着长队耐心等候，只为一睹世博会的风采。本届世博会还第一次开辟了网上世博，为世界各地更多的民众参与世博会开启了一扇新的大门。上海世博会以最广泛的参与度，真正实现了世界人民的大团结。
上海世博会是一次精彩的盛会，近6平方公里的世博园仿佛是一个地球村，一座座风格迥异、造型别致的建筑物毗邻而居，随风舞动的英国馆、枫叶造型的加拿大馆，形容\"丝路宝船\"的沙特馆等各具特色。尽情挥洒着人类智慧的奇思妙想。世界各国的文化瑰宝纷纷闪亮登场，中国的秦朝铜车马，希腊的雅典娜神像，法国印象派绘画大师的传世之作，丹麦的小美人鱼、塞舌尔的亚达伯拉象龟等世界奇世文化珍品，让人目不暇接、美不胜收。平均每天100多场，总计2万多场次的文化演艺活动，荟萃了绚丽多姿的各国文化的精髓，给人心旷神怡的精神享受。全球许多政治家、企业家、政府官员和专家学者莅临中国，在上海世博会系列论坛上发表真知灼见，探索未来世界，碰撞出无数睿智的思想火花，给人以无限的遐想和启迪。上海世博会犹如一部写在大地上的百科全书，构成了一幅多元文化和谐共荣的美好画卷。
上海世博会是一次难忘的盛会，世博会让渴望了解世界的中国人民,和渴望了解中国的各国朋友走在一起，相互间结下了深厚的友谊。世博会开幕式上，来自青海玉树灾区的两位藏族儿童和不同国家、不同肤色的孩子们牵手相拥，表现出人类在苦难面前同舟共济的兄弟的情谊。一位叫山田外美代的日本老人，人称“世博奶奶”。4年前就来到中国，为参观世博会探路，几年中往返中国18次，世博会开幕以后，她购买了183张门票，每天都出现在世博园。另一位来自中国浙江省年过七旬的农村老人，在上海租了一间小房子，为国内外参观者免费提供住宿，自己甘愿睡在小沙发上，感动了无数的人。最为引人注目的是8万多名身穿青色白裤的园区志愿者，人们亲切地称之为“小白菜”。还有近200万名城市志愿者活跃在街头巷尾。他们的灿烂笑容和热情服务，成为解读中国的真正名牌。
上海世博会是在国际金融危机的背景下首次来到发展中国家，首次在一个特大城市的中心城区举办，这对中国是严峻的考验。八年来，我们举全国之力，集世界智慧，有条不紊地做好各项筹办工作，特别是上海人民，做出了无私的奉献。同时，国际展览局和往届世博会举办国也给予了宝贵的指导。世博会的成功举办凝结着无数人们的辛勤劳动，正是广大世
博会的组织者、建设者、工作者、参观者、志愿者的真诚、智慧和汗水，共同铸就了世博会的辉煌。在这里，我谨代表中国政府，向一切参与世博、支持世博和为世博做出贡献的同志们和朋友们，表示衷心感谢和崇高敬意。
女士们、先生们：
上海世博会不仅荟萃了人类创造的物质文明，开阔了人们的眼界，而且为人类留下丰富的精神遗产，启迪了人们的心智，这是世博会的灵魂之所在。人类创造的一切文明成果，只有上升到精神和理性的高度时，才能成为人类的共同财富，并永久传承。今天，我们一起回顾这次盛会及其给我们留下的经验和启示，是很有意义的。
世博会鲜明弘扬了绿色、环保、低碳等发展的新理念。上海世博园本身就是一个低碳的典范，园内太阳能发电系统总装机容量高达4.6亿兆瓦，各类新能源汽车的运用超过千辆，象征工业文明的165米高的大烟囱被改装为气象信号塔。用最新低碳材料和节能技术建造的各国展馆比比皆是，馆内陈列的最新低碳技术和产品不计其数。首次设立的城市最佳实践区用一个个生动的案例、逼真的模型展示了世界各国在城市建设和管理方面的智慧，描述了未来城市生活的新模式。这些新理念反映出人类对发展含义的理解更加科学，在谋求发展的道路上更加理性、成熟，必将对未来的经济发展方式、产业结构和消费方式产生深远的影响。
世博会有力地证明了科技革命是推动社会进步的强大动力。科技进步是社会发展的重要标尺。1851年，英国举办第一届世博会，就是因为它是世界上最先开展工业革命的国家，并产生了很多科技产品。工业革命后带来的生产力发展令人震撼，在不到100年的时间中，人类社会所创造的生产力比过去一切时代创造的全部生产力还要多、还要大。如果和工业革命后的那一百年相比，人类在最近一百年创造的生产力不知又要大多少倍。上海世博会展示了人类最新科技成就，如新一代移动通信、人工智能、新材料、生态节能建筑等，彰显了人类无尽的智慧和创造力。这些新技术、新能源和新材料的开发应用和推广，不但会对人类的生产和生活方式产生重大影响，还将引领未来的产业发展路径，为克服国际金融危机的深层次影响、推动全球经济持续复苏提供有力的支撑。
世博会生动展现了人类文明的多样性。上海世博会为不同文化相互交流和融合提供了广阔的舞台，充分展示了世界的丰富多彩。这里不仅有欧美发达国家的高科技产品，而且有非洲独特的民族服饰和黑木雕，还有精美绝伦的加勒比海国家和太平洋岛国的手工制品。这些产品都是人们在长期劳动时间中智慧的结晶，蕴含着一个民族的价值观和理念，是一个民族凝固的文化。除了丰富的展品之外，世博园内每天都上演来自世界各地的精彩文艺节目，原汁原味的非洲土风舞，华丽恢弘的法国宫廷舞，热情洋溢的阿根廷探戈，凝练简洁的日本能剧，欢快浪漫的英格兰民族音乐，优美典雅的中国京剧。这些世界各国艺术的精华使世博会更加生动鲜活，更具吸引力。世博会告诉我们，每个国家、每个民族都有值得骄傲的传统文化，各种优秀文化都是人类文明的成果，都值得我们尊重和珍惜，一枝独秀不可能形成争奇斗艳的百花园。
世博会充分表明了追求平等、和谐是人类的共同愿望，世博会是世界人民的共同节日。参加世博会的每个人都是平等的，都是其中的一份子，如果没有相互理解和信任，没有对和平的热爱和对和谐的向往，就不可能有这么多国家和民族的人们欢聚在一起。首次集体亮相世博会的14个太平洋岛国和13个加勒比海岛国，有的是第一次参加世博会，有的还没有与
中国建立外交关系，但是都兴高采烈地加入世博会的行列，这充分说明世博会是超越国家、民族、宗教界限的。上海世博会把服务参观者和参展方放在突出位置，园区内大量增设便民设施，特意挑选9家清真餐厅进驻，使人处处感受到浓厚的人文关怀。世博园内首次设立了残疾人馆，所有活动都有无障碍座位，并为残疾人馆提供轮椅租赁、无障碍寄存等各种特殊服务，充分体现了对每一个生命的尊重。世博会告诉我们，社会的发展进步并不仅仅看有多少高楼大厦，还应当关注每个人的现实需要和精神需求，让社会关爱的阳光温暖人们的心房。
女士们、先生们:
世博会历经159个春秋。在这一个半世纪中，发生过两次世界大战，出现过三次重要的科技革命，世界发生了沧桑巨变，科技进步和生产力水平都有史无前例的飞跃。上海世博会展示了人类社会发展进步的一面，也反映和折射出人类所面临的挑战、担忧和困惑。我们弘扬世博理念，就是要倡导人类携手应对各种挑战、共同促进人类和平与发展。
——我们要共同推进城市和谐发展。今天，全球一半以上的人口居住在城市，城市化一方面让人们享受了现代文明的成果，另一方面也伴随着人口膨胀、交通拥挤、贫困化、文化的冲突、金融危机等前所未有的挑战。上海世博会首次以城市为主题，对解决人类共同面对的难题进行开创性的探索，我们要认真总结上海世博会关于城市发展的宝贵思想成果，创新城市发展模式，建设经济集约高效、社会公平和睦、文化多元包容、生态环境良好的和谐城市，努力创造更加美好的城市生活。
——我们要推动广大农村地区的现代化。本届世博会描绘了未来城市美好生活的远景，但我们不能忘记世界上大部分地区，特别是发展中国家的农村还比较落后，全球主要贫困人口还生活在农村。没有农村的现代化就不可能有整个社会的现代化。我们应大力促进城乡协调发展，努力消除城乡差距，促进公共服务均等化，使广大农村成为生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的美丽家园。我们要帮助欠发达地区共同发展，我们从世博会主题论坛演讲者的焦虑神色中看到了世界发展的不平衡，感到了贫富差距扩大的缩影，人类同是地球大家庭的兄弟姐妹，应该秉承携手前进、共同发展的理念，竭尽所能帮助欠发达国家发展经济和改善民生，使世界各国人民共享人类文明的成果。
——我们要共同珍惜和爱护地球家园。从世博会的展览、展示中可以看出，工业化、城市化、全球化在给人类带来无尽财富的同时也付出了资源枯竭、环境污染、生态破坏的巨大代价。地球不仅是我们从父辈那里继承来的，更是从我们的后代那里借来的。我们必须尊重自然、注重节约能源资源和保护生态环境，加快转变发展方式和调整经济结构，实现可持续发展，为子孙后代留下一个赖以生存和发展的地球家园。
——我们要共同维护世界和平与稳定。从世界各国积极参与世博会的热情中，我们深深感受到，追求和平进步、实现和谐共处、创造美好生活，是人类的共同愿望。世界各国应该理智处理民族矛盾、文化摩擦和地区冲突等热点问题，以和平的方式协商解决国际国内纷争，消除种族隔阂和冲突，共同建立持久、和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。
上海世博会对于中国人民来说，是一次向世界学习的良好机会。“一日观世博，胜读十年书。” 走进世博的场馆，不仅饱览了各国的美丽景观和奇珍异宝，也领略了各国的灿烂文化和风土人情，这种身临其境的现场感受和震撼是电视和书本都无法比拟的。世博会也
是各国综合国力的展示，在这里，既看到了别人的长处，又发现了自己的差距。只有海纳百川、博采众长，才能跻身于世界先进之林；只有站在巨人的肩上，才能看得更远。世博会的成功举办，更加坚定了中国推进改革开放的信心和决心，中国将坚定不移地走和平发展和开放兼容的道路，学习和借鉴世界各国的优秀文明成果，深化同各国的互利合作，为人类文明进步事业作出更大贡献。
上海世博会就要闭幕了，大家将要离开上海，回到各自的国家。你们带来的是一个国家的自豪，而带回去的却是整个世界的精彩。世博会孕育的文化精神将是不朽的，世博会的故事会经久流传。我衷心祝愿上海世博会给大家留下美好的回忆，祝愿世博精神在世界各地发扬光大，祝愿世界的明天更加美好。
谢谢大家！
Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,
The Expo 2010 Shanghai China is coming to close. This is an Expo that has attracted worldwide attention. Under the theme of \"Better City, Better Life\wisdom in exploring the path of urban development, set many Expo-related records, and added a glorious chapter to the Expo history.
Expo 2010 Shanghai has been a successful event. A total of 246 official participants, including 190 countries and 56
international organizations, have taken part in this Expo, more than in any previous Expo. Since 1 May, there have been more than 70 million visits to the Expo, another record number in the Expo history. People form around the world streamed to the Expo Site situated along the beautiful Huangpu River. Undeterred by the searing heat or soaking rain, they waited patiently in long lines to witness this much anticipated event. For the first time, an Online Expo was launched, opening a new window for more people to be part of the Expo. Through such extensive participation, Expo 2010 Shanghai has truly brought together people around the globe.
Expo 2010 Shanghai has been a splendid event. The Expo Site, which covers about six square kilometers, is like a global village. Here, you can find a rich variety of structures, each with its distinct and exquisite style, the British Pavilion resembling a huge dandelion dancing in the breeze, the Canadian Pavilion in the shape of a maple leaf, and the Saudi Pavilion which looks like a sailing treasure boat. And they all speak to the best of human ingenuity. Here, you can see on display rare cultural treasures of the world: the bronze chariot and horse sculpture from China’s Warring States period, the statue of Athena from Greece, the masterpieces of French impressionist painters, the Litter Mermaid from Denmark and the Aldabra giant tortoises from the Seychelles. They are truly a feast to the eyes. Here, over 100 cultural performances were staged every day. Through a total of more than 20,000 cultural events, visitors got a taste of the quintessence of the world’s diverse cultures and found it a rewarding cultural experience. Here political leaders, business people, government officials, experts and scholars gathered together at the series of Expo Forums to share insightful vies an discuss the future of the world, firing people with imagination and inspiration. All this has made Expo 2010 Shanghai an encyclopedia lying open on the land and a magnificent painting showcasing the integration and harmony of diverse cultures.
Expo 2010 Shanghai has been an unforgettable event. The Expo has brought together the Chinese people who wish to learn more about the world and foreign friends who wish to know more about China. Thanks to the Expo, they have forged a strong bond of friendship. At the opening ceremony of the Expo, two Tibetan kids from the earthquake-affected Yushu county of Qinghai Province joined kids of different countries and different colors. They embraced each other and held hands together. That scene is a vivid example of human solidarity and fraternity in the face of adversity. Yamada Tomiyo from Japan, known as \"Expo Granny,\" began her 18 trips to China four years ago in anticipation of the event. When the Expo opened, she bought 183 tickets and came to visit the site every day. There is an old lady in her seventies from the countryside of Zhejiang Province. She rented a small apartment in Shanghai to provide free accommodation to Chinese and foreign visitors while she herself would sleep on a small couch. Her story has touched all of us. I would like to mention in particular the more than 80,000 volunteers at the Expo site, whose green tops and white pants earned them the lovely nickname of \"Little Cabbages,\" and the nearly tow million volunteers working across the city. Their bright smiles and hospitable services are the best name card for a real China.
