语法精讲_5

语法精讲－非谓语动词

一、非谓语动词的构成形式对比 （加下划线的选项为正确答案） （一）不定式的基本形式

1. 动词不定式的否定形式：由“not +不定式”构成。

The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operatation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 2. 动词不定式的被动形式：由“to be +过去分词”构成。 Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 3. 动词不定式的进行时形式：由“to be +现在分词”构成。 When his father came in, he pretended to be reading.

4. 动词不定式的完成形式：由“to have +过去分词”构成。

I would love _______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. have gone 5. 动词不定式的完成形式的被动：由“to have + been +过去分词”构成。 Do let your motyher know all the truth. She appears _______ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told (二)V-ing形式的基本形式

1.V-ing形式的一般式由“动词＋ing”构成，其被动式“being + 过去分词”。 The salesman scolded the girl caught ________ and let her off. A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing 2. V-ing形式的完成式由“having + 过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having + been + 过去分词”。 The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _______ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added

3. V-ing形式的否定式为“not + V-ing”。但现代英语中，其完成式的否定也可用“having + not + 过去分词”构成。 _________ a replay, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. having not received (三)过去分词的基本形式

过去分词由“规则动词 ＋ ed”构成，不规则的则需要专门记忆。其否定则在前面加not. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _______ only to people with special knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known 二、非谓语动词的功用对比 （一）作主语

只有动词不定式和V-ing形式可作主语。一般来说，这两者作主语时可互换，但不定式作主语多表示将来或某种特定的情况，而V-ing作主语则通常表示一般情况。它们作主语时，谓语多用单数。为了平衡句子，通常把不定式作主语改为 it 作形式主语，即：It’s + 名词（形容词）＋ for (of) sb. + to do sth.结构。 Is ________ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A. this B. that C. it D. he _________ after supper is good for your health. A. Walking B. To walk C. The walk D. A walk (二)作表语

非谓语动词均可作表语。

1. 不定式作表语：不定式常用在系动词 be, seem, appear, get, remain 等后作表语，根据需要可用不定式的被动形式。

Our plan is to finish the work in three weeks. We are to help him out.

Having a trip aboard is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ________ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen

He let me repeat his instruction _________ sure that I understood what was _____ after he went away. A. to make; to be done B. making; doing C. to make; to do D. making; to do

2. V-ing形式和过去分词作表语时总是放在连系动词之后，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态。V-ing形式通常表示主动或进行，过去分词则表示被动或完成。

I think the shop is closed at this time of day. The story sounds interesting.

常用来V-ing形式或过去分词作表语的动词有：interest, move, discourage, amuse, astonish, frighten, excite, inspire, please,

satisfy, tire, worry, surprise, bore, disappoint, encourage, puzzle, shock, invite等，通常修饰人用过去分词，修饰物时则用V-ing形式。

－I’m very ______ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. －Mm, it does have a ________ smell.

A. pleasant; pleased B, pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant It is believed that if a book is _____, it will surely ________ the reader. A. interested; interest B. interesting; be interested C. interested; be interesting D. interesting; interest (三)作宾语

只有动词不定式和V-ing形式才能作宾语，并均有其相应的被动形式和完成形式。 1. 不定式作宾语

① 能直接接不定式作宾语的动词有：offer, learn, plan, ask, promise, agree, help, prepare, hope, decide, choose, refuse, manage,

wish, want, expect, demand, determine, pretend等。

We agreed ________ here, but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have meet

②动词+疑问词+不定式。这类动词有：decide, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, think, understand, wonder等。 I’ve worked with children before, so I know what _____ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects

The mother didn’t know ____ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. what

It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________.

A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it.

③不定式作介词宾语。介词expect / but之后接不定式时，如果介词前有实义动词do,则expect / but 后接不带to 的不定式；反之，如果except / but前没有实义动词do，则不定式要带to. She has no choice but to wait for the news. The man can do everything but speak French.

④有些动词后既可接不定式，也可接V-ing形式作宾语，但含义不同：

go on doing sth.继续干同一件事; go on to do sth接着去干另外一件事; stop doing sth停止做某事; stop to do sth停下来去干某事; forget doing sth忘记已干了某事; forget to do sth忘记要干某事; remember doing sth记得已经干了某事; remember to do sth记住要干某事; try doing sth试着干某事; try to do sth设法干某事; mean doing sth意味着做某事; mean to do sth打算干某事; can’t help doing sth禁不住干某事; can’t help (to) do sth不能帮助干某事; regret doing sth后悔干了某事; regret to do sth因要做某事而遗憾等等。 2. V-ing形式作宾语

① 只能接V-ing形式作宾语的常用动词有：admit, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, endure, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine,

mind, miss, practice, risk, resist, suggest, keep等。

② 动词want, need, require, deserve等和形容词worth后接V-ing形式的主动形式作宾语，表示被动关系，如接不定式

时，则必须用被动形式。即：need doing = need to be done.

