英语语法

1.主+谓

eg: Tom died.

John has come.

The close washes easily. 定语和状语都是辅助成分

2.主+谓+宾

eg: I like music.

He teaches English.

3.主+系+表

eg: The cotton(棉花) feels soft. Her voice sounds sweet. The room is comfortable.

This is a county belonging to the third world. belong to 不用于被动

4.主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语(双宾语)

eg: He give me a book.

He showed me his picture. Li Lei passed me a letter.

Wish you good luck./Wish you a happy new year.

Careless driving cost him his life. cost: 使某人付出……

5.主+谓+宾+宾补

(宾语和宾补是逻辑上的主谓关系) eg: The news made me happy.

I heard him singing in the next room.

I found his homework done. His homework was done:被动关系上的这种逻辑上的主谓关系 We all call him Tohn.

修饰名词的是定语。名词后的从句有：定语从句、同位语从句。

修饰动词的叫状语：副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、不定式。 作主语的是名词、动名词、动词不定式、代词、数词。 作谓语的是动词。

定语从句

一、性定语从句

(去掉定语从句后，句子不完整)

〈一〉关系代词的用法 1.指人的关系代词

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Who(在从句中作主语)

Whom(在从句中作宾语，可省) Whose(在从句中作定语)

That(在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省)

eg: Do you know the man who/that made a speech just now? He is a man (whom/that) you can safely depend on.

How many students are there in your class whose homes are in the countryside? The students who/that had been watching started to applaud.

Those who want to join in the activity will stay behind. Those 指人，一般用who The girl whose pronunciation is the best was elected monitor of our class.

2.指物的关系代词

That(在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省) Which(在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省) Whose(在从句中作定语)

eg: This is the shop that/which sells children’s clothing.

The picture that/which hangs on the wall was drawn by Xiaoming .

On the wall hangs a picture ——倒装. A picture hangs on the wall.

The news (that/which) you told me yesterday is true.

The house (that/which) they are building will be used as a store room. I like the book whose color is light blue.

It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.

但是，在下列情况下，指物的关系代词只能用that，不能用which.

①当先行词是指物的不定代词。如：everything、nothing、anything、something、all等。 eg: He held everything (that) he had stolen to the police.

The terrible fire destroyed(完全毁灭) all that were in the shop.

Is there anything (that) I can do for you? anything I can do for you?——口语中 ②当先行词由序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。

eg: The Summer Palace is the first place (that) I want to visit.

This is the most important task that must be finished as soon as possible.

③当先行词由不定代词修饰时。如：all、no、every、each、any、some. eg: There are no books in the shop that interest me. Every hotel (that) we visited provides good service. ④先行词由the only、the very(加强语气)修饰时。 eg: That is the only thing (that) I can do now. This is the very book (that) I am looking for. ⑤当先行词既有人又有物时。

eg: The city and the people in it (that) we visited were very enthusiastic. ⑥当先行词由who、which提问时。

eg: Who is the woman that gave us a lot of help?

3.在定语从句中，有时候会用介词+关系代词，这时要注意介词和从

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句谓语动词的搭配，或是和先行词的搭配。(介+which/whom).

eg: Who is the man you shook hands just now? shake hands with sb. I have forgotten the exact date on which the country became independent He lives in a house, the windows of which face the south.

He is a man to which I should turn for help. turn to sb. for help

〈二〉关系副词的用法

Where(在从句中作地点状语) When(在从句中作时间状语) Why(在从句中作原因状语)

eg: This is the village where I was born.

对比：This is the village (that/which) we visited(t) last week. The school where I teach is a key school.

对比：The school (that/which) you want to attend(上学) is a key school. I will never forget the day when I joined the army.

对比：You should treasure the days (that/which) we spent together. You should treasure the days when you worked in the countryside. The reason why/for which he was late was that he got up late. 对比：The reason (that/which) he gave us was just on excuse.

二、非性定语从句

除了that不能引导非性定语从句外，其它的关系代词和关系副词的用法，和在性定语从句中的用法一样

eg: The note is not left by John, who was here a moment ago.

I took part in the activity in 1998, when my second son was born.

I live in a house by the sea, where I can get a good view of Ocean Park. 注：which和as引导非性定语从句的区别。

1.which引导非性定语从句不能放于句首，它的先行词可以是单个的词，也可以是整个主句的意思。

2.as引导非性定语从句，可以放于句首、句中、句尾。它的先行词只能是整个主句的意思。

eg: He gave away many of his books to the library, which was built for children. He was admitted to Beijing University, which made his parents very happy. 先行词是整个主句意思情况下，只能用as的情况。 ①只要能翻译成“正如……；像……”。

eg: As(作see的宾语) anybody can see, the elephant is like a rope.

More than seventy percent of he surface of the earth is covered by water, as we all know. He did not turn up again, as we had expected. ②as引导的定语从句是行为动作的被动语态。 eg: He did not turn up again, as had been expected.

对比：He did not turn up again, which we had not expected. He was angry, as could be seen from his expression.

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He comes from Shandong, as can be judged from his accent. 注：

1.one of ……这个结构作先行词，从句谓语用复数；the only one of ……这个结构作先行词，从句谓语用单数。

eg: He is one of the students who want to go abroad.

He is not the only one of the students who likes playing computer games.

2.the way 作先行词，在从句中作方式状语，用that、in which或不用关系代词。 eg: I do not like the way (that/in which) you speak to your parents. 3.当先行词由such、the same修饰时，用as引导定语从句。

eg: Such books as(在从句中作bought的宾语) you bought yesterday are useless.

He is such a kind man as everybody likes. 定语从句——缺一个成分

对比：He is such a kind man that everybody likes him. 状语从句——句子完整 It is such a heavy box that I can’t carry it. 对比：It is such a heavy box as I can’t carry.

His parents sent him the same bike as I bought last year.

状语从句

引导状语从句的词叫从属连词，状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步和比较状语从句

一、时间状语从句

可以由when(从句中的谓动可以是延续的，也可以是短暂的)、while(从句中的谓动必须是延续性的)、as(当……时候)、as soon as、 the moment(一……就……)、till/until、before、after、since、ever since、once(一旦)、whenever(无论什么时候，每当……)every time、each time(每当……)the first time、the last time、the next time、by the time(到……时候为止)

注：在时间状语和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表一般将来，用一般过去时表过去将来，用现在完成时表将来完成。

eg: When he comes, I’ll tell him the news. When he came back, his wife was cooking. —I am going to the post office.

—While(在……期间) you are there, please get(买) some stamps for me. They sang as they walked.

As soon as/The moment/Immediately it stops raining, we’ll leave. I did not leave until he came back.

It was not until he came back that I left. (强调结构) 对比：Not until he came back did I leave.(倒装)

Someone called me in the middle of the night, but he hang up before I could answer the telephone.

—Why don’t you try to get on the bus?

—I tried to, but before I could it started to move.(主句) I haven’t seen him since he graduated.

Once it is began, the research must be carried on.(这个研究一旦开始，就必须进行下去) Whenever/Every time/each time you are in trouble, you can come to me for help. The first time I met him, I knew he was a kind person.

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Next time you come to this city, please call me first.