Expo 2010 Shanghai is the first Expo held by a developing country, the first held in the downtown area of a mega-city, and it was held under the shadow of the international financial crisis. This is a severe test to China and Shanghai. Over the past eight years, we mobilized resources throughout the Country and pooled the wisdom of the world in the preparation for the Expo. The people of Shanghai, in particular, made selfless contributions and the International Exhibitions Bureau and hot countries of past Expos provided valuable guidance. The success of the Expo could not have been possible without the tireless efforts of many people, including the organizers, construction workers, staff members, visitors and volunteers. It is their sincerity, wisdom and hard work that have rendered splendor to the Expo. On behalf of the Chinese government, I wish to express heartfelt gratitude and pay high tribute to all the comrades and friends who have participated in, supported and contributed to the Shanghai Expo. Ladies and Gentlemen,
Expo 2010 Shanghai is an eye-opening event, showcasing the best material achievements of human civilizations. It will also leave behind a rich spiritual legacy and a constant source of inspiration. This is the soul of the Expo. Only when the fruits of human civilization are elevated onto the spiritual and philosophical level will they become the common assets of the entire humanity and be passed down from generation to generation. It is therefore highly relevant that we review this Expo and see what experience and inspiration we can draw from it.
The World Expo has promoted a new approach to development, i.e., green environment-friendly and low-carbon development. The Expo Site itself is a model of low-carbon development, where the solar power generation system has a total installed capacity of 4.6 megawatts, more than 1,000 cars are powered by new energy sources, and the 165-meter-high chimney symbolic of industrial civilization has been turned into a meteorological signal tower. Many pavilions are built with the latest low-carbon materials and energy-saving technologies, and numerous cutting-edge low-carbon technologies and products are on display. The Urban Best Practice Area, the first of its kind in the Expo history, illustrates the success stories of various countries in urban development and management and depicts a new way of future urban life with interesting cases and vivid models. These innovative ideas show that mankind has acquired a more scientific understanding of what development means and become more rational and mature in the pursuit of development. They will exert a far-reaching impact on the economic growth pattern, industrial structure and consumption model.
The World Expo is convincing proof that scientific and technological revolution is a strong driving force behind social progress. Science and technology advances are an important hallmark of social progress. The United Kingdom hosted the first World Expo in 1851, because it was the first country to launch the Industrial Revolution and manufactured a large number of technological products. The industrial revolution spurred an incredible growth in productivity. The productivity generated in the
less than 100 years after the Industrial Revolution exceeded the sum total of productivity of all previous times. And the last 100 years have seen even greater increases of productivity than the 100 years following the Industrial Revolution. Expo 2010 Shanghai has shown mankind’s latest achievements in science and technology, such as the new generation of mobile communications, artificial intelligence, new materials and eco-friendly construction, and they speak volumes about the immense human wisdom and creativity. The development, application and dissemination of these news technologies, new energy sources and new materials will not only have a major impact on the way we work and live, but also lead the course of industrial development in the future. They will also provide strong support for our efforts to overcome the underlying impact of the international financial crisis and promote sustained recovery of the world economy.
The World Expo is a vivid demonstration of the diversity of human civilizations. The Shanghai Expo has offered a broad stage for inter-cultural exchanges and integration, reminding us that we live in a divers and colorful world. Here, one can see not only the high-tech products from the developed world such as the Unites States and Europe, but also national costumes and ebony sculptures unique to Africa and ingenious handicrafts from the Caribbean and Pacific island countries. These products epitomize the human wisdom gained over the long course of productive activities, and embody the values and ideals of a nation. They are the material form of a nation’s culture. In addition to the rich exhibits, there were dazzling art performances from across the world in the Expo Site every day, including the indigenous African dances, the elegant French court dance, the passionate Argentine tango the refined Japanese Noh theatre, the lively English folk music and the exquisite Peking opera. The artistic qualities of various cultures have added to the life and appeal of the Expo. The World Expo tells us that every country and every nation has a traditional culture to be proud of and that each fine culture is a fruit of human civilization and deserves our respect and care. One flower does not make a beautiful garden.
The Expo has fully demonstrated that equality and harmony is the common aspiration of mankind. The Expo is a festive event for all people in the world, and everyone involved in the Expo is an equal member of the big Expo family. Without mutual understanding and trust, and without the live for peace and harmony, it would not have been possible for people form so many different countries and nations to come to this joyous gathering. Among the 14 Pacific island countries and 13 Caribbean countries that made their first collective presence ant the Expo, some are new to the World Expo and some do not yet have diplomatic relations with China. Yet they all participated with great interest and enthusiasm. This is a good example which shows that the World Expo is above national, ethnic and religious boundaries. Providing quality service to the visitors and participants is a top priority of Expo 2010 Shanghai. Many facilities for the convenience of visitors are installed in the expo Site. After careful selection, we invited nine Muslim restaurants to the Site to offer Muslim food. The commitment of taking good care of the visitors is shown in very detailed way. For the first time, a pavilion for disabled persons is established in the Expo Site. There is a variety of special services such as accessible sears for all activities, wheelchair rental and accessible depositories. Each individual is fully respected here. The Expo tells us that progress of a society is not just about the number of skyscrapers, but also meeting the practical and cultural needs of each individual and warming people’s hearts with the sunshine of social care. Ladies and Gentlemen,
It has been 159 years since the first World Expo was held. The past one and a half centuries saw two world wars and three important scientific and technological revolutions. Out world has undergone a sea change and achieved unprecedented advancement in science and technology and productivity. The Shanghai Expo has showcased the progress of human society, and also reflected the challenges, concerns and confusions that mankind faces, The Expo spirit means that we must all work together to meet challenges and pursue peace and development.
-- We should jointly promote harmonious urban development. More that half of the world population now live in cities. Urbanization has on the one hand enabled people to enjoy the achievements of modern civilization and on the other
presented such unprecedented challenges as swelling population, traffic congestion, poverty, cultural clashes and financial crises. The Expo 2010 Shanghai is the first Expo that features city as its theme and seeks to make pioneering exploration on tackling the common problems facing mankind. We need to review the valuable ideas on urban development generated at the Expo, innovate urban development models, build harmonious cities of high economic efficiency, social justice and amity, cultural diversity and inclusiveness and sound eco-environment, and strive for an even better urban life.
-- We should advance modernization in the rural areas. The Shanghai Expo outlines a vision for a better urban life in the future. Yet we must not forget that a large part of the world, particularly the rural areas in developing countries, is still lagging behind and the majority of the poor population live in rural areas, Without the modernization of those areas, modernization of the whole society would not be possible. We should vigorously promote coordinated urban and rural development, work to eliminate the gap between urban and rural areas, promote equal access to public services, and build the vast rural areas into a beautiful homeland enjoying greater productivity and prosperity and a better environment.
-- We should help the less developed regions to achieve common development. We see from the eyes of speaker sat the Expo Theme Forums their concerns about uneven development and widening wealth gap in the world. All human beings are brothers and sisters of the big family of the Earth. We should work hand in hand for common development, and do our best to help the underdeveloped countries in developing the economy and improving people’s lives so that people of all countries can share the fruits of human civilization.
-- We should cherish and take good care of mother Earth. We can see from the Expo exhibits that, while generation enormous wealth, industrialization, urbanization and globalization have also cost us dearly in terms of resource depletion, environmental pollution and ecological degradation. We should not only see the Earth as something that we have inherited from our forebears, but also, and more importantly, as something that we have borrowed from our children and grandchildren. We must respect nature, place importance on resource conservation and environmental protection, and accelerate the transformation of the development model and economic restructuring in order to achieve sustainable development and leave to the future generation a planet where they can survive and thrive.
-- We should jointly uphold world peace and stability. We have felt keenly from the enthusiasm of all countries to participate in the Expo that peace progress, harmony and a better life are the common desire of people all over the world. It is important that countries handle ethnic tensions, cultural frictions and regional conflicts and other hotspot issues in a sensible way, seek peaceful solutions to international and domestic disputes through consultations, remover ethnic estrangement and strife, and work together to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity.
The Shanghai Expo has offered the Chinese people a good opportunity to learn form the world. One day in Expo is more rewarding that ten years' reading. The Expo pavilions enabled people to witness the beautiful scenery, precious treasures, splendid cultures and folk customs of various countries. No TV program and book can give us such first-hand experience. The Expo has also shown the comprehensive national strength of each country. From the exhibits, one can see not only the strengths of others bit also the gaps one has to bridge. Only an open and inclusive country can become an advanced one and only by standing on the shoulders giants can one look farther. The success of the Expo has strengthened China’s confidence and resolve to pursue reform and opening-up. China will unswervingly follow the path of peaceful developments of all civilizations, deepen mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries and make greater contribution to the progress of human civilization.
The Shanghai Expo is coming to a close, and you will leave Shanghai and return to your home countries. You came with the pride of your individual countries, and you will leave with the splendor of the whole world. The cultural spirit of the World Expo
will live on and its stories will be told for years to come. I sincerely hope that the Expo 2010 Shanghai China has been a memorable experience for you all. May the Expo spirit thrive across the world, and may our world be an even better place. Thank you.
举办时间： 2010年5月1日至10月31日，总共184天 举办地点： 上海市中心黄浦江两岸，南浦大桥和卢浦大桥之间的滨江地区 世博会主题： “城市，让生活更美好” 英文主题： Better City , Better Life 城市多元文化的融合 城市经济的繁荣 副主题： 城市科技的创新 城市社区的重塑 城市和乡村的互动 1、提高公众对“城市时代”中各种挑战的忧患意识，并提供可能的解决方 案； 主要目标： 2、促进对城市遗产的保护；使人们更加关注健康的城市发展； 3、推广可持续的城市发展理念，成功实践和创新技术；寻求发展中国家的可 持续的城市发展模式； 4、促进人类社会的交流融合和互相理解。 吉祥物： 海宝 城市是人创造的，它不断地演进演化和成长为一个有机系统。人是这个有机 系统中最具活力和最富有创新能力的细胞。人的生活与城市的形态和发展密切互 核心思想： 动。随着城市化进程的加速，城市的有机系统与地球大生物圈和资源体系之间相 互作用也日益加深和扩大。人、城市和地球三个有机系统环环相扣，这种关系贯 穿了城市发展的历程，三者也将日益融合成为一个不可分割的整体。 2010年上海世博会会徽
会徽是集中反映理念的视觉符号。上上海世博会会徽海世博会会徽是通过全球征集、专家评审而产生的。
会徽图案形似汉字“世”，并与数字“2010”巧妙组合，相得益彰，表达了中国人民举办一届属于世界的、多元文化融合的博览盛会的强烈愿望。
会徽图案从形象上看犹如一个三口之家相拥而乐，表现了家庭的和睦。在广义上又可代表包含了“你、我、他”的全人类，表达了世博会“理解、沟通、欢聚、合作”的理念。
会徽以绿色为主色调，富有生命活力，增添了向上、升腾、明快的动感和意蕴，抒发了中国人民面向未来，追求可持续发展的创造激情。 2010上海世博会吉祥物
2007年12月18日晚8点，上海世博会吉祥物——海宝万众嘱目的2010年上海世博会吉祥物“海宝（HAIBAO）”终于掀开了神秘面纱，蓝色“人”字的可爱造形让所有人耳目一新。 吉祥物海宝的整体形象结构简洁、信息单纯、便于记忆、宜于传播。虽然只有一个，但通过动作演绎、服装变化，可以千变万化，形态各异，展现多种风采。
“上善若水”，水是生命的源泉，吉祥物的主形态是水，他的颜色是海一样的蓝色，表明了中国融入世界、拥抱世界的崭新姿态。
海宝体现了“人”对城市多元文化融合的理想；体现了“人”对经济繁荣、环境可持续发展建设的赞颂；体现了“人”对城市科技创新、对发展的无限可能的期盼；也体现了“人”对城市社区重塑的心愿；他还体现着“人”心中城市与乡村共同繁荣的愿景。海宝是对五彩缤纷生活的向往，对五光十色的生命的祝福，也是中国上海对来自五湖四海朋友的热情邀约。
5月6日上海世博会会徽。
5月8日上午 中共中央政治局常委、国务院副总理李克强出席在北京举行的绿色经济与应对气候变化国际合作会议开幕式并发表主旨演讲。
2010年5月12日——中国第二个防灾减灾日，以纪念汶川大地震1周年。 6月9日，蒋耀平副部长在京出席2010年中国绿色产业和绿色经济高科技国际博览会吹
风会 。
6月10日，各地的物价均上涨。 中国2010上海世界博览会
2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）是一个筹备中的世界博览会，2010年在中国上海市举行，也是历来首次由中国举办的世界博览会。上海世博会的主题是“城市，让生活更美好”（Better City, Better Life）。主办机构预计吸引世界各地7000万人次参观者前往，总投资达450亿人民币，超过北京奥运会，是世界博览会史上最大规模。
世界艾滋病大会在维也纳举行
7月１８日至２３日，第１８届世界艾滋病大会在奥地利首都维也纳举行，来自世界各地的２万多名研究人员、医务工作者、政府官员、国际机构代表以及各种民间团体人士参加了这次大
会。大会传达出的主要信息是：全球艾滋病形势继续恶化的总势头正在得到抑制，但人类最终战胜艾滋病仍需付出巨大努力。 第三次世界议长大会在日内瓦召开
七月１９日至２１日，由各国议会联盟（议联）主持召开的第三次世界议长大会在日内瓦万国宫举行，会议主题为“危机形势下的各国议会：确保实行民主问责以造福大众”。大会通过了《实行民主问责 造福大众》宣言，呼吁各国进一步加强合作，共同应对当前世界面临的各种挑战。
2010年8月8日——中国第二个全民健身日，为纪念2008年北京奥运会。
2010年10月1日——中华人民共和国61华诞。
2010年10月10日——纪念辛亥革命爆发100周年！
2010年11月12日至11月27日——第16届亚运会将于2010年11月12日至27日在中国广州进行。
2010年—2011年底将发射天宫一号目标飞行器，天宫一号的重量有8吨，类似于一个小型空间实验站，在发射天宫一号之后的两年中，我国将相继发射神舟8、9、10号飞船，分别与天宫一号实现对接。
2010年5月1日至10月31日（总共184天）——2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）是一个筹备中的世界博览会，2010年在中国上海市举行，也是历来首次由中国举办的世界博览会。博览会的主题是“城市，让生活更美好”（Better City, Better Life）。主办机构预计吸引世界各地7000万人次参观者前往，总投资达300亿人民币，是世界博览会史上最大规模。
2010年—2011年底将发射天宫一号目标飞行器，天宫一号的重量有8吨，类似于一个小型空间实验站，在发射天宫一号之后的两年中，我国将相继发射神舟8、9、10号飞船，分别与天宫一号实现对接。
Chinese celebrate National Day with pride, passion
( Xinhua ) 2010-10-03
Chinese people celebrated another year of achievements Friday when they marked the 61st anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China with pride and passion.
