现代主义：西方现代主义电影的技巧特点
现代主义电影必然要发展出一套特殊的技巧手法，形成一种特殊的电影语言。电影在三十年代获得了声音和彩色后，它在技术上的实质性发展便告完成。也就在同一个时期里，人们开始对电影的表现技巧进行系统的研究，归纳出完整详备的\"电影文法\"。这种电影语言的研究是以电影所惯用的各种类型为基础的，例如喜剧片、惊险片、歌舞片、西部片等，各种类型都有与之相适应的镜头处理和剪辑方式，可供人们按图索骥，对号入座。
但是在五十年代后期，个人化的现代主义影片开始出现，特别是法国新浪潮电影运动提出的\"作家电影\"的明确主张，更是同\"类型电影\"的观念形成明显的对立。从技巧的角度来说，所谓\"电影创作的个人化\"并不意味着给类型化的电影语言增添某些新的\"句式\"或\"语汇\"，它相反地意味着对一切规范化尝试的否定。
现代主义的电影创作者在使用电影手法上很少是以\"有效地叙说故事\"为目的，而大多偏
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be重于把技巧作为一种思维的工具，作为影片表达的意义的一部分。特吕弗曾说，他希望\"以类型的混合来粉碎类型\"。他力图打破或打乱类型化的电影文法给观众造成的心理型式，使他们不断地处于不知所从的状态。当影片眼看是朝着某一方向进展时，他总喜欢让它突然转向其他的方向。银幕上应当出现什么或不出现什么，应当以什么方式出现或消失，这一切只能决定于影片\"作家\"的主观意向，不受任何客观规范的约束。雷乃强调，\"重要的是时刻忠于我们的直觉\"。而戈达尔在1962年接受英国《画面与音响》杂志的访问时说，\"对于'电影语言'的问题，我不再去理会它。。。在我拍《精疲力尽》或其他早期短片的时候，我会以纯粹的'电影化'观点来处理人物的镜头。如今我拍片时，已经不再考虑是否合乎电影化的原则了。\"
还可以从西方电影现代主义者的言论中找到很多类似的看法。这些都表明他们的技巧观念同样带有明显的唯我主义的非理性主义色彩。英国电影理论家卡莱尔·赖兹说，现代主义电影导演的手怯是一种\"个人的电影手法\"，很难作什么归纳式的概括。在研究现代主义者的技巧手法时，确实不能离开个人而孤立地构成某种通用的现代化电影语言。
然而，既然现代主义已被公认为当代西方电影中的一个流派，现代主义影片在技巧上还是有若干可以称之为标志性的特点的。下面我想列举出最主要的两条。
一、用事件的无逻辑组合（生活流手法）或非理性的意识活动（意识流手法）来代替或打乱逻辑的情节结构。对传统的情节结构的否定，向来被认为是现代主义电影最基本的形式特征。所谓情节结构，按最古老的解释，就悬如亚里士多德所指出的，根据可能性和必要性的法则（或因果）而相互联系起来的一系列事件。E。M。福斯特尔给情节下的定义是，\"把重点放在因果关系上的对事件的叙述。\"高尔基则把情节称作\"人们的联系、矛盾、同情、反感和一般相互关系，也就是这一或那一性格、典型成长和形成的历史\"，或者相反，是性格\"毁坏\"的历史。由此可见，情节是作品所表现的生活的客观规律性的反映，而否定情节当然就意味着否定生活的客观规律性。只要回想一下我在上文详细介绍过的西方现代主义电影的意识形态基础，就可以看出内容决定形式这条定理也何等适用于现代主义了。
西方的电影理论家们也是承认这一点的。卡莱尔·赖兹说，特吕弗的技巧\"都是反映了他的人生哲学。显然，他的电影也正是罗得和皮尔逊所一致赞扬的所谓'非连续性的哲学\"。斯坦莱·梭罗门也说，\"现代主义对电影叙事所持的态度反映了现代的人生观：人生无结构可言，所以表现某些有趣的现代人生活中的现代精神的影片也是无结构的。\"