By the time he comes, we’ll have already left. will have done 将来完成时 对比：By the time he was 10 years old, he had been to Beijing five times. 注：

1.by后加将来时间，句子用将来完成时；by后加过去时间，句子用过去完成时。 2.when还可作并列连词表示“就在这时”，句型有： being doing sth. when…… be about to do sth. when……

be on the point of doing sth. when…… had done sth. for some time when……

eg: I was walking through the street when someone patted on the shoulder. I was about to go out when it began to rain.

I was on the point of going out when it began to rain.

I had walked for just a few minutes when a car stopped besides me. 3.while作并列连词表对比关系，“而……却……”while还可用在句首，表让步，“虽然、尽管”。

eg: While I think your idea sounds great, I’m not really to accept it. While I admit that he is not perfect, I still like her. 4.as：随着……

eg: As time goes on/With time going on, greater and greater changes have taken place in our city. The color changes as the temperature rises/with the temperature.

二、地点状语从句

可用where、wherever引导

eg: Bamboo(竹子) grows best where it often rains. Make a mark where you have some questions. I’m ready to go wherever I am needed. Where there is a will(志向), there is a way. Where there is a river, there is a city.

三、原因状语从句

可由since(既然，引导从句一般放于主句后面)、as、because、now that(既然)引导 eg: Since the speaker can’t come, we may as well / had better put off the meeting. As there was no bus, I decided to walk home.

Now that(既然) we are all here, Let’s try to reach an agreement. 注：for可表“因为”，后面跟句子，但for是个并列连词，前面必须有逗号。 eg: The day breaks, for the bird is singing.

It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. must have done 过去肯定做过某事

四、目的状语从句

可由so that、in order to、in case引导，in case从句谓动用虚拟语气：should+动原 eg: They are climbing high so that/in order to they can get a better view, Take your raincoat in case it should rain. (首选)

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对比：Take your raincoat in case it rains,(条件状语从句——一般现在时)

五、结果状语从句

(可由so that、so …that …、such …that …引导)

eg: He got up early so that he caught the first bus.(结果状语从句)

对比：He got up early so that he could caught the first bus.(目的状语从句) 1. so

①so+adj./adv.+that-clause.

②so+adj./adv.+a/an+n.(单数)+that-clause.

③so+数量形容词(many、much、few、little)+n.+that-clause. eg: He runs so fast that I can’t catch up with him. She worked so hard that she passed the exam. It is so hot that we just want to stay indoor.

He has so many friends that when he is in trouble, there are many people coming to help him. She made so little progress that her parents were so disappointed. 2. such.

①such+a/an+(adj.)+n.(单数)+that-clause. ②such+adj.+n.(可数名词复数/不可数名词)+that-clause.

eg: Qindao is such a beautiful city that it has attracted a lot of tourists from different countries in the world.

They are such interesting novels that I want to buy all of them. It is such good weather that a lot of people are going traveling.

六、条件状语从句

(可由if、as/so long as、in case、on condition that(条件是……)、so far as(就我所知：So far as I know.)、for fear that(恐怕……)、引导)

eg: Unless you tell him something about it, he will lose faith in you completely. I’ll stay in the hotel all day in case there is news of missing child.

You will succeed in time(总有一天/迟早) unless you give up halfway. I’ll still here unless there is a room available.

You can go out on condition that you promise to be back before 11:00.

七、方式状语从句

(可由as(按照……)、as if、as though引导)

eg: You must do the experiment as the teacher tells you do. 不定式符号省略时要保留to He works so hard as if he never know tiredness.(虚拟语气。一般过去时：know与work同时发生)

They are talking as though they had been friends for years.(虚拟语气。过去完成时：been发生在talk之前)

The earth goes round the sun just as the moon travels round the earth.

八、让步状语从句

(可由although(引导的让步状语从句不倒装)、though(引导的让步状语从句可倒装/可不倒装，倒装时和as一样)、as(引导的让步状语从句必须倒装)、while、even if/even though、no matter+

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疑问词 或 疑问词+ever、whether引导) As引导的让步状语从句：

①作表语的形容词提到as前面。 eg: Short as he is, he jumps high.

Clever as he is, he doesn’t work hard.

②作表语的单数名词提到as前，但不要冠词。 eg: Child as he is, he knows a lot.

Teacher as he is, he is not responsible for his students. be strict with sb.对……严格要求 ③把状语提到as前面。

eg: Loudly as I spoke, I couldn’t make myself heard by the students at the back. Much as I like the car (although I like the car very much.),I can’t afford it. ④动词原形提到as前面。

eg: Try as he did/might/could(Although he tried), he didn’t find a job. eg: No matter what(whatever) you say, I will not change my mind.

You should pay more attention to the children wherever/no matter where they are playing. However (No matter how) late you come, I’ll wait for you. However difficult the problem is, he can work it out. Whatever difficulty you meet with, you can’t give up.

Whoever asks for my telephone number, you can’t tell him.

Whether(无论) you are for the plan or against it, we’ll carry it out.

九、状语从句的省略

1.如果从句的主语和主句的主句一致，可以把从句中的主语和be动词一起省略。 eg: Look out for cars while (you are) crossing the street. I won’t go to the party unless (I am) invited. —Are you going to the party? —No, even if I am invited.

Once lost, such a change will never come back again. 2.当从句的主语是it时，也可以和be一起省略。

eg: If it is convenient for you, I’ll have a few words for you. When it is necessary, I’ll go to see you myself.

几种特殊句型

1.It+is+一段时间+since-clause(一般过去时) It+was+一段时间+since-clause(过去完成时)

注：当从句的谓语动词是短暂性动词，翻译出来的意思是肯定的；当从句的谓语动词是延续性动词，翻译出来的意思是否定的。

eg: It is two days since he got hurt.(肯定的意思)

It is five years since he lived in the house.(否定的意思：他不住在这个房子里已经5年了) —Do you want a cigarette?

—No, it is ten years since I smoked(延续性的)./It is ten years since I gave up smoking. 2.It will be+一段时间+before-clause(一般现在时) 要过多久…… It was+一段时间+before-clause(一般过去时) 过了多久…… eg: It will be 13 days before we start school.

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It was half a month before he made a decision.

3.It/This is the first/second time+that-clause(现在完成时) It was the first/second time+that-clause(过去完成时) eg: It is the first time that he has won the prize. 4.It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分

eg: It was Mike and Mary who helped the old man a few days ago.(强调主语) 变形：Who was it that helped the old man the other day?

It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school.(强调原因状语) 变形：Why was it that he didn’t come to school?

It was on August 8 that Beijing Olympic Games opened.

名词性从句

(引导名词性从句的词叫关联词)

一、主语从句

1.由what(……的事、……的东西)、whatever、whoever引导的主语从句(表肯定的意思) eg: What he said is true.

What they are after is profit. What we need is more practice.

What he couldn’t understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in his lessons. Determination is a kind of quality——that is what it takes to do anything well.(表语从句) Whoever / Anyone who failed to see this will make a big mistake. Whoever gets home first is to cook super.

Whatever you do will not let me change my mind.

2.由that引导的主语从句，大多数情况下可以放到句子的后面，用it作形式主语。That在从句中不作任何成分，没有任何意义，只起引导词的作用。 eg: That lights travel in straight lines is known to all.

