城市规划专业英语

Modern urban planning was emerged to resolve the problems brought by Industrial Revolution. It was physical and technical with focus on land-use .原因：Industrialization brought with the rapid economic growth,the expansion of city and the immigration of population. Large scale population growth in city and without any planning caused many problems of housing, sanitation and infrastructure, and the spread of cholera and other waterborne diseases. So the emergence of Urban Planning was to create a pleasant, self-contained environment providing for work, settlement and leisure. 2.为什么要做增长控制和衰退管理？

Control growth: A comman situation is when long-term residents and recent in-migrants decide that growth is occurring too rapidly and destroying the quality of life that attracted development.In order to preserve the quality of life as well as to relieve the pressures on the infrastructure, public services, and public costs created by new development.

Decline Management: It does not mean decaynecessarily,since some places have redeveloped

and improved their quality of life with fewer people living there.This approach invdves elements of preserving what is good about these cities while encouraging change and innovation for things that do not seem to be viable any longer.

3.英国规划的等级

Level 1, Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) at the national level Level 2, Regional Planning Guidance (RPG) at the Regional Level Level 3, Development Plans at the Local/district level

4.总规，详规，分规的特征

Comprehensive Plan: sets the basic policies for development of the city, the general relation

between the various land uses—residential,commercial,and industrial and forms the framework of the urban structure.

Precise Plan: 1. they define the standards for development of the city, the standards of

population density, the design of the circulation system, and the amount and location of open space and physical facilities for business and residence.

2. the precise plans provide a program for development, a basis for timing

proposed improvements in the city, the location, design, and installation of utilities, schools, parks, the extension of subdivision development, and the redevelopment of devastated areas.

Zoning: 1. Be the legal regulation of the use of land

2. It is an application of the police power for the protection of the public

health,welfare,and safety.

3. be adopted and rendered effective as a legal ordinance 5.什么事世界级城市？竞争力是什么？

A world-class city firstly was the center of political power, trade, finance, at the meantime, it was

the center of global or regional economy, culture, technology and education.

A well-trained labour force, a modern and efficient infrastructure, and attractive QQL are three

key issues forming a world-class city’competitiveness.

6.什么是贵族化？什么是郊区扩张？

Gentrification,the conversion of socially marginal and working-class areas of the central city

to middle-class residential use,reflects a movement,that began in the 1960s,of private-market investment capital into downtown districts of major urban centers.

Suburban:The development of high speed ,multiple lane highways after World War Tow allowed

workers to move away from the cities to smaller towns 20-30 miles from their work.

7花园城市的结构特征

The city is conceived like many utopias ,on a circular basis and there is a clear zoning system within it . service activities and public buildings are at the center with a belt of residential land around them and the railway and factories are on the perimeter. Pubic gardens ,parks and tree-lined avenues are prominent features. Six wide boulevards act as radial, divding the city into six equal and self-sufficient parts. Sanitary arrangements were to be strictly enforced and all sewerage and town refuse would be utilized on the agricultural portions of the estate. 8什么是环境影响评估

EIA is a planning process used to predict ,analyze and interpret the significant environmental effects of a proposal and to provide information that can be used during decision-making 9城市古迹保护有哪些专业词汇？并且 每一个都解释 Place(场所):means site,area,building or other work ,group of buildings or other works together with pertient contents and surroundings.

Fabric: means all the physical material of the place. Conservation: means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance.

Maintenance: means the continuous protective care of the fabric，contents and setting of a place，and is to be distinguished from repair.

Preservation: means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration.

Restoration: means returning the existing fabric of a place to known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. Reconstruction: means returning a place as nearly as possible to a know state and is distinguished by the introduction of material into the fabric.

Adaptation:means modifying a place to suit proposed compatible uses. Compatible uses: means a use which involves no change to the culturally significant fabric ,changes which are substantially revesible, or changes which repuire a minimal impact.

10城市设计有几个不同形态？形态的元素？ Urban form, including size, density, configuration, layout, mix of uses and building types，

From a functional aspect, They are: (1) land use; (2) building form and massing; (3) circulation and parking; (4) open spaces; (5) pedestrian ways; (6) activity support; (7) signage; and (8) preservation

From a visual and aesthetic perspective, They are:

Paths, which may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads Edges, which include shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls Districts, which are recognizable with same common character. Nodes, which may be centers of activities, like a shopping center, major junctions, places of break in transportation

Landmarks, which are usually a rather defined physical object such as building, sign, mountain or monument.