在特吕弗的著名影片《四百下》里，我们就找不到任何符合传统观念的情节。影片描写安托万这个在家庭里得不到温暖的男童，后来走上了犯罪的道路，但是影片对安托万的生活方式的描述，只是通过逛马路、逃学、撒谎、逛市场、漫步沙滩等一系列毫无戏剧性可言的事件。整个影片就平淡得象日常生活中无数平淡的一天一样。当安托万最后从拘留所逃出，向大海飞奔而去时，镜头一直跟拍他那无休无止的奔跑达数分钟之久。在这里，与其说是在表现一个事件，不如说是在表达安挖万终于逃脱了肉体和精神折磨后的极度喜悦的心情。技巧在这里显然已不是为了叙事了。
意大利导演埃尔曼诺·奥尔米的《未婚夫》（1962）也不给人以有任何情节结构的感觉。一切仿佛都是偶然的遭遇，琐琐碎碎，没有一点戏剧性。一个男人为了生活而离开了他的未婚妻，去到一个完全陌生的环境中工作。他感到孤独、苦闷，每件小事都撩起他的离愁，每
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be个细节都突出了他的身在异乡的处境。从机场到旅馆去的路上，他根本插不进其他乘客的谈话。他抵达旅馆--他在找到住房以前的临时住处--时晚饭己经开过，空荡荡的餐厅里只有他一个人在就餐，一个侍者唠唠叨叨地向他诉说家庭不和的苦处，他不知如何作答，因为他更需要别人的同情。房间里冷冷清清，上床又嫌太早，来回蹀躞，不知所措。他听到街对面的餐室里有音乐声，满心喜欢她赶去，发现餐室正在上门，自动唱机放出的音乐已近尾声，客人早已走光。。。他上班，试图结交朋友，去乡村踏青，进教堂闲逛，关在房间里读未婚妻的来信。。。完。在这里，影片完全是用主人公对环境的反应来代替情节结构，它仅仅描写一种心情，一种处境。人物的性格既没有成长，也没有毁坏，甚至不存在任何性格的特征，它只是对人生的空虚和无聊的思考。
但是把现代主义的生活流技巧发展到极点的，则应当提到安东尼奥尼。安东尼奥尼直到他拍出《奇遇》（或译《冒险》1960〉前，还是一个并不引人注目的导演。《奇遇》问世后，他的技巧和发现才在世界范围引起了重视。安东尼奥尼是这样描述他的这部影片的：\"从表面看，《奇遇》有点象一个爱情故事，一个有点神秘的爱情故事。说的是一个姑娘在一次旅行中失踪了。其它一些事情立即填补了所形成的空缺。那个姑娘的未婚夫和那个姑娘的女友出发去寻找她，结果变成了一次柔情蜜意的旅行，在旅行结束时，他们却发现自己陷入了新的、出乎意料的处境中。
《奇遇》事实上并没有什么情节，\"一个姑娘失踪了\"只是一个虚假的悬念，因为观众终于发现，这只是一个借口，好让观众跟着那群富有的意大利人驾帆遨游西西里海，观察其中一对男女的感情变化。除了平淡无奇的旅游见闻和日常事件之外，观众所等待的矛盾、冲突或转折都没有出现。既然桑德洛已经对失踪的安娜不感兴趣，为什么还非要去追究她的下落呢？在1960年这确实是一个令人震惊的概念。影片作者只关心他的人物而不理会观众的习惯心理，。这无异是摧毁了二千多年来的剧作传统。安东尼奥尼在他接下来拍摄的《夜》（1961）这部影片里，连虚假的悬念也抛弃了。影片的内容简单之至：一对夫妻突然发现他们并不相爱。影片描写了主人公生活中的十八个小时，既没有去回叙他们过去生活中的任何片段，以追溯感情破裂的缘由，也没有任何戏剧性事件成为破坏婚姻的因素。一切动乱都只是发生在主人公的头脑里，然而这种内在的波动却完全是通过外在的表现和动作表达出来的。妻子显得焦躁不安，伤心流泪，但并没有任何对话或内心独自来作出解释。观众必须自己去揣摩、思考，去寻找答案。