变形：It is known to all that lights travel in straight lines. That he is coming is true.

变形：It is true that he is coming.

That the 2008 Olympic Games are taking place in Beijing has attracted many people. 注：在有些句子中，只能把主语从句放在后面，前面用it作形式主语。 eg: It is certain that they will agree to the plan.

It occurred to him that he had forgotten to take his notebook. It occurs to sb. that……=It strikes sb. that…… It is a pity that you missed such a fine talk.

3.由what、who、whether、where、when、why、how等疑问词引导的主语从句，也可以用it作形式主语，把主语从句放在后面。

eg: Whether he will join us or not will not make any difference.

How a computer works is a question that not anyone can understand. What he is going to do after graduation has not been decided. What caused the accident is still a mystery. Who will take his place doesn’t matter to me.

二、同位语从句

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(是对它前面的名词起一个进一步解释和说明的作用。引导同位语从句的关联词有：that、what、how、whether、when、where、why等)

eg: The news that he is coming is true. 定语从句中的先行词一定在从句中作了一个成分 对比：The news that he told me is true.

Mary came back with a message that the mayor() was coming to visit our school. He made a promise that he could help me finish my design. He expressed his hope that he wanted to come to China again.

同位语从句句型：there is no doubt/need/possibility/chance +that-clause. eg: There is no chance that he will never recover from his illness. Word/The news came that …… 有消息传来说……

eg: Word came that he had won the first prize in the speech contest. There are signs that…… 有迹象表明……

eg: There are signs that the earth’s climate is warming up.

I don’t believe that the rumour(传言；谣言) that he is going to resign(辞职). I have no idea how a computer works.(同位语从句) 对比：I don’t know how a computer works.(宾语从句) The order when we should return hasn’t reaches us.

三、表语从句

(引导表语从句的关联词有：that、what、where、when、how、who、whom、whose、which、whether等)

eg: What troubles me is that I can’t learn all this English idioms(成语) by heart. Your coat is where you left it.

You are singing that everyone is equal, but that is where(不能用what代替) I disagree(i). The problem is who will come to help us.

注：the reason 作主语，表语从句只能用that引导。

eg: The reason why he was absent from school yesterday was that he was ill. be absent from缺席

四、宾语从句

(宾语从句用于动词或介词后) 注：

1.that引导的并列的宾语从句，从第二个开始，that不能省略。

eg: Li Lei said (that) he was pleased to meet these American friends and that he would invite them to his home.

Galileo’s observations show (that) Copernicus, another great astronomer, was right and that the earth moves around the sun, not the other way around.

Scientists know (that) their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong.

2.make、think、consider、find等动词后可用it作形式宾语+宾补，宾语从句放后面。 eg: I think it necessary that we should make a plan for the trip. I find it possible that he will win a medal(奖牌).

3.love、like、hate、appreciate不能直接+宾语从句，但可以+it(形式宾语)+宾语从句。 eg: I appreciate it if you can give me a hand.

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I like it when it was a quiet village.

非谓语动词

一、动词不定式

(除了不能作谓语，其余都能作。具有n、adj.、adv.的特征，在句子中作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语) 1.作主语

eg: To say something is one thing, to do it is another.

To learn English is important.(It is important to learn English.)

To talk with him is a great pleasure.(It is a great pleasure to talk with him.)

To do anything well takes determination.(It takes determination to do anything well.) To reach the goal needs great efforts. make efforts to do sth. 努力做某事 注：

1.不定式作主语时，常常可以用it作形式主语，把不定式放在句子的后面。 2.在Is is + adj. + of sb. / for sb. +to do sth. 这个结构中，如果sb.与它前面的adj.之间有逻辑生的主谓关系，用of，否则用for.

eg: It is necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English. It is careless of him not to lock the car.

It is generous of her to give away so many books to the library. It is stupid of you to regard the elephant as a snake. It is dangerous for girls to go out alone at night. It seems selfish of him not to give them anything. 2.作表语

eg: My dream is to become a doctor. The problems remain to be solved.

It remained to be seen(有待于被弄清楚) whether the old couple will enjoy the trip. The purpose of the program is to improve people’s sense of protecting the environment. My plan is to go on a trip to Dalian this year.

The best advice is never to drink too much at a normal dinner party. 注：

1.如果主语部分还有实意动词do，作表语的动词不定式可以不要to。 eg: All that I want to do now is sleep.

What you need to do is press the button.

2.be to blame=be to be blame，但是首选be to blame. eg: I am to blame.

He rather than you is to blame. 3.作宾语

eg: The teacher intended to develop the students’ ability to analyse and solve problems on their own.

I never learned to swim when I was young. He refused to take/follow my advice. 后面可以跟不定式作宾语的动词有：hope、want、decide、seek、manage、offer、agree、promise、expect、attempt、refuse、wish、plan、intend、determine、afford、beg、pretend(假装)、learn、

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fail、prepare、choose.

注：动词think、consider、find、make、feel后可用作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到后面。 eg: I think it impossible to finish doing the work in such a short time. He found it his duty to protect the cultural relics(文物). He made it possible to send pictures by satellite(卫星). 4.作宾补

eg: I want you to read the last sentence clearly.

常可以跟不定式作宾补的动词有：ask、beg、require、expect、wish、want、allow、permit、invite、forbid、cause、advise、encourage、force、order、remind、teach、tell、warn、persuade、get、call on. 注：

1.有些动词如：①感官动词：see、here、notice、watch、observe、feel、look at、listen to、②使役动词：make、have、but.后面跟不带to的不定式作宾补。 eg: I saw a boy get into a car and drive off.(表动作的全过程) I heard the telephone ring three times, but nobody answered it.

The boss made us collect as much information as possible about the company. HAVE: Have sb. do sth.

Have sb. doing sth. 使某人正在做某事/持续做某事 Have sth. done. 使某事被做

eg: I am going to have him write an article for our newspaper.

Who would you like to have write an article for the wall newspaper(墙报). Let us be friends.

但这种结构变成被动语态，要加上to. eg: He was made to work 12 hours a day. He is always heard to sing this song.

除了let之外，其余的后面还可以跟现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行或持续进行。 eg: I hear him coughing.

We saw Tom being taken away by the police.

I saw them waiting for you at the corner of the street.

The two cheats had the lights burning the whole night/all the night.

2.动词think、consider、find、believe、know、suppose(认为、假定)等后面也可以跟动词不定式作宾补，但用to be……结构，在think、consider和find后，to be还可以省略。 eg: I consider his theory (to be) correct.

Everyone thinks him (to be) a selfish man. We find the room (to be) comfortable. I know the news to be true. 5.作定语

eg: I was the first woman to travel alone at the North Pole at 50. I want to find a comfortable room to live in.

I want to find something to read during my holiday. Hiking is a great way to get close to nature. He has the ability to solve the problem.

I never had a chance to speak before so many people. 注：

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1.有很多不定式和被修饰的词有动宾关系，如果这个不定式的动词是不及物的，它后面应该有必要的介词。

eg: Let’s find a good restaurant to eat at. This is a good pen to write with. He is a good person to work with.