China's second unmanned lunar probe, Chang'e-2, was launched on the October 1 National Day holiday, capping a year that has seen the nation become the world's second-largest economy and host to the biggest and most popular World Expo. In downtown Beijing, more than 150,000 people -- many wearing traditional costumes of different ethnic groups -- from across the country gathered in the Tian'anmen Square to watch a grand flag raising ceremony early Friday.
President Hu Jintao, Premier Wen Jiabao and other leaders laid flower baskets at the Monument to the People's Heroes on the square Friday to pay their respects to those who sacrificed their lives to build the nation.
Sangye, an ethnic Tibetan, came to Tian'anmen to watch the flag-raising ceremony from his hometown of Yushu, in the northwestern Qinghai Province, where a devastating earthquake left thousands dead in April.
\"The whole nation offered to help us when the quake struck. I came here to express my heart-felt appreciation for the motherland,\" he said.
In Shanghai, the China National Pavilion Day was celebrated at the World Expo. \"We will build a moderately prosperous society at a higher level by 2020 to benefit our over 1 billion people, and will realize modernization by the middle of this century,\" top Chinese legislator Wu Bangguo said when addressing the celebration ceremony.
The first World Expo ever hosted by a developing country, the Shanghai event has drawn participants from 246 countries and international organizations, more than 100 foreign leaders and almost 60 million Chinese and foreign visitors in the past five months.
\"You have achieved new records -- a record number of participants, a record number of visitors -- and you have built the largest site ever,\" Vicente Loscertales, secretary-general of the International Expositions Bureau said at the ceremony. Many other Chinese cities also organized flag raising functions to mark the National Day Friday, the first day of the \"golden week\" holiday when millions of people travel for family reunions and holidays.
Also Friday, the launch of Chang'e-2 lunar probe from the southwestern Sichuan Province ignited the patriotic passion all over China, which became the third nation to send a man into space in 2003.
\"I feel very proud today,\" said Sarentuya, an ethnic Mongolian resident of Alxa
League, north China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
\"In the past, China's Shenzhou spacecraft have blasted off from my hometown. Today, I will see the Chang'e lunar probe launched from another corner of the country. I believe the Chinese will eventually land on moon,\" he said. CHALLENGES AND PRESSURE Although China has overtaken Japan as the second-largest economy and is the holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves, it is still a developing country and its per capita income ranks 98th in the world, ahead of El Salvador and behind Albania.
Major problems China still faces include an unbalanced economic structure, weak capabilities for scientific and technological innovation, rising resources and environmental constraints, uneven urban-rural and regional development and lack of coordination between economic and social development, Premier Wen Jiabao said last month at the World Economic Forum's annual Summer Davos meeting in Tianjin. China also facing the challenges of climate change, energy efficiency and emissions reductions, although government officials have said the country would likely reach its goal of improving energy efficiency by 20 percent from 2006 to 2010. In some industrial areas, lives were seriously affected last month as factories, homes, hotels and shopping malls reportedly experienced rolling blackouts and power cuts to meet energy-saving targets.
Today in China, the widening gap between the rich and poor has led to social problems and even conflicts. Tens of millions of people in the countryside still live in poverty and many young white-collar workers in big cities cannot afford skyrocketing housing prices.
Later this month, the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) will hold its fifth plenary session in Beijing to discuss the formulation of China's 12th Five-Year Program (2011-2015), and the next five years are considered a key period to build a moderately prosperous society.
\"In the near future, I hope the central authorities can do more to rein in real estate prices and curb speculation in this regard to enable low-income residents to have their own homes,\" said 35-year-old Shi Wenjie, a university teacher in Beijing, who lives in a rented apartment with his wife and young son.
BEIJING -- Chinese people celebrated another year of achievements Friday when they marked the 61st anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China with pride and passion.
China's second unmanned lunar probe, Chang'e-2, was launched on the October 1 National Day holiday, capping a year that has seen the nation become the world's second-largest economy and host to the biggest and most popular World Expo. In downtown Beijing, more than 150,000 people -- many wearing traditional costumes of different ethnic groups -- from across the country gathered in the Tian'anmen Square to watch a grand flag raising ceremony early Friday.
President Hu Jintao, Premier Wen Jiabao and other leaders laid flower baskets at the Monument to the People's Heroes on the square Friday to pay their respects to those who sacrificed their lives to build the nation.
Sangye, an ethnic Tibetan, came to Tian'anmen to watch the flag-raising ceremony from his hometown of Yushu, in the northwestern Qinghai Province, where a devastating earthquake left thousands dead in April. Celebrate the national day with pride \"The whole nation offered to help us when the quake struck. I came here to express my heart-felt appreciation for the motherland,\" he said.
In Shanghai, the China National Pavilion Day was celebrated at the World Expo. \"We will build a moderately prosperous society at a higher level by 2020 to benefit our over 1 billion people, and will realize modernization by the middle of this century,\" top Chinese legislator Wu Bangguo said when addressing the celebration ceremony. The first World Expo ever hosted by a developing country, the Shanghai event has drawn participants from 246 countries and international organizations, more than 100 foreign leaders and almost 60 million Chinese and foreign visitors in the past five months. \"You have achieved new records -- a record number of participants, a record number of visitors -- and you have built the largest site ever,\" Vicente Loscertales, secretary-general of the International Expositions Bureau said at the ceremony.
Many other Chinese cities also organized flag raising functions to mark the National Day Friday, the first day of the \"golden week\" holiday when millions of people travel for family reunions and holidays.
Also Friday, the launch of Chang'e-2 lunar probe from the southwestern Sichuan Province ignited the patriotic passion all over China, which became the third nation to send a man into space in 2003.
\"I feel very proud today,\" said Sarentuya, an ethnic Mongolian resident of Alxa League, north China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
\"In the past, China's Shenzhou spacecraft have blasted off from my hometown. Today, I will see the Chang'e lunar probe launched from another corner of the country. I believe the Chinese will eventually land on moon,\" he said. CHALLENGES AND PRESSURE
Although China has overtaken Japan as the second-largest economy and is the holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves, it is still a developing country and its per capita income ranks 98th in the world, ahead of El Salvador and behind Albania.
Major problems China still faces include an unbalanced economic structure, weak
capabilities for scientific and technological innovation, rising resources and environmental constraints, uneven urban-rural and regional development and lack of coordination
between economic and social development, Premier Wen Jiabao said last month at the World Economic Forum's annual Summer Davos meeting in Tianjin.
China also facing the challenges of climate change, energy efficiency and emissions
reductions, although government officials have said the country would likely reach its goal of improving energy efficiency by 20 percent from 2006 to 2010.
In some industrial areas, lives were seriously affected last month as factories, homes, hotels and shopping malls reportedly experienced rolling blackouts and power cuts to meet energy-saving targets.
Today in China, the widening gap between the rich and poor has led to social problems and even conflicts. Tens of millions of people in the countryside still live in poverty and many young white-collar workers in big cities cannot afford skyrocketing housing prices. Later this month, the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) will hold its fifth plenary session in Beijing to discuss the formulation of China's 12th Five-Year Program (2011-2015), and the next five years are considered a key period to build a moderately prosperous society.
\"In the near future, I hope the central authorities can do more to rein in real estate prices and curb speculation in this regard to enable low-income residents to have their own
homes,\" said 35-year-old Shi Wenjie, a university teacher in Beijing, who lives in a rented apartment with his wife and young son.
China has duty to explore space, says probe chiefS
'Missions to boost man's search for sustainable development'
BEIJING - China's space exploration is being fueled by the country's responsibility toward mankind, said a chief designer on the latest lunar probe project.
\"The most fundamental task for human beings' space exploration is to research human origins and to find a sustainable way for mankind to live and develop,\" said Qian Weiping, who oversees work on the Chang'e-2 mission's tracking and control system.
Although lagging behind Russia and the United States, \"China, as a major country, has the responsibility to participate in activities in outer space for peaceful use and make its own contribution\
Chang'e-2, China's first unmanned spacecraft to be boosted from the launch site directly to the earth-moon transfer orbit, completed its first braking on Wednesday, which
decelerated the satellite and successfully allowed it to enter a 12-hour orbit, according to the Beijing Aerospace Control Center.
It started the first braking at 11:06 am and entered the 12-hour elliptical moon orbit 32 minutes later.
The satellite needs to brake twice more before it can enter the designed 118-minute working orbit.
To acquire more detailed moon data, Chang'e-2 will enter a lower lunar orbit about 100 km above the surface, compared with the 200-km altitude of Chang'e-1, according to the control center.
Qian said China's vision of lunar probes and manned space flights is due to a sense of responsibility, rather than the need to follow in the footsteps of other countries. \"Once our mind is made up we will do it, no matter how many years later,\" said the designer. \"However, we can never go beyond scientific rules and find a shortcut. \"What we're doing now is what others did 40 years ago, but that doesn't mean we're lagging behind by 40 years,\" he said, adding that the country's levels of
telecommunication networks and scientific understanding, based on the progress in science and technology, are much more advanced than they were decades ago. \"We will narrow the gap fast,\" he insisted.
Some 40 years ago, Russia and the US were the only countries to have sent people into space. During the US Apollo 11 mission in 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon.
China's space talents are outstanding and young, said Qian, who revealed that the
average age of the design team for the country's manned and lunar probe projects is just a little over 30.
Yet, a lunar probe was only the first step in China's quest for deep space exploration, said Qian. \"We will walk on this road step by step - scientifically and gradually,\" he added. Meanwhile on Wednesday, China successfully launched two environmental research satellites from North China's Shanxi province.
With a designed lifespan of more than two years, the two satellites of the Shijian VI-04 group will carry out probes on space environment and radiation and conduct space science experiments, according to the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center. Xinhua
Country's long-term space roadmap includes Mars probe and moon base
BEIJING - The European Space Agency (ESA) supports China's inclusion in the International Space Station (ISS) partnership, the agency's director -general Jean-Jacques Dordain said on Monday.
He made the remarks on Monday during the ongoing Global Lunar Conference in Beijing, which is organized by the International Astronautical Federation and the Chinese Society of Astronautics.
Dordain said international cooperation on space exploration has been progressing slowly. To achieve more, the partnership needs to be expanded, he said.
\"I am really willing to support the extension of the partnership of the ISS to China and South Korea. Obviously, this should be a decision by all partners, not the decision by one partner,\" he said.
The ISS is jointly built and run by the United States, Russia, ESA's 11 member countries, Canada, Japan and Brazil. China is excluded from the ISS.
But with growing power based on its independent technological development, China is being invited to more international cooperatives in space exploration in recent years. Dordain noted that he was glad to see that on June 3, the first Russian, Chinese and ESA group will participate in the Mars-500 mission.
\"This is the first time that we shall have quasi-astronauts from Russia, China and ESA living together for 520 days. This is a good step,\" he said.
The Mars-500 project is a three-stage experiment including a 250-day virtual flight to Mars, a 30-day stay on the planet and a 240-day journey back to earth.
Wang Yue, a space trainer from China, will join five other volunteers from Russia, Italy and France in the project. Three experiments proposed by China will also be conducted during the mission.
Chen Qiufa, vice-minister of industry and information technology in charge of the lunar exploration mission, said at the conference that China is willing to join international cooperatives, and share technologies and research results with other countries, while independently developing its own technologies.
In past years, China and ESA have cooperated in a number of projects.
In the SMART-1 mission that ended in September 2006 with a spacecraft sent to the moon, the ESA has provided China with details of the spacecraft's position and transmission frequencies.
China, in turn, agreed to carry a bio sample for the ESA on the Shenzhou-VIII spacecraft, which will be launched next year, Xinhua reported last year.
In addition to lunar exploration, China and the ESA have also cooperated in a few projects in Earth observation missions, including the Double Star Program and Dragon Program.
\"I think China's partnership with the EU is the most smooth in international cooperation and competitions,\" Peng Jing, a senior engineer of China Academy of Space Technology, told China Daily on Monday.
Ye Peijian, chief designer of the nation's first lunar probe, Chang'e-1, said earlier that China's growing power in space technology is the reason that China is involved in and invited to more international cooperation projects.
So far, China has sent six astronauts into space, and launched Chang'e-1 to circle the moon.
In the coming few years, China plans to test docking technologies, which is necessary for building the space station, and send probes for moon landings. China aims to build a space station on its own by 2020.
Though the government has not yet announced plans to send astronauts to the moon, scientific research on it has started, Yu Dengyun, deputy chief designer of China's lunar exploration project, said at the conference.