几乎在安东尼奥尼的所有影片里，对人物的平凡生活现象的细致观察都是极重要的成分。生活流的手法被赋予高度个人化的色彩。在《红色沙漠》里，一切彩色都服从于主人公的心情，一片沼泽地可以是灰色的，因为主人公当时的心情决定了它应是灰色的。房间里变得一片粉红，因为这时一对情人正沉浸在桃色之中。
生活流手法一般来说是一种纯客观的纪录手法。纪录派的理论大师克拉考尔主张一部理想的影片应当是完全没有主观选择地按照生活的自然节奏来纪录一个人的日常生活过程。但是在现代主义电影里，生活流手法的客观性只是表面的。作为一种个人化创作的手段，影片作者的主观性是以溶合于人物的主观性的方式对事件起着取合作用。《奇遇》中安娜被完全甩开是一个例子。在《四百下》里，当社会工作者来对安托万进行精神分析法访问时，观众只看到安托万在回答问题，而始终没有看到访问者的真面目。因为安托万对这次访问丝毫不感兴趣，根本不想好好看对方一眼，于是观众也就没有理由要看见她了。
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be 美国电影学教授李·旅布克曾在《影片的元素材1974）一书中把安东尼奥尼的技巧特点概括为以下六点：\"1。在剧本中通过人物的行为发掘哲学观念；２。复杂、运动缓慢的长镜头，很少使用特写或其他4电影化，技巧，3。一般比较慢的叙事速度，使意念和事件能在很长的银幕时间里逐渐发展，4。使用极短的几乎是电报式的对话，中间常常有很长的停顿；5。对表演高度控制，常常限制和不许演员出声，迫使他们用最小限度的外部效果来表现内心的冲突和看法，6。不重视传统的辅助元素如音乐或光学效果，倾向于信任场面本身；他的绝大部分富有效果的场面都是用长的'马斯特镜头'③，只有自然音响来衬托对话。\"虽然不能说这六点可以代表现代主义电影中生活流手法的共有技巧特点，但它们确实有一定的表征意义，足以区别于一般的生活流手法。③马斯特镜头\"是指一种从一个摄影方位连续拍下整场戏的镜头其中完整地展示全体演员的全部动作。用非理性的意识活动来代替或打乱逻辑的情节结构，是现代主义电影的另一种非情节化手段。这里就涉及到当前人们谈论较多的意识流问题。
\"意识流\"一词就其心理学原意来说，是用来描绘自然地不间断地流动的意识状态的一种借喻。人的意识活动可以分成三种状态，即清醒（理性）状态、半清醒（半理性）状态和非清醒（非理性）状态。在叙事艺术中，意识活动向来是表现的对象，但那是指意识的理性内容，或者叫做经过整理的有条理的意识活动。属于半清醒（半理性〉状态（如想象、联想）或非清醒（非理性）状态如梦、幻象〉的意识活动，也是历来表现的对象，但这种半理性或非理性的内容是被理性化了的。它们被纳入情节发展和性格形成的逻辑，作为解释人物行为动机或预示情节发展的补充手段。在卓别林的影片里，流浪汉暂时摆脱了人间的苦楚，鼓着翅膀在仙境中飞翔；在饿极了的伙伴眼里，流浪汉变成了毛茸茸的火鸡。对往事的回忆也是有条不紊的，引起回忆的原因和回忆的内容都是为了推动情节的发展。
作为对电影中的意识流手法的一般研究，美国电影剧作家道格拉斯·温斯顿曾指出说，\"在电影中用来描绘意识流的技巧实质上和小说中所运用的是一样的：直接的内心独白、间接的内心独自以及无所不知的描绘一一其中第一个和最后一个最容易被电影观众所识别。直接的内心独自一般是以主要人物的画外音的形式出现的，而这个画外音是在告诉我们他或她在想什么或有什么感觉：第三种技巧一般使用一个无所不知的解说员，从而提供画外音来描写某一人物的思想或感情--但是一般不是他自己的思想或感情，哪怕解说员也是影片中的一个人物。\"