2.当动词不定式和被修饰的词构成动宾关系，又和句中某一名词或代词构成主谓关系时，用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

eg: Your sister would like you to give me some books to read.(read books:动宾关系；I read:主谓关系)

He will show you the right path to take. (take path: 动宾关系；you take:主谓关系) 但是如果只有动宾关系没有主谓关系，该不定式该用被动还得用被动。

eg: “Do you have any clothes to be washed?” the maid asked.(wash clothes:动宾关系) I have no more letters to be typed(打印),thank you.(type letters:动宾关系) 3.在结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式，可以用主动式，也可以用被动式。 eg: There is no time to waste/to lose/to be lost.

There still many things to take care of/to be taken care of. 6.作状语 ①目的状语

eg: To be the teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil. We eat to live, but we live not to eat.

We live to serve the people heart and soul. —Why did they come to the city? —To travel. ②结果状语

不定式作结构状语表示出乎意料的结果。

eg: Two year ago, his father disappeared, never to be heard from again.

The news reporter hurried to the airport (only) to be told that the film star had left. He lifted a rook (only) to drop it on his own feet. ③原因状语

be glad/happy/surprised/lucky/sorry/excited/interested/disappointed/pleased +to do sth. 因做某事而感到……

eg: I was surprised to see him here.

I was very lucky to win a gold medal.

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.

④句型：English is easy to learn.(主+系+表+不定式。Learn English:动宾关系。不定式用主动表被动。)

eg: He is hard to deal with.

The skirt is beautiful to wear. 7.不定式作成分

修饰整个句子或作插入语，这样的不定式有：to tell the truth、to be honest、to be fair(公平地讲)、to be frank(坦白说)、to make the matter worse(使事情更糟糕的是). eg: To be fair, you should pay the money.

He met with a traffic accident, to make the matter worse, he was out of work. 8.疑问词+不定式

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可以作主语、宾语、表语和宾补

eg: My question is when to start work.(表语) Why to have the meeting puzzles me. (主语) I can’t decide what to do next. (宾语)

He will teach me how to use the tool. (宾补) 9.不定式的各种形式

一般式：to do 完成式：to have done

一般式的被动式：to be done(将被做) 完成式的被动式：to have been done 不定式的进行时：to be doing 不定式的否定式：not to

二、动名词

动名词具有名词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语 1.作主语

eg: Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full-time job.(产卵是蚁后的专职工作) Playing chess can develop our logical thinking. Rising pigs is his job.

Collecting stamps is my favorite hobby.

注：It is no use/good+doing sth.(it是形式主语)

It is a waste of time +doing sth.(常用doing，但偶尔也会用to do) It is useless +doing sth.

eg: It is no use crying over the failure.

It is no good thinking too much at a normal dinner party. 2.作表语

表语可以和主语互换位置，但现在分词不行 eg: My job is teaching.

My favorite hobby is collecting stamps.

注：动名词和动词不定式都可以作主语和表语。动名词作主语、表语表示一般的行为和抽象的行为；不定式作主语、表语表示具体的某次动作尤其是将来的动作。 eg: Smoking is not permitted here.

To smoke so much is not good. (具体的某次动作) It’s dangerous to swim in this river. (具体的) 3．作宾语

①只可以跟动名词不可以跟不定式作宾语的动词有：enjoy、finish、mind、consider、suggest、stand/bear、imagine、appreciate、admit、deny、understand、escape、avoid、miss(错过)、keep、delay、risk、dislike、resist(抵制)

Can’t resist doing =can’t help doing 禁不住……

eg: He delayed delivering the parcel(包裹) to the old man.

I can’t understand you laughing(动名词的复合结构) at the disabled. If you break the law, you can’t escape being published. He admitted stealing the lady’s purse(钱包).

②有些动词后面既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义不同。这些动词有：remember、forget、regret、stop、mean、try、can’t help、go on.

Regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事 Regret to do sth. 后悔去做某事

Try to do sth. 努力做某事 Try doing sth. 试一试(看其效果如何)

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Can’t help (to) do sth. 不能帮忙做某事 Can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事 eg: I remembered seeing him once somewhere.

Oh, it is beginning to rain, he forgot to take his umbrella. I regret to tell you that you are wrong.

China is trying to help most people to live a richer and better life. Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door. I didn’t mean to hurt you.

③有些动词后面既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，意思相同。这些动词有：begin、start、continue. begin/with 首选to

注：like、hate后即可跟动名词也可跟不定式作宾语。用动名词作宾语表示一般行为；用不定式作宾语指特定或具体的某次动作。

eg: I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim in this pond(池塘). 4.作定语

表示所修饰词的用途、作用

eg: a flying suit.=a suit is used for flying. A walking stick. A sleeping car.

Writing paper. 现在分词作定语时，与所修饰词有逻辑上的主谓关系 eg: a sleeping body.=a body is sleeping. A running car. 5.动名词的各种形式

一般式：doing 一般式的被动式：being done 完成式：have done 完成式的被动式：have been done 否定式：not doing. not have done

完成式/完成式的被动式 表示发生在谓语之前的动作 eg: Nobody enjoys being made fun of.

He was given a medal for having completed sixty years of teaching. I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. 6.动名词的复合结构 逻辑主语+动名词

eg: Do you mind me/my opening(动名词的复合结构) the window? I can’t stand you/your laughing at me. I appreciate Li Lei/Li Lei’s helping me.

当动名词的复合结构作主语时，代词只能用形容词性物主代词，如my、his、her、your，名词必须是名词的所有格，如：Li Lei’s. eg: His being late made the teacher unhappy. Li Lei’s being late made the teacher unhappy.

三、现在分词

具有adj.、adv.的特征，在句子中可以作主语、定语、宾补、状语。特点：表主动 1.作表语

eg: The speech he made was encouraging indeed.

The film was so moving that we were moved to tears. The news is surprising.

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2.作定语

现在分词作定语时表示的动作是正在进行的或与位于动词同时发生的主动动作 eg: Tell the children playing there not to made so much noise. I meet a group of children returning from school.

例外：Do you know the young shaking hands with the headmaster yesterday?(只表主动) China is a country belonging to the third world.(只表主动，表状态) There are two roads leading to the station. I live in a house standing by the sea. I don’t like a room facing north. 3.作宾补

表示正在或持续进行的动作，表主动

eg: The manager kept us waiting the whole morning.

Don’t leave(使……保持某种状态) the water running while you are brushing your teeth. When I entered the class, I found him reading something aloud. He got the car running.

Do you hear(感官动词) someone knocking at the door?

When I came in, I found my husband surrounded by piles of papers and looking worried. 4.作状语

现在分词可以在句子中作原因、时间、条件、伴随、结果等状语。现在分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一定是句子的主语，表示的动作如果与句子的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，用现在分词的一般式；如果发生在谓语动作之前，用现在分词的完成式 eg: Hearing(主语为人) the exciting news, tears of joy rolled down her cheeks.× 改正：Hearing the exciting news(时间状语), she burst into tears with joy.

注意逻辑主语的一致

Being students(As we are students), we must work hard,(原因状语) Not knowing his address, we can’t get in touch with him. Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note. Not having been invited to the party, he had to stay at home. Having finished all his homework, he went out to play football.