On behalf of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp, the core enterprise of China's space technology development, he also revealed a suggested roadmap for
China's deep space exploration, which includes developing China's own Mars probe, and building a base on the moon. Yan Jie contributed to this story.
2009年至2010年世界艾滋病日主题为“普遍可及和人权”
发布日期：2010-6-19
12月1日是世界艾滋病日。联合国将2009年至2010年世界艾滋病日的主题确定为：“普遍可及和人权”，意在强调实现艾滋病预防、治疗、关怀和支持的普遍可及是保护人权的当务之急。
艾滋病的医学全名为 “获得性免疫缺陷综合征”，由人类免疫缺陷病毒引起。这种病毒终生传染，能够破坏人体免疫系统，使人丧失抵抗各种疾病的能力。艾滋病病毒的传播途径主要包括血液、母婴遗传和性接触等。目前，艾滋病仍为不治之症。鸡尾酒疗法，即抗逆转录病毒疗法，是治疗艾滋病的有效方法之一。
自1981年美国研究人员发现世界首例艾滋病病例后，艾滋病在全球范围内迅速蔓延。为提高人们对艾滋病的认识，世界卫生组织于1988年1月将每年的12月1日定为世界艾滋病日，号召世界各国和国际组织在这一天举办相关活动，宣传和普及预防艾滋病的知识。
但是，目前艾滋病防控形势仍很严峻。据统计，全球仍有约3340万艾滋病病毒感染者，2008年约200万人死于与艾滋病相关的疾病。联合国秘书长潘基文呼吁，各国应继续进行有效的艾滋病防控工作；维护艾滋病病毒感染者以及受艾滋病影响的儿童和家庭的人权；力争在2010年做到人人都可获得艾滋病预防、治疗、护理和支持服务
李克强在耐多药和广泛耐药结核病高负担国家部长级会议上强调
加强重大疾病防控 提高公共卫生水平
新华网北京４月１日电（记者李诗佳）耐多药和广泛耐药结核病高负担国家部长级会议１日在北京召开，中共中央政治局常委、国务院副总理李克强出席开幕式并致辞。他强调，中国将深入贯彻落实科学发展观，深化医药卫生体制改革，以改革促发展，以发展惠民生，不断提高人民健康水平。加强国际合作，促进全球结核病控制目标的实现。
李克强在致辞中说，中国政府坚持以人为本，坚持保增长、保民生、保稳定，把推进医药卫生事业改革发展作为应对国际金融危机、保持经济平稳较快发展的一项重要举措，这也是一项重大民生工程。
李克强介绍，中国今年将开始实施医药卫生体制改革，坚持公共医疗卫生的公益性质，把基本医疗卫生制度作为公共产品向全民提供，逐步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务。重点是推进基本医疗保障制度改革，将全体居民纳入基本医疗保障制度；建立国家基本药物制度，减轻基本用药费用负担；健全基层医疗卫生服务体系，方便群众看病就医；促进基本公共卫生服务逐步均等化，最大限度地预防疾病；推进公立医院改革试点，提高公立医疗机构服务水平。我们将扩大免费公共卫生服务范围，增加城乡居民人均公共卫生服务经费，增加重大公共卫生专项投入。
李克强指出，有史以来，人类从未停止过对疾病的抗击，并取得了一个又一个胜利。面对耐多药和广泛耐药结核病这个全球性严峻挑战，中国政府将全面强化防治工作，进一步落实防治措施，维护广大人民群众的健康权益。我们愿继续与国际社会积极合作，共同应对包括结核病在内的公共卫生问题，促进世界卫生事业发展。
会前，李克强与世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍，联合国遏制结核病特使、葡萄牙前总统萨帕奥，美国比尔和美琳达·盖茨基金会主席比尔·盖茨简短会面。
开幕式由萨帕奥主持。陈冯富珍、比尔·盖茨参加开幕式并分别致辞。 会议由卫生部、世界卫生组织及美国比尔和美琳达·盖茨基金会共同举办。３２个国家和地区卫生机构负责人、有关国际组织和非政府组织代表、国内外有关专家学者近５００人参加会议。
Statement at the 59th Session of UN Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
By Shen Guofang, Head of the Chinese Delegation, Assistant
Foreign Minister
Honorable Mr. Chairman, Distinguished delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen,
I would like to begin by congratulating you, Mr. Chairman, on your assumption of the chairmanship of this session. I am confident that, under your leadership, this session will be a complete success. I would also like to avail myself of this opportunity to extend my appreciation to the Thai Government and the ESCAP Secretariat for their meticulous arrangement for this meeting. Now allow me to speak on behalf of the Chinese Government on issues concerned. Mr. Chairman,
Today's world is characterized with relatively eased international situation, deepening multi-polarization and economic globalization, and fast growing global and regional cooperation. Maintaining peace and promoting development
are the shared aspiration of people across the world. However, the world we now live in is no perfect place. It is still plagued by local conflicts and frequent terrorist strikes. Global economic recovery is going slow. Poverty, unemployment, drugs, HIV/AIDS and transnational crimes remain thorny issues obstructing human development. Non-traditional security issues have not yet found a fundamental solution. Some of these problems are taking on new forms that are more acutely felt, calling for urgent solutions.
In the face of these challenges, countries are left with no other option but to work together in close cooperation to overcome difficulties. As the most representative and authoritative inter-governmental international organization of our age, the United Nations is an important instrument guiding international cooperation. Over the past decades, the UN has played an irreplaceable role in the maintenance of world peace and promotion of common development. As such, observing the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and defending the authority and role of the UN serve the grand cause of world peace and development and the fundamental interests of people of all countries. Asian-Pacific countries should, therefore, continue to value and endorse all UN activities and make concerted and consistent efforts towards a more rational international economic and political order based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and cooperation.
As a UN intergovernmental economic and social organization in the Asia-Pacific region, ESCAP provides an important venue for countries in this region to engage in exchanges and cooperation. After we have won significant victories over the SARS epidemic in the region, it is of realistic importance for us to center our discussions on the theme of \"integrating economic and social concerns, especially HIV/AIDS, in meeting the needs of the region\". The discussions today should also be taken as an opportunity to review our experience in the fight against SARS and other communicable diseases, to further enhance exchanges
and cooperation, so as to inject new vigor in the economic and social development in this region. In this regard, I have three points to make. First, countries in the Asia-Pacific region should endeavor to balance their economic and social development. Economic development and social progress are the driving forces of overall human advancement. The two forces are mutually complementary and reinforcing. For any country, sound and sustained economic growth can be achieved only in the presence of social stability and progress. Conversely, robust social development would not be possible without continuously developed economy. Indeed, our fight against SARS in the region earlier this year has given full exposition to the interaction between economic and social development and to the importance of promoting a balanced development.
Over the years, the Asia-Pacific region has been holding the lead in the world economic growth. However, the recent SARS outbreak laid bare some outstanding problems in social development. It is thus necessary for us to be fully aware of such urgency and form a concept of comprehensive development. We should work for a balanced development in the region between economic growth and social progress, urban and rural areas and man and nature. ESCAP should play its part in promoting cooperation among members in social development. With this in mind, the Chinese delegation, along with fellow delegations, has submitted to this session a draft resolution, \"Strengthening Social Safety in the Asia-Pacific Region\". China hopes that the resolution will enhance regional efforts in social safety and promote cooperation among ESCAP members.
Second, countries in this region should strengthen cooperation and upgrade public heath systems with intensified efforts to curb the spread of communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Public health is a key ingredient of social development and a key index to social progress. The recent SARS
epidemic has heightened people's awareness of the importance and urgency to set up and improve our public health contingency response system, disease prevention and control system, supervision system for health law enforcement and international public health cooperation mechanism. China hopes that this meeting can serve as an opportunity for countries in this region to take immediate actions and work closer for more substantive cooperation in strengthening regional public health systems.
Like SARS, HIV/AIDS is a deadly communicable disease. The raging HIV/AIDS is not only a challenge to human life, but also a serious threat to the economic and social development of all countries. In today's world, Asia-Pacific is one of the regions hardest hit by HIV/AIDS with the fastest increase of infection rates. The inclusion of HIV/AIDS into the theme topic at this meeting fully shows the importance all sides have attached to this issue. We should be actively engaged in the prevention and control of the disease under the guidelines of seeking comprehensive control, removing both the root cause and symptoms, providing scientific guidance, and conducting close cooperation. ESCAP should play its role in such areas as personnel training, capacity building and information exchanges in which China is expecting substantive cooperation projects. Third, while development, first and foremost, rests on each country's own efforts, international cooperation is crucial for developing countries. For the international organizations to fully function, the key is to translate into practice the objectives and plans of actions set at international conferences. I would like to stress here the importance of fostering an overall cooperation through resource integration, i.e., further coordinating the existing cooperation mechanisms for economic and social development. The UN has always been a major arena for international economic and social cooperation. It has initiated a range of high-level conferences, including the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the World Food Summit, the International Conference on
Financing for Development, the Meeting on Least Developed Countries, the UN Special Session of General Assembly on HIV/AIDS. In the implementation of their follow-up actions, it is necessary to secure greater coordination between different mechanisms not only in concept, but also in action. This will enable us to achieve good results in a more cost-effective and energy-efficient manner. China hopes that the resolution will be approved by the UNECOSOC and will be fully implemented.
We hope that ESCAP, with its unique expertise in this area, will continue its reform, improve work efficiency and focus on priorities, and play a role of leadership in regional economic and social development. Mr. Chairman,
This year is a defining year for China in its efforts to build a well-off society in an all-round way, deepen its reform, promote development and maintain stability. We have successfully contained the SARS outbreak, controlled the disastrous floods, and overcome various difficulties to sustain a robust economic growth. We are now working to consolidate our success in SARS prevention and control to preclude any relapse and upgrade public heath system. In the meantime, we are taking measures to facilitate a more balanced economic and social development. China is confident and capable of realizing the development objectives set early this year.
China is committed to sustained peace and common development in the world. China will continue to pursue the independent foreign policy of peace and work untiringly for the establishment of a more just and rational new international order. China's development rests on the stability and development of the Asia-Pacific region and will in turn, contribute to the stability and development of this region and create opportunities for economic growth of other countries in the region. China will, in the spirit of enhancing mutual understanding and
expanding cooperation, develop friendly relations with all countries and further integrate into the regional cooperation process. Mr. Chairman,
China attaches importance to its cooperation with ESCAP and has taken an active part in activities of the organization. China will host next year's ESCAP 60th session in Shanghai, the birthplace of ESCAP, for which the Chinese Government has already set up a preparatory committee and full preparation is now under way. China will join other ESCAP members and work closely with ESCAP Secretariat to ensure the success of the upcoming meeting. Thank you.
Offical: Labor contract law needs to be implemented rather than amended Source: Xinhua | 03-09-2008 16:22
Special Report: 2008 NPC & CPPCC sessions
BEIJING, March 9 (Xinhua) -- The labor contract law needs to be implemented rather than amended at the current stage, a senior labor official said here on Sunday.
Vice Minister of Labor and Social Security Sun Baoshu speaks Sunday at a press conference on the sidelines of the ongoing parliament annual session.(Xinhua Photo)
\"After it came into effect in January, the law was welcomed by employees and most employers, but we also noticed some different views and voices,\" said Vice Minister of Labor and Social Security Sun Baoshu at a press conference on the sidelines of the ongoing parliament annual session. The 98-article law, enacted on Jan. 1, entitled company employees with more than 10 years of service to sign with their bosses contracts that would protect them from dismissal without any reason.
It also required employers to contribute to their employees' social security accounts and set wage standards for workers on probation and working overtime.
Minister: China´s employment situation \"very severe\" this year
Source: Xinhua | 03-09-2008 11:30
Special Report: 2008 NPC & CPPCC sessions
BEIJING, March 9 (Xinhua) -- China's Labor and Social Security Minister Tian Chengping said here Sunday that employment situation is \"very severe\" this year, although the country provided 51 million jobs in urban areas in the last five years.
China's Labor and Social Security Minister Tian Chengping said in Beijing on Sunday that the country's employment situation is \"very severe\" this year, although the country has provided 51 million job posts in cities in last five years.(Xinhua Photo)
He said on the sidelines of the First Session of the 11th National People's Congress that about 20 million new laborers emerge in urban and rural areas every year, and China will have a large contingent of new labor force for quite a long time.
However, the cities and towns can provide around 12 million job posts every year, and a large quantity of rural laborers are flowing into cities, Tian said.
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao said in his government work report at the parliamentary session on Wednesday that \"providing adequate employment opportunities in China, which has the largest population in the world, is a daunting challenge.\"
Some economists predicted that the tight monetary policy may slow investment enthusiasm, but at the same time put more pressure on the country's already strained employment market.
China to improve standard of living
WATCH VIDEO
Source: CCTV.com | 03-09-2008 12:42
Special Report: 2008 NPC & CPPCC sessions
China will increase efforts to improve the standard of living of its citizens by creating more jobs and expanding the social security network. That was the message at this morning's news conference held by the National People's Congress session.
Labor and Social Security Minister Tian Chengping said in the past 5 years, 51 million urban jobs were created in the country.
Labor and Social Security Minister Tian Chengping said in the past 5 years, 51 million urban jobs were created in the country. And expenditures for employment programs totaled more than 66
billion yuan during the period. But the Minister warns the country still faces huge challenges in employment over the next few years.
Tian Chengping, Minister of Ministry of Labor and Social Security, said, \"The main reason is that, new labor force increases by more than 20 million every year, including a huge group of excess labor in the rural areas that need to be transferred into the urban workforce. But only some 12 million new jobs can be created every year, and the trend will last for quite a long period.\" Minister Tian said the country will spare no efforts to expand employment in the coming years. Measures will be taken in six aspects. These include continuing vigorous employment policies, strengthening training in vocational skills, improving the public employment service system and establishing an early warning system on unemployment.