把这类的分析应用于西方现代主义的意识流影片时，显然就极不合适了。这是因为现代主义的意识流电影是在无情节的前提下以非理性内容的意识流动构成影片的主体，画外音作为一种理性化手段是被摒弃不用的。潜意识活动的形象表现和声音表现往往各自独立，互不吻合。所以从技巧特征的角度来说，现代主义的意识流电影是把重点放在\"错乱\"上，这包括时间错乱、空间错乱、音画错乱和真假错乱。过去、现在和将来被交错在一起，地点可以任意改变，画面与音响互不吻合，事实与假想混成一团。
在伯格曼的《野草莓》（1957）里，观众第一次被引进一个错乱的世界。老教授在去大学接受荣誉学位的旅途上回顾了一生，在梦幻和回忆中谴责了自己的冷漠、自私。影片以老人在起床前的一场富有表现主义色彩的恶梦开始，空落落的广场、阂无人迹的街，没有指针的大钟、无人驾驶的枢车、在棺材里发现了自己。影片以同样飘忽的梦境结束。梦境在影片里占了大部分篇幅，而梦境同现实混杂在一起，其间从来没有什么明显的界线。老人在度过青年时代的草莓地上看到了昔日的恋人，在林中空地上看到了已经死去的妻子，然而时间的
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be间隔在这里并不存在，一切都是自然出现的，就如同在生活里，我们会不知不觉地陷入梦境一样。同样的情况也出现在费里尼的《八部半》（1963〉里。一个电影导演在拍摄他的第九部影片时思想陷入了混乱，他的直接经验同他的回忆、梦想完全交杂在一起，剪辑上的极度自由使观众同电影导演一起经历了一场，思想混乱的灾难。
正如安东尼奥尼在现代主义的生活流法方面具有某种代表性一样，在谈论现代主义的意识流电影时，便不能不提到阿仓·雷乃和阿仓·罗勃一格里叶的影片。
雷乃和罗勃一格里叶曾经合作拍摄《去年在马里昂巴》（1960）。此后便各自独立执导。雷乃出身于纪录片导演，而罗勃一格里叶则是法国现代主义小说流派\"新小说\"的创始人，是很少几位以小说家身分兼任电影导演的人之一。
雷乃是个很有独创精神的人。他在搞纪录片时，就有点不同于众。他在1955年拍摄以纳粹集中营为题材的短纪录片《夜与雾》时，首创了用黑白和彩色来代表两个不同的时代，取得了非常强烈的效果。过去时代的灰白无力无异是给人们过于容易忘怀往事提出了有力的警告。四年后他初试故事片，在《广岛之恋》中把两个时间层面、两个空间合而为一。来到广岛拍摄和平主义影片的女演员不知为什么爱上了一个素不相识的日本建筑师，然后又匆匆分手，前后相聚只有二十多个小时。影片所处理的问题是典型的弗洛伊德式的问题：一个人对过去生活的记忆将如何影响他现在的生活。无名的法国女演员不能忘怀战争末期在尼娃镇上同一个纳粹德国士兵的可耻的恋爱经历。1958年的广岛和1944年的厄娃镇夹缠不清，人们看到的是法国的景象，听到的则是广岛的声音。法国女人和日本男人的邂逅相爱其实并不包含任何情节的元素，与短暂的爱情并发的狂乱的潜意识过程才是影片的主体。
雷乃和罗勃-格里叶合作拍摄的《去年在马里昂巴》是现代主义的意识流电影的\"高峰作品\"。它扑朔迷离，难以索解。它没有真实的角色，也没有真实的背景。在一座建筑风格奇特的国际性疗养院性质的大旅馆里，无数的塑像和似乎没有尽头的走廊给人以强烈的神秘感。里面的住客都是些无名无姓的、极有教养的上流人士。其中一个陌生男人不断告诉一个女人说，他们去年曾在此地相识，并且相爱，现在是来履行去年的约会，要求对方离开丈夫同他私奔。陌生男人是个普通的勾引妇女者、一个疯子还是他认错了人？谁也不知道。女人不相信他的话，以为他在开玩笑，但陌生男人非常认真，不断提出似乎是很确凿的证据，于是女人渐渐怀疑起自己的记忆力，并且终于相信了他，同意离开那个\"也许是\"她丈夫的男人。