Having never operated such a machine, I met a lot of difficulty at first.(原因状语) He hurried to the station, hoping to catch the early train.(伴随状语) He sat here doing nothing. (伴随状语)

The parents died, leaving him an orphan(孤儿). 现在分词作结果状语表自认而然的结果，而且和句子之间有逻辑上的因果关系；不定式作结果状语表出乎意料的结果，和句子之间无逻辑上的因果关系 The sun was shining brightly, making everything there look more beautiful. 主格结构

eg: It being a little cool today(As it is a little cool today), we want to going hiking.

My homework done (As my homework has been finished), I am going to playing football. There being no bus (As there was no bus), I had to walk home.

I would like to play in the garden, its owner sitting there, drinking tea. The teacher entered the lab, two of his students(逻辑主语) following him. The professor(教授) being ill, the lecture had to be put off. 5.现在分词也可以修饰整个句子作状语

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常见的有：Considering … (考虑到)、thinking of…、given … (考虑到；鉴于)、speaking of / talking of …(谈到)、Judging by / from …(作状语一般不用by)、Generally speaking …(一般来说)、Honestly speaking …(老实说)、Seeing that …(鉴于)、Strictly speaking …(严格的说) Exactly speaking …(确切的说)、frankly speaking …(坦白说)、 supposing that …(假设). eg: Strictly speaking, I have no right(权力) to speak to you like this. Considering he is a foreigner, he speaks Chinese well. 6.现在分词的各种形式

一般式：doing 一般式的被动式：being done (一般表正被做)

完成式：having done 完成式的被动式：having been done (既表被动又表完成) 否定式：not doing

eg: Being watched by so many people, I am too nervous to say a word. Please keep a secret of the thing being discussed here.

Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.

四、过去分词

主要表被动。具有adj.、adv.的特征，在句子中可以作表语、定语、状语、宾补 1.作表语

系表结构一般是表主语的特征或状态

eg: Your composition(作文) is well written except for some spelling mistakes.(过去分词：表主语的特征)

This composition was written by the best students in our class. (被动语态：强调动作) The glass is broken. (表状态，但含有被动意思) The glass was broken by Li Lei. (表被动动作) I am not worried about you at all.

The hill is covered with red flowers and green grass. Everything is settled now.

It’s already 12 o’clock at night, but the door of the classroom remains unlocked. 2.作定语

过去分词作定语时，表示的动作与被修饰的词之间是被动关系，而且表示在谓语动作之前发生或表示没有一定的时间性。单个的过去分词一般作前置定语，过去分词短语只能作后置定语

eg: The injured workers are being taken good care of in the hospital. The play put on by the teacher was a big success.

I found it difficult to understand the English spoken by the native villages.

After congratulating him, we ate bananas served by his wife. congratulate sb. on sth. The computer centre, opened last year, is very popular among students. I didn’t attend the meeting held yesterday. 注：to be done 作定语表示“即将被做”

being done 作定语表示“正在被做” done 表示“已经被做了” 3.作状语

过去分词可以作原因、时间、条件、伴随、让步、方式等状语 eg: Taken on time, the medicine will be quite effective.

Seen from space, the earth, with water covering more than 70 percent of the surface, looks like

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a “blue ball”.

Given more attention, the work would have been done better. Built in 1886, the car was the oldest one in the race.

Compared with their school, ours has a long way to go. compare A with B

When spoken to (When she is spoken to / When other people speak to her), she always keeps silent. 4.作宾补

可以跟过去分词作宾补常见的动词有：find、see、notice、hear、get、keep、leave(使保持某种状态)、have、want、other、would like、observe(=notice)、make、feel、smell、taste等 eg: She is glad to see her children taken good care of in the nursery(托儿所).

The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year. I often hear the song sung.

In the morning, people woke up and found the world outside their houses completely changed. Speak louder to make you heard by us all.

We should work harder to get the work done in time.

It was bad manners if he left the door broken after he broken it. Want/order sth. (to be) done

eg: I want a suit (to be) made to my own measure(照着我自己的尺寸). The teacher wouldn’t like the problem discussed at the moment. 5.系表结构

含有过去分词形式的系表结构如：be dressed in、be addicted in、be devoted to(献身于)、be lost in thought(陷入沉思)、be located(位于)、be determined to do sth.、be prepared for、be surprised at、be tired of、be interested in、be accused of=be charged with(因而被指控)、be satisfied with、be intended for(为而打算)、be faced with、be based on、be absorbed in、be hidden、be lost. 在句中作定语、状语、宾补时，去掉be即可。 eg: Located by the sea, the house is expensive. Faced with the sea, the house is expensive. Lost in thought, he didn’t notice me come in. 不及物动词的过去分词只表完成不表被动。 eg: A retired worker.

Fallen leaves. 落叶

An escaped criminal. 一个逃犯 The risen sun. 升起的太阳 With的复合结构

1.with + n./pron. + 不定式(将做)

eg: With many clothes to wash, I can’t go out with you. 2. with + n./pron. + 现在分词(主动)

eg: With so many people communicating in English every day, it become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the old man’s house. 3.with + n./pron. + 过去分词(被动)

eg: With the problem settled, we are more confident. 4. with + n./pron. + adj.

eg: With the weather hot, we just want to stay at home. 主动：The weather is hot.

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5. with + n./pron. + 介词短语

eg: The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand. 主动：a book is in his hand. 6. with + n./pron. + adv.

eg: With the light on, he fell asleep.

With the meeting over, we went home.

句型：advise /allow /permit /forbid /recommend(建议；推荐).+doing sth. /sb. to do sth.

时态

一、现在时态

1.一般现在时 助动词do、does

①表示习惯性或经常性发生的动作。

eg: We deal with some news problems every day. John smokes a lot.

Guard dogs bark if anyone comes over.

At night we tie the boat to a big tree by the river in the village. Advertisement is a highly developed industry. ②表示客观事实或普遍真理。

eg: The sun rise in the east and sets in the west.

Knowledge only comes from practice. 知识只能来源于实践 注：

1.表示按计划、规定、时刻表、日程表进行的动作，这时常有一个表未来时间的状语，但用一般现在时。

eg: My plane takes off at 2:30 this afternoon.

The exhibition opens on September 1 and closes on September 30. 2.在时间状语和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表一般将来。 eg: I’ll wait until he came back. If you don’t go, nor will I.

3.表示主语的特征、自然倾向，用不及物动词的一般现在时。 eg: His book sells well.

The kind of cloth washes easily. 这种布料好洗 Round things roll easily.

Don’t pull the cloth so hard, it tears easily. The pen writes well. 2.现在进行时

表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。

eg: The number of milu deer is increasing year by year. The students are preparing for exams these days. 注：

1.现在进行时与always、constantly(不断的)、frequently(频繁的)、continually、forever等高频度的副词连用，并不表正在进行的动作，而是表“赞扬、埋怨、责备”等感情色彩。 eg: My grandpa is always losing keys. He is always doing his homework well.

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I am frequently hearing strange stories about her. You are always complaining.