There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _______ road conditions need _______. A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving

③ 以下短语中的to均为介词，其后接名词，代词，V-ing形式作宾语，不能接动词原形作宾语。它们是：get down to;

pay attention to; look forward to; stick to; turn to; be used to (doing sth); prefer… to…; devote oneself to; see to. She looks forward every spring to ______ the flower-lined garden. A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in (四)作宾语补足语（主语补足语）

非谓语动词均可作宾语补足语。如果谓语动词带有非谓语动词作宾语补足语，将句子变为被动句后，其宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。

1. 不定式作宾语补足语

①有些动词可接带to的不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有:warn, ask, allow, permit, order, tell, advise, expect, wish, force, beg, invite, encourage, persuade等。

Mrs Smith warned her daughter _________ after drinking.

A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive

②有些动词可接不带to 的不定式用作宾语补足语。这类动词有：使役动词：have, make, let等和感官动词see, hear, listen to, look at, watch, notice,observe, feel等。这类动词用于被动语态后，用作主语补足语的不定式不能省略不定式符号to. They knew her very well. They had seen her _____ up.

A.grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow John was made _____ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing

2. V-ing形式和过去分词作宾语补足语

V-ing形式和过去分词作宾语补足语意义不同，通常用在感官动词或使役动词或with + 复合宾语结构中。其中过去分词表示宾语的被动动作已完成，现在分词则表示主动动作或动作正在进行。主要取决于宾语与动词的关系，即主动用现在V-ing形式，被动关系用过去分词。

The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out The missing boys were last seen _______ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked (五)作定语 非谓语动词均可作定语 1. 不定式作定语

①被修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式用主动形式。若不定式是不及物动词，与所修饰的词有意义上的动宾关系，其后应加一个适当的介词。

After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand _____. A. by B. on C. up D. with

There are five pairs ________, but I’m at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing

② 不定式可用在the first, the second以及the last, the only和最高级等后面作定语。 She likes to listen to Mr. Li’s lessons, so she is always the first to come and the last to leave. 2. 过去分词作定语

过去分词用来表示一个完成的或被动的动作。

①通常单个的过去分词作前置定语，过去分词短语作后置定语。Developed countries; a crowded room, illness caused by the accident; the photos taken in the zoo.

注意：有少数单个过去分词，如left, given等，常作后置定语。 There will only be standing room left for us next century! The books given are well worth reading.

A man is being questioned in relation to the ______ murder last night. A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted ②及物动词的过去分词含有“完成”和“被动”的含义。 The birds shot by the hunter lay on the ground.

注意：并不一定每个及物动词的过去分词都表“完成”和“被动”两种含义，有时可能只有其中一种含义。 Your written exercises should be turned in before Friday. (written只表被动)。

A larger number of cars were stopped in the crowded street. (crowded只表示完成)。 Prices of daily goods ______ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying ③ 过去分词作定语可改为一个定语从句。如： boiled water = water which (that) was boiled a mixed group = a group which (that) was mixed

The computer center, ________ last year, is very popular among the students in the school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 3. V-ing形式作定语

V-ing形式作定语，具有形容词的性质。一般说来，单个分词作前置定语，分词短语作后置定语。V-ing形式在含义上表主动或进行，也可表示经常性，习惯性的动作。 The coming week; the sleeping children We live in a room facing the south.

Mr. Smith, _____ of the ________ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring (六)作状语 非谓语动词均可用作状语 1. 不定式作状语

不定式作状语主要用来表示目的，有时也可以表示结果和原因。为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加in order 或so as。

Tom kept quiet about the accident _________ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to _________ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 2. V-ing形式状语

V-ing形式作状语，相当于一个表示原因，时间，方式，条件，结果等的状语从句。根据需要可用被动式或完成式。

① 原因状语

Being ill, she can’t go to work today. ② 时间状语

While watching TV, he falls asleep. ③ 方式或伴随状语

They lay on the grass, looking at the sky. ④ 条件状语

Being prepared, we shall pass the test. ⑤ 结果状语

A letter has just come, thus relieving him from anxiety.