这部影片是这样一个内容吗？罗勃一格里叶回答说，\"我们允许观众从头至尾完全以自己的纯主观的设想为依据。这样，他们可能有两种态度，一是尽可能按直线的时间顺序，按照他们自己认为最合理的方式，把故事重作安排。这样，观众即使不觉得影片无法理解，肯定也会觉得难以看懂。另一种态度是使自己完全听任眼前的异乎寻常的形象、演员的声音、声带，影片里的音乐、蒙太奇节奏以及人物的情感等等去驱使。这样，观众就会觉得这仿佛是天下最容易理解的电影，是一部直接诉诸他们的情感、诉诸他们的视、听、反应和感情上发生共鸣的能力。他们一旦愿意抛弃那些先入之见、心理分析和相当庸俗的理解方式，他们就会感到影片所讲述的故事克有现实性、更真实、跟他们所感受到的日常生活更为接近。\"这就是说，《去年在马里昂巴》的故事内容也许是如上所述，但也许不是，因为影片留下了许多空白，有待观众自己去随忘填补。不过这个问题并不重要，因为（它的作者说）\"风格、节奏、画面构图……要比实际的故事情节重要得多\"。
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be 从技巧的角度来说，《去年在马里昂巴》最引人注目的尝试，就在于它试图从人物的潜意识世界出发来表现他们的行为。在生活里，一个人的外部行为并不是永远同他的意识活动一致的。表面上看来正在专心听讲的某甲，在内心里很可能在想着某些毫不相干的事情。罗勃一格里叶说，\"事实上我们的心神活动得（比我们的形体）更快，有时或者更慢。它的活动方式更多样、更丰富和克多变化，它常常跳过某些过程，常常鲜明地保存着某些不重要的细节的如实记忆，它不嫌重复，不怕颠倒。\"《去年在马里昂巴》就是呈现这种狂乱、矛盾的内心活动。于是心理的连续性取代了叙事的顺序；过去、现在和未来的事件，回忆和幻想，真相和错觉被交织在一起；画面与声音经常发生错乱，我们眼里看到的是弦乐四重奏，听到的却是手风琴的声音。就这样，这部作品便成了所谓\"迄今以来最难以理解的一部影片\"。
把未来交杂在现在之中的时间错乱，在雷乃的《战争已结束》（1966）中再度出现，并且在方式上更加奇特。影片描述一个图谋推翻佛朗哥政府而被放逐的西班牙人三天内的放逐生活。主人余的遭遇常常是用\"预叙\"来表现的：他准备去会见一个陌生女郎，就预先幻想了十二种可能性：他预见了他的朋友约翰在西班牙警局被拷打；他预见了那名死去的朋友雷蒙的葬礼。
罗勃一格里叶导演的《横跨欧洲快车》提供了另一个真假错乱的例子：一群电影编剧在开往阿姆斯特丹的火车上讨论一个毒品定私犯的故事，大家提出各种点子，替走私犯设想逃脱法网的办法。这时他们自己的形象便开始同他们构想中的走私犯混杂在一起。最后，一切方案都不理想，决定放弃编剧计划，虽然在观众眼里已经看完了这部\"新片\"。火车进站后，走私犯也在人群中走出车站，这是代表编剧们的想象，还是观众的幻觉？不得而知。
现代主义的意识流电影就是这样一种错乱的电影。如果这也可以称为艺术的话，那就叫它错乱的艺术吧。
二、用跳接、自我介入或其他主观随意手法来破坏传统的技法。
自电影发明以来，在技巧问题上一直存在着两种倾向：以好莱坞为代表的技术主义电影，在技巧上精益求精，力求达到完美的地步。欧洲的写实主义电影则追求表现上的自然逼真，反对技巧上的人工雕琢。但不论那一方，在恪守基本的技巧法则上，如合乎逻辑的、顺应正常心理习惯的剪辑次序、合乎视听要求的镜头连结、应有的镜头过渡等，则是一致的。这个局面在现代主义电影选入故事片创作领域后便发生了剧变。