2.come、go、leave、arrive、return等表位置移动的动词的现在进行时可表一般将来时。 eg: A group of foreigners are visiting our school tomorrow. He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 13:27 train. He is leaving for Shanghai the day after tomorrow. 3.现在完成时

①表刚刚完成的动作，常just与连用

eg: We have just heard a warning on radio that a hurricane(飓风) may be on its way.

②表示过去发生的动作持续到现在刚刚结束或还将继续下去。常常与since …、for …、so far、up still now(到目前为止)等时间状语连用。

注：又表示一段时间的时间状语，句子不能用短暂性动词作谓语。 eg: We have learnt English for five years. I have lived this village since I was born. They have been married for three years. So far we haven’t seen each other. He has had the car for a month. I have kept the book for a week.

I have been up half an hour. 我起床半个小时了 He has been away for ten minutes. ③表过去的动作对现在的影响。

eg: The glass is broken, who has broken it?

They have cleaned the classroom, so it is clean.

I put the pen on the desk, but it isn’t there. (put对现在没有影响，故用一般过去时) 注：

1.have /has gone 去了 Have /has been 去过

eg: I have been to Beijing three times.

He has gone to Australia, when he comes back, he will give us a talk.

2.It /this +is /has been + the first /second /third … time + that-clause.(现在完成时) It /this +was /hah been + the first /second /third … time + that-clause.(过去完成时) eg: It is the forth time that you have been late this month,

3.句中有in /over /during +the last /past + 一段时间 的时间状语，用现在完成时。 eg: Great changes have taken place in China in the past thirty years. The telephone has rung three times in the last hour.

4.在时间状语和条件状语从句中，用现在完成时表将来完成。 eg: You can leave the classroom when you have finished writing. 4.现在完成进行时

Have /has been doing sth.

表示发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在或将延续到未来的动作。 eg: It has been raining for three days.

We have been working on it for many years, but we have not yet drawn any conclusions(得出结论).

二、过去时态

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1.一般过去时

表示在过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。常用的状语有：yesterday、last week、last year…对现在没有影响

eg: I met an old friend of mine a few minutes ago.

He lived in the country for the years and now he lives in the city.

He was writing (过去一段时间里持续的动作，但不强调完成) a book last year, but I don’t know whether he has finished it.

I played football everyday when I was young. When did you learn about it?

When did you get to know (短暂性)it? know 延续性

When 提出的问题绝对不能是现在完成时

2.过去进行时

表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作

eg: I was having tea with a friend on the fifth floor at 8:00 last night. Philip was writing his essay last night. 注：

1.和现在进行时一样，和always等高频度副词连用，表“赞扬、埋怨、责备”等感情色彩。 eg: When he was young, he was always making trouble.

2.come、go、leave等位置移动的动词的过去进行时，表过去将来。 eg: He said he was coming. 3.过去完成时

表示“过去的过去”，即表示过去某一时间之前完成的动作 eg: The film had began when we got to the cinema.

We had just finished dinner when someone knocked at the door. It rained yesterday after it had been dry for several months. 注：

1.by /by the time + 过去时间，句子用过去完成时。

eg: By the end of last year, I had worked in this school for 20 years. He had left by the time I arrived. 2.在hardly … when …；no sooner … than … (刚…就…)结构中，前半部分用过去完成时，后半部分用一般过去时。

eg: hardly had I entered the room when I heard him ringing. 3.表示过去为实现的愿望或打算，用过去完成时，常见的可以这样用的动词有：hope、expect、think、want、suppose、mean、plan、intent等。

eg: I had wanted to catch the 9:30 train, but I found it had gone. I had hoped to see more of Shanghai but time didn’t permit. He had meant to pay you a visit, but he was ill. 4.过去完成进行时 Had been doing

表示在过去某一时间前，一直在进行着的动作或反复发生的动作。

eg: I felt quite uncomfortable because my shoe had been pressing against my foot.

They didn’t know each other’s name though they had been meeting each other every day.

三、将来时态

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1.一般将来时

①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，第一人称用shall，其它人称用will。 eg: I shall give him some help.

If you work hard, you will succeed in time.

②be going to do sth. 表示打算做某事或将来一定会发生的事(尤指天气)。 eg: I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a small house. It is going to rain.

③be to do sth. 表示安排、命令、职务、义务、目的、用途、命中注定等含义。 eg: We are to meet at the school gate. You are to be back by 10:00. (表命令) A knife is to cut with.

He has a talent for music, he is to become a great musician. 注：be to do sth. 可用在条件状语从句中，表“要想……” eg: If you are to succeed, you must work even harder. ④be about to do sth. 即将……(不能跟时间状语) eg: The new experiment is about to begin. The meeting is about to close. 注：be about to do sth. when …… ⑤be doing ……(见现在进行时注2) 2.将来进行时 Will be doing

①表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。

eg: What will you be doing this time tomorrow. ②表示打算做某事

eg: I’ll be seeing you next week. 3.将来完成时

Will /shall have done.

表示到将来某个时间已经完成的动作。特别要注意：by /by the time + 将来时间，句子用将来完成时。

eg: By the end of this year, we’ll have completed the project. By the time he comes, we will have left. 4.过去将来时

在过去看来将要发生的事情

eg: They were sure that they would succeed.

情态动词

没有人称和数的变化

一、情态动词 + 动词原形 的用法

1.can 的用法 ①表能力

eg: Two eyes can see more than one eye. He is only five, but he can swim well. The theatre(剧院) can seat 3000 people.

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②表许可=may. may 较正式些；can 较非正式些。 eg: You can go now.

This sort of thing can’t go on.

You can have the book when I finished reading it. —Can I smoke here? —I’m afraid you can’t.

③表可能性(可用在疑问句、否定句中表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度)。 eg: Where can he be now? What can his words mean?

Can this be the real reason for your not coming on time? He can’t do that sort of thing. He can’t be at home now. 注：

1.can 表示能力时，不能 be able to 和出现在同一个句子中。 eg: He can’t be able to come this afternoon. × I can’t come this afternoon.

另外，be able to 表示能做成某事。

eg: Marx has mastered English so well that he was able to write a book in it. The fire spread quickly in the hotel, but everyone was able to get out of it. 2.can 还可用在下列一些结构中。 ①can’t … too … 再……也不过分

eg: He is a very kind man, so we can’t think too highly of him. You can’t be too careful when crossing the street.

②can not but + 动词原形= can do nothing but … 除了……别无选择 eg: We can not but admire his courage.

③can but +动词原形 = can only 只好……

eg: The criminal can but give up himself to the police. 2.could 的用法。

①作为can 的过去式，表能力或许可。

eg: Before liberation(), few workers can support their families. He asked if he could take the book out of the reading room.

②用在疑问句或否定句中，表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。这时，could 与 can 可以互换，用 could 时语气较缓和；用 can 时不相信的程度更强一些。两者在实践上没什么区别。 eg: He couldn’t over fifty.

③用 could 表示建议或请求，语气更委婉一些。回答时用 can. eg: —Could you close the window? —Of course, I can.

—Could I come to see you tomorrow? —Yes, you can./No I am afraid you can’t. 3.may 的用法

①表可能性(不用于疑问句中)

eg: You may walk ten miles without seeing a house. —Will Mary stay here this afternoon?