The minister also said the country will further improve the social security system covering both urban and rural residents. One focus of the efforts will be to extend coverage to include more rural migrant workers.
The earthquake caused huge casualties and property loss. However, it provided a very rare opportunity to explore the earthquake occurrence mechanism and the regularity, in order to have the potential to improve the predictability of earthquakes.
September 27, it published a paper from Professor Shen Zhengkang and his research team of Peking University in the journal of Nature. Professor Shen said “We studied the earthquake after it occurred, so it is difficult to accurately understand the
momentary situation of the earthquake. Therefore, about the studying of Wenchuan earthquake, scientists need to study the first moment of the earthquake, and find out what happened in the end. Similar as criminal detection, we need to recreat the scene as far as possible.
So far, many scientists have published the research production of Wenchuan earthquake, and preliminarily revealed the process of earthquake occurrence. Compared with the former research achievements, Professor Shen said their own research production could more clearly show the spatial structure of earthquake fault and distribution of earthquake rupture, which could help to accurately infer the scene of earthquake.
Professor Shen introduced that they mainly adopted the accurate positioning
technology of GPS and coherent analysis techniques of InSAR to reappear the scene of earthquake
“Before the Wenchuan earthquake, some GPS observation stations have been set up in the earthquake's epicenter—Longmenshan fault. We compared the pre-earthquake date with the post-earthquake date from GPS observation stations, and obtained accurate permanent displacement data of site，which was cause by faulting movement. By studying the dates, we can explore the spatial pattern and distribution of faulting movement, and the earthquake mechanism of the fault produced.” Said Professor Shen.
They took the technology of InSAR, which can primarily repeat a specific area by the use of remote sensing satellites, utilized radar to obtain a precise deformation image of ground.
Then, they compared the dates of GPS and InSAR, put into their earthquake rupture
model, and reappear the scene of Wenchuan earthquake:
Wenchuan earthquake involved a number of geological faults units. Different faults intersected at Yingxiu, Beichuan and Nanba, the pressure at there is much higher than the others before the earthquake.
May 12, 2008, the fault near Yingxiu town first ruptured, and the intersection lost its stability. So the resulting seismic waves would make a domino effect, trigger the other two faults, release tremendous amount of energy, and lead to the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake.
The measuring data showed that the three faults intersection was the great fault rupture and the most serious distortion.
“Our results shows that the geometric construction of rupture faults in the north appear to be vertical, and the fault in the south forms a 40 ~ 60 degrees inclination with the ground.” Professor Shen added, the space structure of rupture faults is relatively complex, and Beichuan and Pengguan fault ruptured at the same time, which are parallel to the central part of Longmenshan fault, and the faults branched off and intersected at several places.
Deducing from the energesis, the Wenchuan earthquake inferred several faults. Due to the interaction of multiple faults, the earthquake occurred. In general, the recurrence of similar earthquakes in this region is about 4000 years.
“In other words, the earthquake was taken in Wenchuan, about 4,000 years of energy savings was required. Unfortunately, the energy savings in the faults was to the extent of the earthquake.” Professor Shen said.
Environmental Protection in China Foreword China is a developing country. Now it is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment. Proceeding from its national conditions, China has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic national policies, regarded the realization of sustainable development as an important strategy and carried out throughout the country large-scale measures for pollution prevention and control as well as ecological environment protection. Over the 18 years since its adoption of reform and opening to the outside world, China's gross national product (GNP) has achieved a sustained annual growth of around 10 percent, while its environmental quality has basically steered clear of the outcome of corresponding deterioration. Practice has proved that the principle adopted by China of effecting coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment has been effective. As a member of the international community, China, while making great efforts to protect its own environment, has taken an active part in international environmental affairs, striven to promote international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, and earnestly fulfilled its international obligations. All these have given full expression to the sincerity and determination of the Chinese government and people to protect the global environment. What efforts has China made to protect its own environment? What is the situation of environmental protection in China? On the occasion of the annual World Environment Day, which falls on June 5, here is a brief account: I. The Choice of Implementing a Sustainable Development Strategy China's modernization drive has been launched in the following conditions: The country has a large population base, its per-capita average of natural resources is low, and its economic development as well as scientific and technological level remain quite backward. Along with the growth of China's population, the development of the economy and the continuous improvement of the people's consumption level since the 1970s, the pressure on resources, which were already in rather short supply, and on the fragile environment has become greater and greater. Which road of development to choose has turned out, historically, to be an issue of paramount importance to the survival of the Chinese people as well as their posterity. The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the country's population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the environment an important aspect of the improvement of the people's living standards and quality of life. In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental protection in the 1980s. -- Making environmental protection one of China's basic national policies. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources are of vital importance to the country's overall interests and long-term development. The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental protection. -- Formulating the guiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; and carrying out the three major policies of ``prevention first and combining prevention with control,'' ``making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it'' and ``intensifying environmental management.'' -- Promulgating and putting into effect laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the effective implementation of the environmental laws and regulations. -- Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and management under state guidance, and gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated development. -- Establishing and improving environmental protection organizations under governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments' role in environmental supervision and administration. -- Accelerating progress in environmental science and technology. Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing prac\"itical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environmental protection industries, and giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research system. -- Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nation's awareness of the environment. Widely conducting environmental publicity work, gradually popularizing environmental education in secondary and primary schools, developing on-the-job education in environ\"imen tal protection and vocational education, and training specialized personnel in environmental science and technology as well as environmental administration. -- Promoting international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Actively expanding exchanges and cooperation concerning the environment and development with other countries and international organizations, earnestly implementing international environmental conventions, and seeking scope for China's role in global environmental affairs. Since the beginning of the 1990s the international community and various countries have made an important step forward in exploring solutions to problems of the environment and development. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992, made sustainable development the strategy for common development in the future, and this won wide acclaim from the governments of all countries represented at the conference. In August 1992, shortly after that conference, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures China was to adopt to enhance its environment and development, clearly pointing out that the road of sustainable development was a logical choice for China now and in the future. In March 1994 the Chinese government approved and promulgated China's Agenda 21 -- White Paper on China's Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century. This document, proceeding from the country's specific national conditions in these three respects, put forward China's overall strategy, measures and program of action for sustainable development. The various departments and localities also worked out their respective plans of action to implement the strategy for sustainable development. At its Fourth Session in March 1996 China's Eighth National People's Congress examined and adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year 2010. Both the Plan and Outline take sustainable development as an important strategy for modernization, thus making it possible for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the course of China's economic construction and social development. II. Improving the Legal and Administrative Systems Step by Step China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the People's Republic of China as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China as the main body. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates, ``The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards,'' and ``The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohib\"iited.'' The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China is the cardinal law for environmental protection in China. The law has established the basic principle for coordinated development between economic construction, social progress and environmental protection, and defined the rights and duties of governments at all levels, all units and individuals as regards environmental protection. China has enacted and promulgated many special laws on environmental protection as well as laws on natural resources related to environmental protection. They include the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, Marine Environment Protection Law, Forestry Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Mineral Resources Law, Land Administration Law, Water Resources Law, Law on the Protection of Wild Animals, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, and Agriculture Law. The Chinese government has also enacted more than 30 administrative decrees regarding environmental protection, including the Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution, Regulations on Nature Reserves, Regulations on the Prevention of and Protection Against Radiation from Radio Isotopes and Radioactive Device, Regulations on the Safe Administration of Chemicals and Other Dangerous Materials, Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, Regulations Governing Environmental Protection Administration in Offshore Oil Exploration and Development, Regulations on the Control of Marine Wastes Dumping, Regulations for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, Pro\"ivisional Regulations on the Administration of National Parks, Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and Regulations on Urban Afforestation. In addition, departments concerned have also issued a number of administrative rules and decrees on environmental protection. To implement the state's environmental protection laws and regulations, people's congresses and people's governments at local levels, proceeding from specific conditions in their own areas, have enacted and promulgated more than 600 local laws on environmental protection. Environmental standards are an important component of China's environmental statutory framework. They include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge or emission standards, basic environmental criteria, criteria for samples, and criteria for methodology. The environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge or emission standards are divided into state standards and local standards. By the end of 1995, China had promulgated state environmental standards on 364 items. As stipulated in Chinese law, the environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge standards are compulsory standards, and those who violate these compulsory environmental standards must bear the corresponding legal responsibility. In the process of establishing and improving the environmental statutory framework, China attaches equal importance to environmental law enforcement and environmental legislation. For four years in a row, China has conducted nationwide checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation to seriously deal with acts of polluting and damaging the environment and severely punish environmental law violations. China pays great attention to supervision exercised by the people and media over law-breaking activities regarding the environment -- it has opened channels for the masses of people to report on environmental problems and adopted measures for the media to expose environmental law-breaking activities. But it should be pointed out that China's environmental legislative work needs to be further improved. For instance, some areas still remain uncovered, some contents are yet to be amended or revised and there are still the phenomena of not fully observing or enforcing laws. Therefore, to make continuous efforts to strengthen environmental legislative work remains an important strategic task. China attaches equal importance to the establishment of an environmental administrative system. It has established a system in which the National People's Congress enacts the laws, governments at different levels take responsibility for their enforcement, the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection exercise overall supervision and administration and the various departments concerned exercise supervision and administration according to the stipulations of the law. The National People's Congress has established an Environment and Resources Protection Committee, whose work it is to organize the formulation and examination of drafted laws related to environmental and resources protection and prepare the necessary reports, exercise supervision over the enforcement of laws governing environmental and resources protection, put forward motions related to the issue of environmental and resources protection, and conduct exchanges with parliaments in other countries in the field of environmental and resources protection. The people's congresses of some provinces and cities have also established corresponding environmental and resources protection organizations. The Environmental Protection Committee under the State Council is made up of leaders of various related ministries under the State Council. It is the State Council's consultancy and coordination agency for environmental protection work. Its major tasks are studying and examining the principles, policies and measures relating to coordinative development of the country's economy and environmental protection, giving guidance to and coordinating efforts in tackling major environmental problems, exercising supervision over and conducting checks on the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations by various localities and departments, and promoting the development of environmental protection undertakings throughout the country. The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also established corresponding environmental protection committees. The National Environmental Protection Agency is the competent environmental protection administration agency under the State Council, whose task it is to exercise overall supervision and administration over the country's environ\"imen tal protection work. The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also successively established environmental protection administration departments to carry out overall supervision and administration of the environ\"imen tal protection work in their localities. At present, there are nationwide more than 2,500 environmental protection administration departments above the county level with a total staff of 88,000 engaged in environmental administration, monitoring, inspection and control, statistics collection, scientific research, pub\"ilicity and education. Environmental protection organizations have also been established in comprehensive administration departments, resources administration departments and industrial departments under governments at various levels to take charge of related environmental and resources protection work. Most of China's large and medium-sized enterprises have also set up environmental protection organizations responsible for their own anti-pollution work and the promotion of cleaner production. At present, the total number of various types of environmental protection workers employed by the various departments and enterprises exceeds 200,000. III. The Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution and the Comprehensive Improvement of the Urban Environment The Chinese government regards prevention and control of industrial pollution as the focal point of environmental protection. Thanks to unremitting efforts over the past 20-odd years, China has made great progress in this regard. -- Changes in the strategy for the prevention and control of industrial pollution have been effected. In the 1970s efforts to prevent and control industrial pollution in China mainly concentrated on the control of point sources. In the 1980s China carried out prevention and control of industrial pollution in a comprehensive way through the readjustment of irrational industrial distribution, the overall industrial structure and the product mix in combination with technical transformation, strengthened environmental management and other policies and measures. In the course of founding the socialist market economic system in the 1990s China has changed its traditional development strategy, promoted clean production and embarked on the sustainable development road. In guiding concept for the prevention and control of industrial pollution, ``three changes'' have been decided upon, i.e., regarding basic strategy, China will gradually change its strategy of end-of-pipe pollution control into pollution control during the whole process of industrial production; with respect to the control of pollutant discharge, concentration control will be replaced by a combination of the control of concentration and that of total quantity; and with regard to pollution control methods, focus on the control of scattered point sources will be replaced