梭罗门在分析现代主义电影在技巧上的变化时，也注意到了这一点。他说：\"最时髦的一条是镜头的转换不仅可以出现在上下段落之间，并且也可以出现在同一个段落中间。这种技巧在格里菲斯手里已有先例，但当它发展成'跳接'时，就使我们感到新鲜了（'跳接'是指在人们以为会有多少是连续不断的可见动作的地方被省却了一部分真实的时间）。戈达尔在他的早期影片里，特别是《精疲力尽》，就故意①去掉动作中某些传统的连接点。\"赖兹也指出，\"戈达尔的电影缺少传统电影所应有的流畅感。他频频使用'跳接'的形式。换句话说，就是在不改变拍摄方位的情况下，把原来是连续性动作的两个非连续性部分接合起来。此外，为了要造成小小的预警，他会很突兀地从一个场面转接到另一个场面，而不考虑它们之间的流畅性。他对于那些他不感兴趣的动作部分都大刀阔斧地加以删除，其手下之无情，在往昔电影里是无先例的。他决不会为了取悦观众而采取'化'来帮助他们渡过'时间'或'距离'，也不考虑遵守'全景'、'中景'和'特写'等固有的过渡规则。\"美国电影研究家路易斯·吉安纳蒂博士则认为，
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be\"戈达尔喜欢把他的技巧推向不连贯的边缘：他经常制造混乱。\"①梭罗门在这里使用的\"故意\"二字可能含有他本人未必意识到的另-层含义。据一位接近戈达尔的美国作家苏珊·桑代克说，当时戈达尔因为经济困难，只能租用四天剪接室来剪接他的影片，为了加快工作速度，他不得不比较草率地剪接镜头，造成了许多互不衔接的跳跃，而人们却反而以为是一种创造。
这些现代主义电影的研究家们都在破坏传统技法的问题上举出戈达尔为例，绝非偶然。就象现代主义电影的其他技巧特点都有其代表人物一样，把戈达尔作为某种\"破坏美学\"的代表人物恐怕是最合适不过的了。
戈达尔早先是法国《电影手册》杂志的影评家，从1959年起拍出他的第一部故事片《精疲力尽》起，他在九年之中，一气拍出了十五部长片和若干短片。从1968年开始，戈达尔的极左思想使他得出结论说，他绝不能再为\"资产阶级观众\"拍电影，所以从此不再拍商业性影片，而去专拍一些\"给工人阶级看的\"、其实谁也看不懂的影片。至于他在开始的九年里拍的十五部故事片，赖兹认为\"除了少数真正行家以外，大多数人对其奥妙之处还不大领会得出\"。
戈达尔对传统技法的极度蔑视，是使他在六、七十年代成为西方电影界轰动一时的人物的主要原因。阿米斯认为，\"从各方面看，六十年代的电影是戈达尔的，他使电影现代化了。\"法国电影资料馆馆长亨利·郎格罗瓦甚至夸张地说，如果早期电影史可以分为格里菲斯前和格里菲斯后的话，那么当代的电影也可以分为戈达尔前和戈达尔后。不欣赏他的也大有人在。美国影评家约翰·西蒙在《纽约时报》上评论他的全部作品时说，\"在让一吕克·戈达尔的影片里，一切都被弃诸不顾：意义、交流、有效的形式、男人、女人或生活。甚至是历来的先锋运动都未曾有过的那种为争取更大的自由而反抗的精神，也被弃诸不顾。戈达尔的反抗只是为了满足幼稚的放纵欲。在他的作品里，感情都是虚假的，笑料只是些粗野的表横，活动都毫无来由。。戈达尔显然并不清楚他究竟想在他的场面、影片以至全部作品里达到什么目的，所以他冒冒失失地同时朝一切方向开步。这是一种极其狂妄的、毫无责任感的狂暴而又愚蠢的行为。\"另一些反对戈达尔的汗论家们则一致认为，他的破坏的美学无非是默认自己缺乏叙事的才能而已。