—I am not sure, she may go shopping this afternoon.

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He may not be there today. ②表许可

eg: You may return the book to me tomorrow. You may take any of the books you like. —May I smoke here?

—No, you mustn’t./You’d better not./please don’t. ③may + 主语 + 动词原形……！ 表祝愿 (倒装句) eg: May you succeed !

May you have a happy new year ! 4.might 的用法

①作为 may 的过去式，表示可以做的事或可能发生的事。主要用在过去的语言环境中。 eg: He said (that) he might take part in the Summer Camp. He suggested a few books that I might boy. He said (that) I might ask another question.

②might 也可以用在现在的语言环境中，表许可或可能性，但是语气may比婉转或更加不确定。

eg: A bad thing might be turned into a good thing.

You might not buy your ticket until three days before you travel. 5.must 的用法

①表示必须。否定回答用needn’t ；don’t /doesn’t have to

eg: You must renew(续借) the book if you can’t finish reading it in time. You must stay here until I come back.

—Must I get everything ready before they come? —No, you needn’t /No, you don’t have to. You mustn’t play fire, you may start a fire. ②表推测，只用在肯定句中。“一定……；准是……” eg: He must be at home now. You must know the news. ③must 和 have to 的区别

must 表示说话人的主观意图，而have to 表示客观要求，译为“不得不……；必须……”。 have to 有不同的时态。

eg: I’ll have to do my homework.

I have to travel on business twice a year.

You must give up both smoking and drinking. You don’t have to get up early tomorrow morning. 6.will 的用法

①表示现在的意愿

eg: If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice. I will gladly do so. 我很愿意这样做

②表示现在的习惯动作，有时候表示自然倾向，即描述特有的习惯或行为。 eg: Man will die without water or air. 自然倾向

Water will boil when heated to 100 degrees centigrade. Accidents will happen. 事故总是难免的(特有的行为)

In find weather, he will sat in the sun for hours. 特有的行为

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③由于主语是第二人称的疑问句，表示请求、建议或询问。 eg: Will you please show me your new pen?

Will you join us in doing the work? join sb. in doing sth. 加入某人的行列一起做…… Will you do me a favor, please? do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙 7.would 的用法 ①表示过去的意愿

eg: He said he would offer me some help. persuade sb. to do sth. 劝而服了 try to persuade sb. to do sth. 劝而不服 advice sb. to do sth. 劝而不服

eg: I tried to persuade him to give up smoking, but he wouldn’t listen to me. ②表过去的习惯动作(不能是状态)

eg: When I was young, I would swim in the river.

When he was in Now York, he would help the poor.

注：used to do sth. 既表过去的习惯动作，也可表过去的习惯状态。 eg: He used to be a worker. 状态

③表示说话人的意愿或向对方提出请求，语气 will 比委婉，并不表过去，答语用 will. eg: —Would you please open the window for me? —Yes, I would. /Of course.

—Would you have another cup of tea? —Thank you ! 8.shall 的用法

①用于第一、第三人称的疑问句，表示征询对方意愿或请求指示。 eg: Where shall I wait for you? Shall I take a seat here? Shall she bring a cup of tea?

Shall he come in or wait outside?

②用于第二、第三人称的陈述句，表示命令、警告、威胁、强制、允诺等。 eg: Don’t worry, you shall get the answer this very afternoon.(允诺) If you continue stealing, you shall end up in prison. (警告)

You can tell him, he shall be sorry() for what he did one day. end in a tie 以平局结束 When he comes, nobody shall say a word. (命令)

Everything he had shall be taken away by law /according to the law. (强制) 9.should /ought to 的用法 ①表“应该；应当”.

②should 用在形容词anxious、happy、sorry、surprised、strange、delight(感到高兴的)等后面的从句中，表示惊奇等感情色彩，常译为“竟然 ……”

eg: I was surprised that a gentle man like him should have been that rude to a lady. 10.need 的用法

need 既可作实意动词也可作情态动词，need 作情态动词时一般用于疑问句和否定句中。 eg: You needn’t come so early.

—Need I finish the work today? —Yes, you must, 11.dare 的用法

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dare 既可作实意动词也可作情态动词

eg: I dare not touch the dog when I was a child.

How dare he open my letter (信)? 语气强烈，感情成分较多，只用情态动词 Dare you stay out alone after dark?

注：dare 作实意动词时，在疑问句和否定句中，它后面的 to 可以省略。 eg: He did not dare (to) look up.

Does he dare (to) speak before such a crowed?

二、一些情态动词跟动词原形或have done 的用法

1. must + 动词原形 表对现在有一定把握的肯定推测 must have done 表对过去有一定把握的肯定推测 eg: This must be your room.? You must like music.

He must have known about it long ago.

The classroom is empty, they must have gone to the playground. 2. can’t /couldn’t + 动词原形 表对现在有一定把握的否定推测 can’t /couldn’t +have done 表对过去有一定把握的否定推测 eg: This can’t be Li Lei’s pen, it must be your.

Mr. Li can’t be in Xi’an because I sow him in the street just now. He can’t have attended the meeting because he was here yesterday.

注：上面两种结构的反义疑问句的判断法：从意义上去掉推测，看该句有什么时态，然后根据这个时态来确定反义疑问句。

eg: You must have been to Beijing, haven’t you? It must have rained last night, didn’t it?

You must have seen the film, haven’t you? /didn’t you? 3.should /ought to have done 本该做但没做的事

eg: You are late, you should have come five minutes earlier. —You missed a golden chance.

—Yes, I should have taken the at job when it was suggested. You shouldn’t have scolded(责备) him.

4.may /might have done 表过去时间可能做过某事(might 的可能性小一点)

eg: In the end, the problem was settled, they may /might have had much difficulty in solving it. Our team may have won the game.

5.needn’t have done 表示本不必做而做了的事 eg: The station was near, we needn’t have taken a taxi.

6.could /might have done 表示提出婉转的批评(与过去事实相反的虚拟语气) eg: You could /might at least have answered my letter. You could have made greater progress.

虚拟语气

英语中的三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气在条件句中的应用

1.与现在事实相反

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从句：一般过去时

主句：would /could(能够) /might(可能性) /should(多用于第一人称) + 动词原形 eg: If everyone knew something about first-aid, many lives could be saved. If I knew German, I would translate the article for you. If you were in my place, what would you do? If I were you, I would fire(开除) him at once. 2.与将来事实可能相反

从句：一般过去时/were to +动词原形/should +动词原形 主句：would /could /might /should +动词原形

eg: If I did /were to do /should do it, I would do it in another way. If I should fail again, I wouldn’t lose heart.

If the sun were not to rise tomorrow, what would happen? (绝对的虚拟语气) 3.与过去事实相反 从句：过去完成时

主句：would /could /might /should have done.

eg: If you had put on more clothes, you wouldn’t have caught cold.

If you had told me that you wanted to go to the concert, I would look a seat for you in advance (预先；提前).