Though ______ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in

_______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 3. 过去分词作状语

过去分词作状语时，表示它与主语之间是被动关系在，通常可表示原因，时间，条件，让步和伴随等。

① 原因状语

Inspired by her example, the League members worked even harder. ② 时间状语

Once published, this book will become a best seller. ③ 条件状语

United, we stand; divided, we fall. ④ 让步状语

Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practiced even harder. ⑤ 伴随状语

The scientist entered the lab, followed by his assistants.

Generally speaking, _______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken _______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. A. Having B. To give C. Giving D. Given The research is so designed that once _______ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun (七)非谓语动词使用注意事项 1. 不定式的用法注意下几点：

① 下列短语后接不带to的不定式：had better, would rather, why not, cannot help but及rather than, other than等。 In that case, there is nothing you can do _________ than wait. A. more B. other C. better D. any

Rather than ________ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ________ a bicycle. A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding ②不定式to的内容的的省略：

a. 形容词后不定式的省略，常用形容词有：happy, glad, ready, eager, anxious等。 ─I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? ─Not at all. _______________. A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to

b. 宾语补足语、主语补足语中不定式的省略，常用动词有：ask, tell, order, persuade, advise, wish, permit, allow等。 The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ________. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to

c. 动词后不定式的省略，常用动词有：like, love, wish, mean, want, refuse, try, advise, persuade 等。 ─Will you go to the theatre, Miss Brown? ─Sorry, ____________.

A. I want B. I don’t want to C. I’m glad to D. I’d like

d. 在某些固定词组，如：ought to, have to, used to, be able to, be going to等后也可省略不定式。 ─Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday? ─I _________, but I had an unexpected visitor. A. had B. would C. was going to D. did 2. V-ing 形式和过去分词作独立成分

英语中有几个特殊的分词可用作独立成分，如given (that)意为“假设；如果；考虑到”；providing / provided (that) 意为“假定”；supposing / suppose (that)意为“假如”；considering (that) 意为“考虑到”；seeing (that) 意为“既然”等。 ________ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 3. 非谓语动词作状语的句型结构

非谓语动词作状语时，一是它相当于一个状语从句，二是它逻辑上的主语必须和句子的主语一致。 In order to improve English, ______________.

A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father Finding her car stolen, ________________. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 专项练习 (1ACABB6CACAD 11 DDACC 16BBADB 21 CAABB)

1.She pretended __me when I passed by .

A .not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D .having not seen

2. Have you had the nurse ___your son's temperature ? A to take B taking C take D taken

3 I don't think you need ____today . A to leave B to be leaving C leaving D being left 4 We havebeen looking for the girl all the morning , but she is nowhere _____. A to see B to be seen C being seen D seen

5 He should ___for what he has done . A praise B be praised C have praised D to be praised 6 ------I don't know ____with the problem . ---Why not ____your teacher for advice? A what to do--to ask B how to do -- to ask C what to do--ask D how to do -- ask 7 ___the truth, I don't want to go . A To tell B Tell C Telling D In order to tell 8 How do the birds know exactly ____ direction ___?

A which flying B which to fly to C in which to fly D / flying to 9 I find these problems are easy ___.

A to work out B to be worked to out C in working out D to be worked them out 10 I've been waiting for half an hour ____me the phone call.

A to give B for you giving C of you to give D for you to give 11 _______, the letter was posted .

A Wrote it B Having written C Writing D Having been written 12 _____him before , I didn't recognize him .

A Not seeing B Having not seen C Never having seen D Having never seen 13 I need my bike ________. A repaired B repairing C to have repaired D being repaired 14 He entered the house and left me ____outside . A stand B to stand C standing D to be standing

15 Don't have the water ____allthe time . A run B to run C running D being running 16 Stop running and you will feel your heart _faster than ever .

A beat B beating C beats D was beating

17 Once _____, it will never be forgotten . A see B seen C you see D to be seen

18 He will not come unless _____. A invited B inviting C isn't invited D he will be invited

19 Matter is the name __to everything that has weight and takes up space . A giving B to give C having been given D given 20 He felt his arm ______. A pulling B pulled C being pulled D to be pulled 21 Let's try _____the work another way, for we should try _____everything done in time A to do --to get B doing --getting C doing --to get D to do -- getting 22 He used to _____cards with his friends, but now he is used to _____a walk after supper. A play --taking B playing-- take C play- -take D playing -- taking 23 _____newspapers every day can add to one's common sense. A Reading B Read C By reading D If reading 24 It's a good habit _____aloud early in the morning .

A practice to read B to practise reading C practising to read D to practise and read 25 After cooking , mother ____making tea. . A set out B set about C set off D start out