那么，戈达尔究竟使用了哪些破坏性的技巧呢？
首先当然是所谓跳接。别的现代主义影片也不乏跳接的例子，特吕弗在〈四百下》里就故意裁掉了安托万的父亲从房间走到厨房里的中间过程，以致画面左角上的一只猫突然\"跳\"到了另一个稍微不同的位置上。但是戈达尔的跳接更加匪夷所思。例如在《精疲力尽〉自右向左的汽车会突然变成自左向右，被追逐的卡车会突然消失。他可以毫不在乎地把悲剧一下转为笑闹剧，可以把不同时态连接在一起。在《狂人皮埃洛》（1965）里，时间过得特别快，在地点不变的条件下，现在式和未来式连续出现。
同跳接正好相反的是\"多余镜头\"。所谓\"多余镜头\"就是在一个连续性动作中插入一些毫不相干的镜头。戈达尔的影片大多以公共场所（咖啡馆、街道〉为背景，他常常无缘无故地让摄影机\"远荡\"开去，让一些\"多余镜头\"打断连续性动作，造成剪辑上的\"不流畅感\"。在《男性、女性》（1965）的开场戏里，一对夫妻在影片男女主人公会面的咖啡馆里又吵又打，妻子追着丈夫上了大衔，当着她儿子的面拔枪打死丈夫。可是这场暴行同影片以后的发展完全无关，就情节发展的传统观念来看，这纯粹是\"多余\"的。
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be
\"自我介入\"，和\"乱发议论\"是戈达尔用来更彻底地破坏电影艺术的极端手段。戈达尔称自己的影片是\"电影化的论文\"，是不同于\"三种传统电影\"（故事电影、纪录电影和实验电影）的\"第四种电影\"。他说，\"我把自己看作一个论文家：我用小说的形式写论文，用论文的形式写小说，简言之，我是拍而不是写他们。\"既然是\"论文\"，就可以直接讲述自己的观点，可以在影片里放进各种各样抽象的素材，通过影片中的人物来乱发议论，东拉西扯，常常离题万里。在《我赂知她一二》（1966）里，他在女主角头发里藏一个小麦克风，自己则站在摄影机后向她提问，她不许发声，只以表情答复，他猜度她的意思，继续同她讨论下去。在《赖活》（1962）里，哲学家滔滔不绝地大谈什么是语言。在《轻蔑》（1963）里，一位电影导演大谈当导演的甘苦。他的影片中的人物都是健谈者，话题从波普文化到最深奥的哲学。他的影片里充斥着语言文字--讲出来的，写出来的甚至唱出来的。戈达尔希望观众因此而时时记得自己无非是在看电影，因为只有当一个人处于清醒状态时，他才能正确地判断他所看到的东西的含义。就这一点来看，戈达尔以乎是企图在影片创作上搬用布莱希特的\"间离效果\"理论，即力求使观众在情绪上同剧中人保持距离，避免陷入，心醉神速的认同状态但戈达尔显然是把\"间离效果\"理论推到了极揣，结果被破坏的不是观众的幻觉，而是艺术本身了。
戈达尔的这种种主观随意的手法使他的影片变成一堆断片的自由组合。戈达尔曾表示他本人也无法解释为什么要用这种或那种技法，他在拍戏时采用即兴的方式，自己也不知道到底有什么目的。但是他的影片无既是反映了他的存在主义思想的（他在西方电影界被称为\"存在主义的马克思主义者\"）。他对世界持悲观的看法，完全不相信人与人之间有真正交流思想感情的可能，所以正如赖兹在评论他的影片时所说的，\"我们只能认为，象这样的电影语言乃是一种表达苦闷的方式，这种苦闷是由于想把我们的世界组成更完美的形象的愿望终归失败而产生的。\"