If I had been more careful, I could have done the work better. 4.混合的虚拟条件句

有时条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据各自的时间来确定

eg: If you had taken the doctor’s advice, you would be all right now. If I had received your invitation, I would go to your party now. 5.省略 if 的虚拟条件句

如果从句中有were、had或should，可以将省略，然后把were、had或should提到主语前面. eg: Were I in your position /If I were in your position, I wouldn’t give up. Should it rain tomorrow /Were it to rain, we would go camping. 6.含蓄的虚拟语气

有时候句子中没有条件句，而是从某个短语或上下文判断用虚拟语气(只要与事实相反，就用)

eg: Without your help, I wouldn’t have succeed /I wouldn’t succeed. Given more time, I would have done it better.

The boy would have died but for (要不是……的话) the solder /If it had not been for the solder. .

I could have gone to the party, but I was too busy then. He might have given you more help even if he was busy. Without electricity, our life would be very difficult today.

二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用

1.wish 后的宾语从句用虚拟语气：如果从句表示与现在事实相反，用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；与将来事实相反，用过去将来时。 eg: I wish that we could go to the seaside today.

He wishes that he had not missed seeing the film.

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—He is a brave man.

—Yes, I wash I had his courage.

2.在insist(一个“坚持”)；order、command(两个“命令”)；suggest、advise、propose(三个“建议”)；ask、require、demand、request(四个“要求”)；recommend(推荐、建议)、urge(力劝、催促)、desire(译为“要求”时)等动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词是：(should) + 动词原形

①insist 后的宾语从句可用虚拟语气也可不用虚拟语气，如果表示坚持要某人做某事，或者是坚持某人应该做某事，就用虚拟语气；若是坚持认为，则不用。 eg: He insisted that he was right. (坚持认为)

The teacher insisted that everyone (should) obey the rules.

He insisted that he had done(发生在 insisted 之前) nothing wrong and that he (should) be set free(释放).

②表“建议、要求、命令”时，不管后面是什么从句，肯定用虚拟语气。 eg: Xiao Li required that he (should) be sent to work there. He ordered that the gate (should) be locked before dark. He suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. He urged that I (should) set off (动身、出发) at once.

三、虚拟语气在其它名词性从句中的应用

表示要求、建议、命令等动词的同源名词后面的同位语从句、表语从句或主语从句，也用虚拟语气。谓语动词用 (should) + 动词原形

eg: My suggestion(suggest 的同源名词) is that we (should) visit the exhibition right now. The order came that the medical equipment (should) be sent to the village without delay. It is suggested that you (should) keep away from the machine. 主语从句 句型：It is strange /important /necessary /natural +that-clause(从句谓动：should + 动词原形). eg: It is necessary that we (should) drink plenty of water every day. It is natural that we should think so.

四、虚拟语气在as if /as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用

如果从句谓语动作与主句谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时；如果从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，从句用过去完成时。 eg: He walked past the solder and the pole() as if they didn’t exist.

It was the first time that they had met each other, but they talked as if they had known each other for years.

When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. He acted(比划) as if he were smoking.

五、虚拟语气在一些特殊结构中的应用

1.If only … 要是 …… 就好了 ……

这个句子中的谓语动词和 wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式一样。 eg: If only I were as young as you. If only I had taken his advice. If only he would come.

2.It’s time /high time(早该是……的时间了) /about time(大概是……时间)+ that-clause(谓语动

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词用一般过去式或(should) + 动词原形，但首选一般过去式) eg: It’s time that went home.

It’s time that I went and picked up my little girl from school. Isn’t it time that you make the decision? 3.would rather + (that)-clause 宁愿 …

指现在或将来，用一般过去时；指过去，用过去完成时。 eg: I would rather the meeting were held tomorrow. He would rather he were he were a policeman now. I would rather that I had not let out the news.

倒装句

倒装句主要是指主谓顺序倒装的结构(当然也包括少数别的倒装结构)，这一结构主要是为了突出某一句子成分，或是为了上下文连贯，或者是为了句子的平衡。 倒装句可以分为全部倒装和部分倒装。

一、全部倒装

1.以时间副词 now、then ；地点副词 here、there、south、east、west、north；方位副词 in、out、away、up、down等开头的句子，且主语是名词，要全部倒装。 eg: Now comes your own turn.

Here comes a bus. 另： Here he(代词) comes. There goes the bell. Here is a letter for you.

Then came the day we were looking forward to. Out rushed Li Lei.

Away flew the kite. go south(adv.) Down came the rain. go to the south(n) In came the teacher.

2.以介词短语开头，且句子没有宾语，要全部倒装 eg: On the wall hangs a picture.

In a lecture hall in London sits a professor.

At the gate stands a soldier in uniform(穿着制服).

They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 3. adj./-ing /-ed +be +主+其它(表语前置) eg: Typical for China is the cross talk show.

Present at the meeting were all the teachers and some students Gone are the days when women were looked down upon. Lying under the tree is a little boy.

Standing beside him was his interpreter(口译).

Seated /sitting on the ground are group of young men, playing card.

二、部分倒装

只把系动词、情态动词或相应的助动词提到主语的前面。

1.以so或neither … nor 开头的句子，表示也 ……或也不……

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eg: I won’t go, neither any of my classmates.

I don’t know, nor do I care. 我不知道，也不关心 If you don’t go to the party, neither will I.

He never laughed, nor did he lose his temper (发脾气).

He has no experience in tying, nor does the skill interest him.

Without international cooperation, developing countries can not prosper, nor will sustainable development(可持续发展) be possible. 注：

1.—I like watching basketball matches, but I don’t like playing it. —So it is with me./It is the same with me.

—Mr. Smith was an author and wrote many famous books. —So it was with Mr. Black /It was the same with Mr. Black. 2.—You have finished your task. —So we have.

—You had the lights burning the whole night. —Oh, so I did. I’ll go and turn them off.

2.以否定词或否定短语开头的句子，部分倒装。 如：never、not until、not only、little、not、hardly /scarcely /barely(几乎没有，几乎不)、no sooner、nowhere、few、seldom、at no time(在什么时间都不)、by no means(绝不)、in no time(立刻，马上)、neither or(既不……也不……) eg: Not a single mistake did he made.

Not only did he say so, but he also did so.

Nowhere else can we find such a comfortable hotel. Not until the teacher came in, did they become silent. Seldom does he go and see his parents. At no time can you lose heart. In no time did his friends appear.

By no means can theory be separated from practice. Little do I know about the island country. Neither can the patient walk nor can he sit.

3.以only + 状语或often 开头的句子，部分倒装。

eg: Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.

Only when the war was over was he able to get back happily to his work. Only in this way can we make progress.

Often did we warn them not to do so, but they wouldn’t listen.

4.在so … that …/ such … that …结构中， so …/ such …开头，句子要倒装。 eg: So well did the workers do their work that they finished the plan ahead of time. So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him.

Such interesting books are they that kids like reading them. 5.倒装句用于省掉 if 的虚拟条件句中

eg: Were it fine tomorrow we would go camping.

Should he come tomorrow, we would tell him the news. 6.倒装句用于 as /though 引导的让步状语从句中 eg: Clever as he is, he doesn’t work hard.

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Student as he is, he has a lot of working experience. Hard as he worked, he doesn’t pass the exam.

Study as he did in our school for another year, he failed to go to the university. 7.may + 主语+动词原形 表祝愿

eg: May you succeed !

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