by a combination of centralized and scattered controls. -- Policy and legislation for preventing and controlling industrial pollution have taken initial shape as a coherent system. In order to effectively prevent and control industrial pollution, the Chinese government has drawn up three major policies for environmental protection, i.e., ``putting prevention first and combining prevention with control,'' ``making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it'' and ``intensifying environmental management.'' In addition, it has drawn up the policy on the comprehensive utilization of resources, the policy on preventing and controlling industrial pollution in combination with technical transformation, the policy on over\"iall improvement of the urban environment, the policy on environmental protection technology, and the policy on environmental protection industries. The laws and regulations on environmental protection that have been promulgated include explicit provisions on the prevention and control of industrial pollution. Local governments at all levels have worked out local policies on the prevention and control of industrial pollution in accordance with their actual conditions. -- Enterprise environment supervision and management have been reinforced. The Chinese government has promoted the enforcement of the environmental impact assessment system and the ``three-at-the-same-time'' system (i.e., facilities for preventing and controlling environmental pollution and destruction shall be planned, constructed and put into use at the same time as the main production projects). These steps have played remarkable roles in controlling new pollution sources. The nation's environmental impact assessment rate of construction projects above the county level and the implementation rate of the three-at-the-same-time'' system have reached, respectively, 60.8 percent and 87.3 percent. By the end of 1995, 480 cities and 77,000 enterprises had made pollution discharge declarations and registrations; 240 cities had issued a total of 16,000 pollutant discharge licences to 14,000 enterprises. Since 1979 China has collected 24.7 billion yuan in pollutant discharge fees. -- Measures for preventing and controlling industrial pollution have gradually been perfected. First, China has completed a great number of pollution-control projects through the readjustment of the industrial structure and product mix, and promoted clean production through technical transformation. Chemical, metallurgical, light, machine-building, power and construction materials industries have actively adopted clean production, speeded up technical transformation and firmly eliminated a large amount of equipment and products characterized by heavy pollution and high consumption of energy and materials. Consequently, industrial production has increased for several years running, the discharge of pollutants has declined steadily and the economic returns of enterprises have gone up year by year. The Jilin Chemical Industrial Company is an old enterprise, but for many years it has relied on progress in science and technology to carry out technical transformation of its production equipment which used to cause a serious waste of resources and produced a large amount of pollution. As a result, it has fundamentally eliminated pollution from various chemicals. Second, in combination with the comprehensive improvement of the urban environment and regional reconstruction, a number of enterprises featured by heavy pollution have been closed down, moved away or otherwise put under control, thus alleviating the trend of pollution in some regions. The Beijing Municipal Government closed down the heavily polluting south section of the Special Steel Factory of the Capital Iron and Steel Company, eliminating a large pollution source in the city proper. Shanghai has strengthened the prevention and control of pollution in the upper reaches of the Suzhou and Huangpu rivers and in major urban districts, so that pollution in some of the districts has been brought under control. Third, the dynamics of setting deadlines for eliminating pollution have been reinforced. Since 1978 the Chinese government has announced two groups of scheduled pollution-control projects, totaling 367, and local governments have designated 220,000 pollution-control projects, which have basically been completed. Fourth, the prevention and control of pollution is developing toward regional and river valley comprehensive improvement. Since the late 1980s the Chinese government has adopted measures to comprehensively alleviate air pollution in Benxi and Baotou cities, and water pollution in the Baiyangdian Lake and Huaihe River drainage basins. In 1995 the Chinese government promulgated the Pro\"ivisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, and the work is being actively carried out in accordance with the plan. Fifth, efforts have been stepped up to save energy and reduce consumption. The capability to treat waste gas, waste water and industrial residue (the ``three wastes'') has been enhanced and the comprehensive utilization rate of these materials has been increased. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period (1991-95) energy consumption for every ten thousand yuan worth of the gross domestic product (GDP) decreased from 5.3 tons of the standard coal in 1990 to 3.94 tons in 1995, saving a grand total of 358 million tons of the standard coal, or an annual averge economization rate of 5.8 percent. In 1995 the waste water treatment rate of the industrial enterprises above the county level all over the country reached 76.8 percent; the smoke and dust removal rate of waste gas from burning fuel, 88.2 percent; waste gas purification rate from production processes, 68.9 percent; and the comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste, 43 percent. Output value attained through the comprehensive utilization of the industrial ``three wastes'' came to 19 billion yuan. Starting in 1983, Li Shuang\"iliang, a retired worker of the Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company, and 20 other retired workers spent 10 years removing a huge slag heap, thus eliminating a serious, long-standing pollution source of the Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company. The slag was utilized in a comprehensive way, with 900,000 tons of waste iron and steel worth 160 million yuan recovered. China is a country with coal as its main energy source. Seventy percent of the smoke and dust in the air and 90 percent of the sulfur dioxide emission come from burning coal. As a result, the cities with concentrated industries and populations suffer from serious air pollution. Acid rain has occurred, and the situation has gone from bad to worse in some regions and cities. The Chinese government has adopted some measures, such as developing clean coal technology and clean-combustion technology, and collecting sulfur dioxide emission fees, to control acid rain. A long-term study by Chinese experts on the issue of acid rain proves that the precursors of acid rain generated from the emission source in Chinese mainland are mainly transported within Chinese territory, and the acid rain is mainly in the areas south of the Yangtze River, in regions east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and in the Sichuan Basin. Like other developing countries, China's per capita energy consumption level and the emitted sulfur dioxide are much lower than the world average level at present, and it will remain so by the end of this century. According to the Framework Convention on Climatic Changes, China is under no specific obligation to limit the emission of carbon dioxide. However, mindful of its responsibility for protection of the global climate, China follows the principle of attaching equal importance to economization on energy and expansion of the energy industry, striving to raise its energy utilization efficiency and to readjust its energy structure. While appropriately developing nuclear power, China spares no effort to develop hydroelectric power and to strengthen research into and exploitation of geothermal power, solar energy, wind energy, oceanic energy and other new energy sources, so as to reduce the green-house gas emission. Since the initiation of the policies of reform and opening to the outside world, China's GNP has quadrupled, but the growth of the emission of pollutants is clearly slower than the economic growth. Some environmental quality indices of some regions and cities have basically remained stable, and some localities have made improvements to a certain extent. In spite of this, China's industrialization is still in the primary stage of development, with a low level of modernized management. Its industrial distribution and structure need to be further readjusted. With comparatively backward equipment and production technology, the pre\"ivention and control of industrial pollution remain an arduous task of environmental protection in China. The Chinese government has always considered the cities as key points in environmental protection work. In the past 10-odd years China has speeded up urbanization. In 1980 the urban population in China totaled 191.4 million, a figure which rose to 351.71 million in 1995. In 1980 China had 223 administratively designated cities, which went up to 640 in 1995. The urbanization level increased from 19.39 percent in 1980 to 28.85 percent in 1995. Just like other countries, the issue of environmental pollution has also appeared in the course of China's urbanization. Therefore the Chinese government has adopted effective measures to control environmental pollution and done its best to improve the quality of the urban environment. -- Drawing up overall city plans and readjusting the layout of urban functions. By the end of 1995 each of the 640 cities in China had worked out its own overall city plan. So had each of the 31,559 administratively designated towns. In accordance with the Law on City Planning, while working out an overall city plan, the city must include in the plan details of environmental protection, such as protecting and improving the city's ecological environment, and preventing and controlling pollution and other public hazards. In light of the requirements of the overall planning, many cities, while transforming the old areas and developing new ones, have, in accordance with the city's function zoning, readjusted the industrial layout, strengthened the prevention and control of industrial pollution, changed the situation in which factories and residents share the same areas, controlled urban environmental pollution caused by production and in people's daily lives, and constructed a large number of residential quarters with reasonable layout and complete social services. In addition, China has designated 52 key environmental protection cities, and put 99 leading national-level historical and cultural cities under special protection. -- Strengthening the construction of infrastructure and improving the capability to prevent and control pollution. At present, 68.4 percent of urban residents in China use gas for fuel and heating; the centralized disposal rate of urban sewage is 20 percent; the innocurity rate of urban garbage and fecal disposal is 45.4 percent; and the afforestation rate is 23.8 percent. In 1994 Beijing invested 15.13 billion yuan in the construction of urban infrastructure, of which over five billion yuan was used to construct environmental improvement facilities. It built the Gaobeidian Sewage Treatment Plant, with a daily handling capacity of 500,000 tons, and the large-scale Datun Garbage Transfer Station and Ahsuwei sanitary landll, thus greatly improving Beijing's environment overall. -- Comprehensive improvement of the urban environment and improving the quality of the urban environment. Since 1989 the Chinese government has promoted the urban environment comprehensive improvement examination system throughout the country. The state and the governments at the provincial level have carried out examinations in 37 key cities and other 330-plus cities. The implementation of this system has enhanced the sense of responsibility of leaders at all levels for urban environmental protection, and such examinations have been included in the governments' work agendas. Hence a management system and operation mechanism for the comprehensive improvement of the urban environment under the unified leadership of mayors, carried out by different departments according to their respective divisions of responsibility and actively participated in by the broad masses of the people have taken initial shape. All cities in China have increased their investment in environmental improvement and speeded up relevant construction. Obvious results have been achieved. By 1995 China had constructed 11,333 sq km of smoke-and-dust control zones, and 1,800 sq km of up-to-standard noise-control zones, and increased public lawns by 490 million square meters. A large number of urban waterways, such as the Zhongdong River in Hangzhou, the Funan River in Chengdu, the Haihe River in Tianjin, the Suzhou River in Shanghai, the Qinhuai River in Nanjing and the Haohe River in Nantong, have been cleaned up on a large scale. Hence, the urban water environment has been improved. Thanks to comprehensive urban environmental improvement and ecological construction, Benxi City in Liaoning Province has cleared up 21 ``smoke dragons,'' 17 polluted springs and two mounds of industrial residue which were notorious sources of pollution. It has also constructed a round-the-city forest park with an area of 220 sq km. Consequently, Benxi, which used to be known as one of ``the cities on earth which could not be seen from a satellite'' because of air pollution, has made a remarkable improvement in its environment. IV. Territorial Control and Rural Environmental Protection Territorial control forms part of China's work in implementing the sustainable development strategy. Since the start of the reform and opening-up era, the Chinese government has carried out territorial control on a large scale. -- New progress has been made in territorial control planning. In this work the Chinese government has formulated a sequence of national, trans-provincial and key-regional territorial control plans, such as the National Program for Overall Land Use Planning, the National Program for Afforestation, the National Plan for Marine Development, the National Program for Water and Soil Conservation, the Comprehensive Plan for China's Seven Major River Valleys, the Plan for Economic Development in the Three Gorges Area, the Economic Plan for the Yangtze River Delta and Areas Along the River, Key Points of the Economic Plan for Northwestern Areas, and the Resources Development and Environment Protection Plan for the Juncture of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. Some provinces and cities have also drawn up or revised local territorial control plans and the overall plan for land use. By the end of 1995 the overall plan for land use had been 60 percent completed at the provincial level, 69 percent at the city (prefectural) level and 63 percent at the county level. -- Many achievements have been made in research on territorial control. To help formulate the Ninth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year 2010, the Chinese government, proceeding from realizing coordination and sustainable development of the economy, society, population, resources and environment, has organized research on vital issues such as the development of territorial resources and environmental control, the overall plan for the national territory, and how well mineral resources can satisfy the demands of the national economy. It has also completed the Major Issues on the Development of National Territorial Resources and Environmental Control During 1996-2010 and other research reports on special subjects. The government has laid down the overall framework of optimizing the development and control of territorial resources, the regional development strategy and distribution of territorial resources exploitation, as well as the targets and measures of territorial control and environmental protection. Notable successes have been attained in the harnessing of main rivers and lakes. Since the foundation of New China in 1949 the Chinese government has taken comprehensive exploitation and control of major rivers and lakes, with emphasis on the prevention and control of flood and waterlogging, as an important task of water conservancy construction. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and on the Huaihe, Haihe, Songhua and Liaohe rivers and Lake Taihu, the main dikes were heightened and reinforced, waterways were cleaned up, and flood diversion projects were built. The construction of a group of key projects for water control and other uses were completed or started. To compensate for lack of water resources in northern areas, the Chinese government vigorously promoted the planning and construction of water-diversion projects between different drainage basins. In November 1995 it sponsored an overall feasibility study of the middle, eastern and western lines projects for diverting water from south to north. The Three Gorges Project is a gigantic, trans-century project for harnessing and developing the Yangtze River. When it is completed, floods on the upper reaches will be effectively controlled and areas on the middle and lower reaches will be able to improve their anti-flood capability, thus lessening the harmful effects on the ecological environment. Hydroelectricity, which will be the energy discharged by the project, causes much less pollution than coal-burning power plants. The government has organized experts to work out the Report on the Impact of the Three Gorges Project on the Ecology and Environment, and Countermeasures, and has approved the Environmental Impact Statement of the Three Gorges Project. The government will adopt a sequence of measures to minimize the unfavorable effects on the ecology and the environment that could be caused by the Three Gorges Project. -- Land preservation, exploitation and control have been promoted on a full scale. In order to put cultivated land under proper protection, basic farmland preservation areas have been delimited all over the country, in accordance with the Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland. By the end of 1995, 2,100 units at the county level had finished the work, with well over 70 percent of farmland put under effectual protection. Planned management of the land to be used for construction has been strengthened, putting the total area and makeup of such land under proper control. Random occupation of farmland has been curbed to some extent. In 1995, farmland used for construction was 20.8 percent less than the previous year. In recent years, the government has formulated the Key Points of National Planning for Desertication Control During 1991-2000 to speed up the desertification prevention and control project. It is planned that 6.667 million hectares of desertified land will be treated over ten years. The development of 20 key counties, nine experimental areas and 22 demonstration bases of the national desertification prevention and control project has been brought into line with the development plan of the national economy. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period 3.759 million hectares of desertified land were tackled in a comprehensive way. The Chinese government also devotes much attention to water and soil conservation. It has effectively prevented soil erosion and improved the ecological environment and agricultural conditions. At present, 25 key soil erosion control areas have been established at the national level. Water and soil conservation projects are carried out in seven big river valleys. In more than 10,000 small river valleys with serious soil erosion, problems concerning mountains, rivers, farmland and forests are tackled in a comprehensive way. Soil erosion has been checked in a total area of 67 million hectares, and a great number of water and soil conservation projects have been completed, making eroded soil decrease by 1.1 billion tons every year and water conservation capacity increase by 18 billion cubic meters. In the comprehensive soil erosion control area in the Loess Plateau, a total of 15 million hectares of land have been treated -- 30 percent of the soil erosion area -- with over 300 million tons less silt flowing into the Yellow River every year. Since the publication of the Regulations on Land Reclamation, most of the provinces and cities have worked out procedures for implementation of these regulations and some dozen provinces and autonomous regions have put into effect procedures for raising funds for land reclamation and for the use and administration of these funds. As a result, remarkable progress has been made in the country's reclamation of discarded land. From 1987 to 1995 a total of about 3.5 million hectares of land were reclaimed, among which 600,000 hectares had been waste land. In 1989 the experimental work of land reclamation was carried out in major mineral-producing provinces. In 1995 construction of three national-level reclamation demonstration zones was started in sunken areas of coalfields, while the national reclamation technical standards were stipulated. Tongshan County in Jiangsu Province invested 56 million yuan to reclaim 6,600 hectares of land, basically balancing land reclamation with land use. -- The ability to combat natural disasters has been improved. The Chinese people have accumulated abundant experience in their protracted struggles against natural disasters, in which they laid down principles like ``putting prevention first and combining prevention and control,'' and ``combining pre\"ivention and rescue.'' A working system has been primarily established to avert all kinds of natural disasters, and a contingent of experienced scientists and researchers of various disciplines has been organized and monitoring stations and networks for main natural disasters have taken initial shape. China has traditionally been an agricultural country. In developing agricultural production, the government attaches great importance to rural environmental protection. -- Achievements have been made in eco-agriculture. The government has taken the development of eco-agriculture as an important means to realize the coordinated development of the environment and the economy. At present, the 50 eco-agricultural experimental counties designated by the state are playing positive and exemplary roles in the country, spurring development of eco-agriculture in 10 prefectures and over 100 counties. According to statistics, the total output of grain of the experimental counties has increased by 15 percent, output per mu by upwards of 10 percent, and the income per capita is 12 percent higher than the average level of the surrounding areas. The practice of eco-agriculture has brought about striking improvements in the agricultural ecological environment -- barren hills greened, forest acreage greatly raised, soil erosion controlled to some extent, organic matter content of the soil increased, and the ability of the agricultural ecological system to ward off natural disasters improved. In the meantime, in order to promote regional sustainable development, construction of some 100 ecological demonstration areas, mainly at the county level, has been started in an all-round way. -- Further development of rural energy construction. Energy construction in rural areas is an important measure for protecting and improving the rural ecological environment. In 1991 comprehensive energy construction in rural areas was started in 100 counties. As a result, a capacity equivalent to 10.8 million tons more of standard coal was added every year and 11.37 million tons were saved. In 1995 fuel-saving stoves, methane, solar, wind and geothermal energy sources and small hydropower stations began to develop and were popularized in rural areas throughout the country. In this way, annually 80 million tons of standard coal equivalent can be saved and additionally produced. Methane-generating pits for agricultural use were dug to benefit 5.69 million households and fuel-saving stoves were in use in 170 million households. -- Pollution prevention and control in township enterprises have been strengthened. Township enterprises are a strong mainstay of the Chinese rural economy and an important sector of the national economy. Because of their rapid development, the environmental problems they caused attracted the serious attention of the Chinese government and people. In the past decade, environmental management and pollution prevention and control in township enterprises have made some progress. In areas along the eastern coast, the technical and equipment levels of township enterprises have been gradually raised. Centralized pollution control has been carried out, along with construction of small towns, township enterprises zones and economic development zones. All these steps have seen certain outcomes. Zhangjiagang City in Jiangsu Province is spurring its economy to develop rapidly while paying due attention to prevention of environmental pollution by township enterprises. It has thus realized a coordinated development of both the environment and the economy. In the central and western areas township enterprises have been actively guided, aided and supervised to prevent environmental pollution spreading. It should be pointed out that environmental protection in areas of township enterprises is still an arduous task, and that the government will keep guiding them to develop in a healthy way, preventing and alleviating environmental pollution through reinforced environmental management. -- Development of green and organic foods is welcomed. In order to meet the people's increasing demands for high-quality food, and to protect agricultural natural resources and the ecological environment, relevant departments began in 1990 to develop ``green food,'' featuring pollution-free, safe, high-quality and nutritious contents. By the end of 1995 a total of 568 sorts of green food had been developed, many of them becoming well-known products. Since the start of the development of green food, 1.13 million hectares of land have been well protected. In 1995 a government department published the Procedures on the Administration of Organic (Natural) Food Labelling. Organic (natural) food unpolluted by chemical fertilizers and farm chemicals has now appeared in China. V. Protection of the Ecological Environment and Biodiversity The Chinese government regards ecological environmental protection as the focal point of its environmental protection work. Through protracted efforts the country has made outstanding achievements in the protection and nurturing of the ecological environment. -- Achievements have been made in afforestation. Since the 1950s the Chinese government has organized large-scale tree planting activities and stepped up efforts for the fostering, protection and management of forest resources and consequently has made great progress in rational utilization of forest resources. Since the reform and opening up the afforestation efforts have been quickened, with the quantity increased annually and the quality improved continuously, thus basically eliminating the deficit in forest reserves which had existed for a long period, while the growth of forests has begun to exceed consumption. As a result, the era of increase both in forest acreage and reserve has dawned on the country. Currently, China's forest area totals 134 million hectares, which brings the country's forest cover up to 13.92 percent. Artificial afforestation covers 33.79 million hectares. Volunteers have contributed a total of 4.4 billion person-times to planting 23 billion trees. Once-barren mountains suitable for tree planting in 12 provinces and autonomous regions are now clothed with greenery. The government has paid special attention to the construction of forest ecological projects. Since 1978 China has established ten forest ecological projects, with a scheduled afforestation area of 120 million hectares -- aimed mainly at protecting and improving the natural eco-environment and realizing the sustainable use of natural resources. These projects are: the ``three norths'' shelterbelts (the western area of Northeast, and the northern parts of North and Northwest China), the shelterbelts along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the coastal shelterbelts, the plain farmland shelterbelts, the Taihang Mountains afforestation project, the anti-desertification project, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Pearl River basin, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Liaohe River basin, and the shelterbelts along the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Currently, the ``three norths'' shelterbelts project has finished its first and second phases, resulting in a newly afforested area of 18.51 million hectares and increasing the forest cover from 5.05 to 8.2 percent. This project has turned more than 40,000 sq km of barren land into green land and more than 1.3 million hectares of desert land into farmland, pastures and orchards. Twelve percent of the total desertified land has been worked on, and 10 percent of it has been brought under control, more than 11 million hectares of farmland have been protected by forest networks, while 8.93 million hectares of grassland have been restored, resulting in a 20-odd percent increase in grass output. The agricultural eco-environment in one third of the counties covered by the ``three norths'' project has entered a benign circle. The shelterbelts project along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River has yielded a total of more than 5.46 million hectares of newly planted forest in seven years. A grand total of 1.6 million hectares of forest has appeared since coastal shelterbelts project was launched in an all-round way in 1991, which basically covers the 18,000-kilometer-long coastline. A total of 769 counties or cities covered by the plain farmland shelterbelts have reached their tree-planting goals, accounting for 84 percent of the total 918 counties in the plain areas. The Taihang Mountains afforestation project has already produced a total of 1.02 million hectares of afforested area since it was launched in 1994. The above large-scale eco-system construction projects have gradually improved the eco-environment in a considerable number of areas. -- Grassland construction has made progress in the phasal sense. The protection and management of grassland resources is reinforced by governments at all levels in line with the Grassland Law, and activities such as unauthorized reclamation, excessive digging and overgrazing are forbidden. With the combined efforts of the state, the collective and individ\"iuals, grassland construction and control over grassland desertification and deterioration have been strengthened. According to statistics, the total area of artificially sown grass and improved meadows has reached 11.757 million hectares, and that of fenced meadows, 8.333 million hectares. The 49 key comprehensive demonstration projects for grassland stockbreeding constructed by the state have made great achievements. By the end of 1994 a total of 5.638 million hectares of artificially sown grass had been completed, which has blazed a new trail for developing animal husbandry and ecological environmental protection in the areas with arid and desertified land and those with serious soil erosion. -- Marine environmental protection has been strengthened. Marine environmental protection is a major component of China's environmental protection efforts, as the country has a vast maritime territory. A series of laws and regulations concerning marine environmental protection has been published, and a nationwide marine environment monitoring network has been set up. Coastal waters have been divided up into zones for administration and effective environmental management is practiced for offshore construction projects, offshore petroleum exploitation and wastes disposal so that marine pollution and resources destruction are taken well in hand, and efforts have been made to prevent ``red tide'' and protect offshore fishery resources. By the end of 1995 14 national-level marine nature reserves had been set up. The water quality in most of China's maritime zones and the surrounding ecological environment have been basically kept in good condition. The Chinese government has for a long time made unremitting efforts for biodiversity conservation, formulating the China Program for Nature Conservation and China's Action Plan for the Conservation of Biodiversi\"ity, containing the policy, strategy and key fields and priority projects for biodiversity conservation. China has adopted the on-site conservation and off-site preservation methods to protect biodiversity. Currently, there are 612 national-level rare and endangered species of flora and fauna listed as key protection species, including 258 species of wild animals and 354 species of plants. Artificial reproduction has been successfully implemented for more than 60 species of rare and endangered wild animals, and through propagation, such species as David's deer, wild horse and saiga tatarica have been re-introduced. Establishing nature reserves is the most effective method for the in situ conservation of wild plants and animals. By the end of 1995 799 nature reserves of rather diversified types, covering a total area of 71.85 million hectares (or 7.19 percent of China's territory) had been established in China. There are 99 national-level reserves, of which ten -- Jilin's Changbai Mountains, Sichuan's Wolong, Guizhou's Fanjing Mountains, Hubei's Shennongjia, Fujian's Wuyi Mountains, Xinjiang's Mt. Bogda, Guangdong's Dinghu Mountains, Inner Mongolia's Xilingol, Jiangsu's Yancheng and Yunnan's Xishuangbanna -- have been listed in the International Network of Men and Biosphere Reserves. Another six nature reserves -- Zhalong in Heilongjiang, Xianghai in Jilin, Boyang Lake in Jiangxi, East Dongting Lake in Hunan, Bird Island in Qinghai and Dongzhai Harbor in Hainan -- have been included in the list of the world's important wetlands. At present, a total of 512 historic and scenic sites has been designated, of which 119 are at the national level, 256 at the provincial level and 137 at the city or county level, covering a total area of 9.6 million hectares. Forest parks total 710, of which 248 are at the national level. Scenic spots at Huangshan Mountain, Wulingyuan, Jiuzhaigou and Huanglong are listed as parts of the world natural and cultural heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The establishment of nature reserves has put a number of representative and typical natural eco-systems with scientific research value as well as rare and endangered species under effective protection. Establishing zoological gardens, botanical gardens and various artificial breeding centers is an effective method for off-site preservation of various species of wild animals and plants. By the end of 1995 China had set up 175 zoological gardens and zoological exhibition sites in public parks, 227 artificial breeding centers for wild animals, more than 60 large botanical gardens and 255 wild plant gene and cell banks to ensure the continuation of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including the giant panda, Chinese alligator, Chinese sturgeon, white-flag dolphin, Manchurian tiger, crested ibis, Cathay silver fir, dovetree, Cycas revoluta and camellia chrysantha tuyama. In addition, China has established some dozen specimen centers, one gene bank and two cell banks for wild animals, which have helped genetic polymorphism research and preservation work. The medicinal use of and trade in rhinoceros horn and tigerbone are strictly prohibited by the government, and the illegal hunting of rare wild animals is severely punished by law. The government has placed much stress on the preservation of the genetic materials from domestic animals and fowls, as well as germ plasma resources from crops. There are 596 species of livestock and poultry in China, of which over 70 percent are native species. The government has appropriated special funds for preservation of some endangered or sharply diminishing species of livestock and poultry and established a germ plasma gene bank for livestock forage grass. China had initially formed a preservation system for germ plasma resources from crops, including one national germ plasma bank for long-term preservation and a duplicate one, 23 local germ plasma banks for mid-term preservation, and 25 national germ plasma nurseries, of which two are for test-tube culture. The germ plasma resources of most agricultural plants in China are preserved, including 330,000 specimens of germ plasma for various species of crops, of which 300,000 have duplicates. The government also attaches great importance to the environmental protection of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The environmental quality in Tibet today has been kept in an excellent condition. The atmospheric environment there has attained the state's first-level quality and the water quality of major rivers and lakes is also higher than the national standard for the surface waters environmental quality. Forests and grasslands are under effective preservation. The forest area in Tibet totals 7.17 million hectares and the stumpage, 2.084 billion cubic meters. The total grassland area amounts to 82.07 million hectares, of which 70.77 million hectares are usable. With an elevation of 4,700 meters, Namco Lake has become a natural habitat for rare water birds like swans, egrets and sand birds. Viewed overall, however, many problems still exist -- the shortage of the forest area, grassland degradation, soil erosion, desertification and difficulties in the protection of rare and endangered species of wild animals and plants. Thus, the further strengthening of the preservation of the ecological environment and biodiversity remains an important task for the Chinese government to tackle. VI. Environmental Science and Technology, and Environmental Publicity and Education Through adopting the strategy of ``relying on science and education to rejuvenate the nation,'' China has made certain achievements in actively accelerating the development of environmental science and technology, as follows: -- The research spectrum of environmental science and technology has been steadily broadened. Research into environmental science and technology in China began in the 1970s. As an important part of scientific and technological work, it is put in a position of importance by the government. For some major environmental research subjects the Chinese government has formulated corresponding research programs and plans for environmental protection while organizing forces to tackle key scientific and technological problems. Besides, China has expanded its research into comprehensive prevention and control of regional environmental pollution, environmental background values and environmental capacity, pollution control technology and global environmental problems. As a result, the country has made substantial scientific and technological achievements in some research areas, such as the comprehensive prevention and control of Beijing's environmental pollution, the capacity of the atmospheric environment, the background value and environmental capacity of the nation's major soils, acid deposition and its impact and control, the forecasting and monitoring of the influence of the changes in the global climate and corresponding countermeasures, the depollution of coal, and the control of air pollution. China has also developed research in such fields as regional environ\"imen tal impact assessment, environmental management and environmental economy, environmental monitoring technology and equipment, the protection of natural ecology, and the relationship between the environment and people's health. This provides scientific basis and technological support for environmental management, the prevention and control of pollution, and ecological protection. -- The numbers of research institutes and personnel engaged in environmental protection have been steadily increased. By the end of 1995 some 390 scientific research bodies engaged in environmental protection had been established nationwide, staffed by more than 20,000 research and managerial personnel. A comprehensive scientific research system composed of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, competent departments of different trades, colleges and universities, and the environmental protection departments is basically in place. -- Work regarding the screening, evaluation and popularization of the optimum and practical technology for environmental protection has been organized. The popularization of the optimum and practical technology is an important measure to expedite the transformation of environmental scientific and technological achievements into the capability of actual pollution prevention and control. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, 1,316 kinds of practical technology were recommended nationwide, and 438 of them were appraised as the optimum items of practical technology. Among them, 385 kinds have been put into use in 140,000 units, resulting in reduced emission of the ``three wastes'' and excellent economic returns. -- The development of the environmental protection industry has been fostered. This newly emerging industry involves the development of technology, manufacturing of products, circulation of commodities, utilization of resources, provision of information, and undertaking of contracted projects. China gives priority to the development of the environmental protection industry, with the guidelines of ``actively fostering, adjusting the structure, relying on science and technology, improving quality, orienting to the market and providing excellent services.'' Preferential policies are given to investment, prices, taxes, etc., to encourage the development of the environmental protection industry. A general survey of the nation's environmental protection industry, the results of which were made public in May 1996, shows that there are 8,651 units engaged in the environmental protection industry, which is staffed by 1.882 million people and boasts 45.011 billion yuan worth of fixed assets, an annual output value of 31.148 billion yuan and 4.091 billion yuan in profits. -- The development of environmental labels has entered the stage of implementation. In March 1993 China began to carry out a plan for environment labelling. By April 1996 the environmental label certification work had been developed in 11 categories of products, and 35 kinds of products from 21 enterprises had been awarded environmental labels. As the environmentally-labelled products enter millions of households the environmental label will exert a growing influence in society. The Chinese government regards it a strategic task to actively develop environmental publicity and education and to raise the nation's consciousness about the importance of environmental protection. -- China strives to popularize environmental protection knowledge among the people and raise their consciousness about environmental protection and gradually to cultivate fine environmental ethics and codes of conduct. As early as in the 1970s, popular science textbooks on environmental protection were compiled or translated into Chinese to widely introduce environmental protection knowledge and enlighten the people on such knowledge. Since the 1980s large-scale publicity activities have been organized all over the country every year on World Environment Day, Tree Planting Day, Love the Birds Week, etc. In recent years the Chinese media has been further promoting publicity and reports on environmental protection. Virtually all newspapers, radio and TV stations frequently offer environmental protection programs, and, in particular, the media pays special attention to severely polluted areas and units. Since 1993 the media's ``China Trans-century Environmental Protection Inspection Campaign,'' centered on news about environmental law enforcement, has aroused a nationwide responce and accelerated the solution to a number of major environmental problems. Meanwhile, the various provinces and cities have also developed such activities. In the past three years, 1,500 journalists from 750 news units have participated in these activities, engendering more than 10,000 news articles. Of these, television news items alone accounted for 1,600. In 1983 China established the first national-level professional newspaper on environmental protection in the world -- the China Environment News, with an annual circulation of nearly 300,000 copies. In 1980 the China Environmental Science Press was established. By 1995 it had published over five million copies of books of 860 titles on the environment. Since 1990 the China Environment Yearbook has been published, and its English version also published since 1994. Besides, there are more than 30 local environmental newspapers and several hundred professional periodicals. The Chinese government encourages the whole of society to participate in environmental publicity and education activities. In recent years the environmental protection departments, educational departments, cultural departments, news units, organizations for women and youth, scientific associations and academic societies have all developed their own environmental publicity and educational activities, highlighted by the following aspects: -- Higher education has provided a great number of scientific, technological and managerial personnel for environ\"imen tal protection work. A total of 140 colleges and universities, including Beijing University, Qinghua University, the People's University of China, Beijing Normal University, Nanjing University, Tongji University and Wuhan University, all have departments of or majors in environmental studies, with a total of 206 units having the authority of awarding bachelor's degrees. Approved by the Academic Degrees Committee under the State Council, there are 223 units granting master's degrees in 51 majors concerning the environment, 77 units granting doctorates in 39 majors, and several postdoctorate positions. Furthermore, more than 40 specialized secondary schools and over 100 vocational high schools also offer environmental courses. Over the past 20 years, large numbers of specialists trained by China's professional environmental education have become a significant force in the environmental protection field. -- On-the-job training has enhanced the quality of environmental managerial personnel. In 1981 the Environmental Administrative Personnel Training College was established for the purpose of offering on-the-job training, continuing education and academic-level education to administrative personnel in the environmental protection departments throughout the country. By the end of 1995 over 5,200 trainees had completed courses there. These skill-enhanced trainees are playing an important role in promoting the nation's environmental protection work. Moreover, proceeding from the actual needs, various types of environmental training classes and symposiums have been held by various localities and departments concerned. Statistics show that over the past decade, more than 10,000 training classes have been held attended by over 400, 000 persons. -- Basic environmental education has cultivated and enhanced young people's environmental consciousness. In recent years, environmental education has been offered in high schools, primary schools and kindergartens throughout the country to cultivate the children's loving-the-nature quality and sense of responsibility for environmental protection. China is a populous country with underdeveloped education and the nation's consciousness about the environment remains to be further enhanced. Therefore, it will be a long-term, arduous task to do well in environmental publicity and education in China. VII. Taking Vigorous Action to Promote International Cooperation in Environmental Protection China consistently holds that economic development should be coordinated with environmental protection; protection of the environment is a common task for mankind, but the economically developed countries should take more responsibility in this respect. It always maintains that the strengthening of international cooperation should be based on respecting national sovereignty, the protection of the environment and the spurring of development can not be done without peace and stability in the world, and both practical interests of various countries and long-term interests of the world should be considered in handling environmental problems. While a series of measures for solving its own environmental problems are being taken China has participated, actively and in a practical manner, in international cooperation in the environmental protection field and made sustained efforts to promote global environmental protection as a common task of mankind. China supports and actively participates in the environmental activities launched by the UN organizations. China has been a member state of the successive UN Environment Program Governing Council and fruitful cooperation has been carried out between China and the UNEP. In 1979 China joined the UNEP's ``Global Environment Monitoring System,'' ``International Registry of Potentially Toxic Chemicals'' and ``International Environmental Information System.'' In 1987 a head-office for research and training in international desertification control was established by the UNEP in Lanzhou, capital of northwest China's Gansu Province. China has passed its experiences and techniques on controlling desertification and building ecological agriculture on to many countries through the UNEP. By 1996 a total of 18 units or persons in China had won the ``Global 500'' title awarded by the UNEP. Good cooperative relationships have been forged between China and the UN Development Program, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and other international organizations. At present, an effective mode of cooperation for the use and management of multilateral funds of the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and the Global Environmental Facility as well as loans from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank has been established. This has played an active role in promoting prevention and control of China's pollution and in improving environmental management ability. China is a member of the UN Committee on Sustainable Development, set up in 1993, and has played a constructive role in this high-level political forum on the global environment and development. China has kept a close cooperative relationship with the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and other relevant organizations, and has made contributions to environmental causes and the development of the Asian and Pacific regions through participating in the Northeast Asia environmental cooperation, the Northwest Pacific Action Plan, and the Regional Coordinating Unit for the East Asian Seas Action Plan. China has actively developed bilateral cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Over the past ten-odd years China has successively signed bilateral environmental protection cooperation agreements and memorandums of understanding with the United States, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Canada, India, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, Germany, Australia, Ukraine, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Exchanges and cooperation have been carried out in environmental planning and management, global environment problems, pollution control and pre\"ivention, protection of forests and wild animals and plants, marine environment, climate change, air pollution, acid rain and sewage disposal and important achievements have been made in these respects. China has also taken part in the Global Learning and Observation to Benefit the Environment, as proposed by the United States. In order to promote further international cooperation in the environment and development field, China set up the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development in April 1992, composed of more than 40 leading specialists and well-known public figures from China and other countries, to be responsible for submitting propo\"isals and advisory opinions to the Chinese government. The Council has put forward valuable concrete proposals on energy and the environment, biodiversity protection, ecological agriculture, resources accounting and the pricing system, public participation and the implementation of the environment laws and regulations, which have aroused the attention and response of the Chinese government. China took an active part in the preparations for and in attending the UN Conference on Environment and Development. It made great efforts for the smooth convening of the Conference. China has taken part in all the preparatory meetings of the Conference and played a constructive role in discussions and negotiations concerning international environment conventions. In June 1991 the Ministerial Conference of Developing Countries on Environment and Development, proposed by China and held in Beijing, was participated in by 41 developing countries, and the Beijing Declaration published by it set forth the principled stand of the developing countries on environment and development, making substantial contributions to the preparation of the UN Conference. In line with the requirements of the first meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the UN Conference on Environment and Development, China worked out the Report on the Environment and Development of the People's Republic of China, which gave an overall exposition on the current situation of China's environment and development, put forward strategic measures for coordinated development of China's environment and economy and set forth China's principled stand on the problems of the global environment, which have received favorable comments from the international community. In June 1992 Song Jian, state councilor and director of the Environmental Protection Commission of the State Council, led a delegation from the Chinese government to the UN Conference on Environment and Development. China's Premier Li Peng was present at the summit meeting of the Conference and made an important speech proposing the strengthening of international cooperation in the field of environment and development, winning positive comments from the international community. On behalf of the Chinese government, Li Peng took the lead in signing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diver\"isity, exerting a positive influence on the meeting. Since 1979 China has signed a series of international environmental conventions and agreements, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (revised version), Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Combating Desertification, Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, and 1972 London Convention. China always conscientiously carries out its responsibilities for international environmental conventions and agreements which it has signed, approved or joined. Under the guidance of China's Agenda 21, in order to conscientiously undertake its promised duties China has worked out some important documents and state programs or action plans, including the 21st Century Agenda on Environmental Protection, Action Plan for the Conservation of Biodiversity, Action Plan for Forestry in the 21st Century Agenda, and the 21st Century Marine Agenda. The Chinese government approved the State Plan for Gradually Eliminating Sub\"istances That Deplete the Ozone Layer which put forward a plan and policy framework for eliminating controlled materials as well as measures for controlling or banning the production and extensive use of substances which deplete the ozone layer. In July 1994, with the support of the UN Development Program, the Chinese government successfully held in Beijing the High-level International Round-Table Conference on Agenda 21, which contributed to the promotion of the nation's sustainable development. To provide legal basis for preventing environmental pollution by the importation of wastes, in November 1995 China published the Emergency Announcement on Strictly Controlling Trans-Boundary Movement of Wastes to China, and in March 1996 it published the Provisional Regulations on Environmental Protection and Management of Wastes' Importation. Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing
NAETI英语翻译证书考试2001年试题
三级口译 考试时间：30分钟
第一部分：对话
[//表示停顿]
David: What’s on today, Xiao Wang?//
Xiao Wang: 今天我们去长城，并在那里午餐，下午回来的路上还要去看看十三陵。// 你一定听说过长城，来到北京，长城是一定要去的。// 十三陵是明朝13个皇帝和皇后的坟墓，是15世纪建造的，虽然没有长城有名，但也很值得一看。//
David: I’ve read about the renowned Chinese wall. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, I believe. It is said to be the only man-made project on earth which is visible from a satellite. //
Xiao Wang: 我们中国人叫它“万里长城”，实际上全长6000多公里，最初建于近2500年前的战国时期。// 当时中国还不是一个统一的国家，而是分为7国。北方的几个国家修建城墙用来防御来自北方的侵犯。// 公元前221年秦始皇统一中国后将各段长城连接起来并加以延长。据历史记载大约有100万人参加过这一长达十多年的工程。
David: Was the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty the one in whose tomb were discovered the terra-cotta warriors? //
Xiao Wang: 是的。除了修建长城以外，他也作过不少事情。虽然他的王朝是短命的，但他对中国历史的影响却是巨大的。
David: Imagine it was more than 2,000 years ago when there was no machinery and everything had to be done by bare hands. // Yet they managed to build a wall like this and the terra-cotta warriors, which, as many people say, have become the eighth wonder of the world. //
Xiao Wang: 今天我们去的那段长城叫八达岭，这是保卫北京的一个战略要地，离北京约75公里。现在有了高速公路，不到两个小时就到了。// 关于长城你若有什么问题的话，不论是在路上还是到了那里随时都可以问我。//
David: Thank you for your briefing. I’m sure our visit to the Great Wall will give me a better understanding of Chinese history and the wisdom of the Chinese people.//
第二部分：英译中
Now I’d like to move on to three possible policies, which could be developed to stem this kind of uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries.//
The first one would be to promote a more equal land distribution. In this way, farmers would be more motivated to stay on the land. They would be able to work more land, and thus be able to feed their families more adequately. //
The second policy would be to improve the supply of social services in the rural areas, particularly in the field of health and education.// country people often move to the city because they feel that these services are better in the city areas, and if they could compare the services and feel that there was perhaps not much difference between the two, it would be another reason for not moving.//
A third possible policy would be to give financial assistance to agriculture, especially to the small landowners.// Now obviously the problem of uncontrolled urbanization and the consequences, which are not favorable, is a difficult problem to which there is no easy solution, but these three types of policies could help to reduce the problem, which is felt in particular in developing countries.//
第三部分：中译英
布朗先生，
女士们、先生们：//
现在我愿意为我们的贵宾，美国强生进出口公司经理布朗先生祝酒。// 孔夫子说过，“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。”这次布朗先生从大洋彼岸不远千里光临我们公司，我非常高兴。// 在过去几年里我们两家公司已经建立了卓有成效的合作关系。我相信通过布朗先生的这次访问，我们的合作还会加强。//
现在中国刚刚入世，必将进一步对外开放。这给我们两家公司都带来了极了的机会。因此，我深信在未来的岁月里我们双方都会取得极大的成功。// 最后，我建议：
为我们双方的合作干杯，
为布朗先生的健康，为在座的先生女士们的健康， 干杯！//
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