当代西方电影中的现代主义还在继续发展。象伯格曼、安东尼奥尼、费里尼、雷乃等有代表性的人物仍间或有新作问世。戈达尔最近也表示要重返旧途。在七十年代涌现的某些新人身上，现代主义的影响也是比较明显的。历来对欧洲电影的创新活动持不闻不问态度的好莱坞，在七十年代也被现代主义的浪潮冲破了缺口，象库勃里克、科波拉等人的一些作品中开始出现了现代主义的色彩。在日本，以大岛渚为代表的一些人也被认为是现代主义者。由于现代主义的东西在西方世界往往被视为\"艺术\"的象征，一个艺术家的作品愈是晦涩难懂或荒谬奇特，便愈受自命的\"真正的行家\"的青睐，所以在一些以艺术相标榜的国际电影节或侈谈艺术的电影书刊上，现代主义影片被吹捧得相当厉害，使它的名声大大超过了它在观众中的实际影响。即使是在现代主义电影的\"故乡\"法国，广大观众也并不欣赏这种以\"破坏的美学\"为基础的\"错乱的艺术\"。法国制片人塞尔·沙利斯基说，\"法国导演都想把自己也变成阿仑·雷乃，拍一些只有自己看得懂的影片，结果无人问津。\"另一位法国制片人普兰提尔也指出，\"他们这些人拍的影片只能给一小批知识分子看，一般大众都要看他们感兴趣的题材，对于这些生涩枯燥的影片，自然就避而远之了。\"
这就涉及我们应当怎样看待西方现代主义电影的问题了。
从上面的概述，我们可以看出，尽管现代主义者往往强调形式即是内容，而现代主义电影实际上绝不仅仅是某种新的叙事方式或某种怪异的技巧手法的综合体。它是在西方资本主义社会特殊的思想土壤上孳生成长起来的内容和形式的统一体。因此，作为一种艺术主张，一个创作流派，就其整体来说，我对它是持否定态度的。我不认为，思想上的非理性主义和
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be艺术上的非戏剧化倾向，会对我们的电影创作发生有益的影响。现代主义电影的技巧如果不经过批判地改造，也是不适合于我们们的。我这样说，并不等于反对接触西方现代主义电影，相反地我强烈主张有关领导应当给予我们的电影工作者和一切有志于电影创作的同志，尤其是青年同志更多的机会去接触和了解西方现代主义电影，因为这里至少有三方面的意义。
第一，可以开阔我们的眼界，活跃思想，促使我们去考虑许多本来也许不会想到的问题。一个人少见则多怪，博采倒反不易中毒。我并不期望从西方现代主义电影中直接提取什么思想养料，也不想夸大它对我们了解两方社会矛盾的认识价值，因为这类影片固然可以使我们看到西方社会生活的某些侧面，但它们所反映的生活方式、情趣、矛盾和追求，在大多数情况下，都不是资本主义制出下绝大多数人的生活内容。特别是当人们在不合理的社会制度下所受到的精神折磨和社会不正义现象所引起的思想反应，都被归结为普遍的人生必然处境和永恒痛苦时，这类影片就不仅没有什么认识价值，而且会产生鸦片烟式的毒害作用了。但这也并不可怕。诚然，在我们国家里，经过长期的经济和政治动乱，正在青年一代身上造成比较严重的思想混乱。那种悲观失望的情绪、盲目的叛逆精神、要求在艺术中得到梦的满足等等，恐怕已不是十分鲜见的了，尽管有这类思想情绪的人也许并没有听说过什么存在主义或弗洛伊德学说之类的名词。可见消极的禁锢、防范并不能制止细菌的繁殖和蔓延，因为只要在现实环境中存在着促使颓废、腐败的东西生长的客观条件，一切消极的防范手段往往还会起相反的作用。
西方现代主义电影同一切现代派文艺一样，强调内心的真实、艺术的想象和形式上的出奇制胜。这三条作为抽象的原则，我认为颇能对我们电影创作的时弊起点针贬的作用。我们反对非理性化，但是在艺术创作上过于理智以至感情失真，也绝非可取。我们反对主观随意的荒诞联想，但希望在真实反映生活的影片中看到有个人特色的诗意的想象的彩虹。至于为独特的内容刻意寻求最适当的独特形式，更是我们当前亟需提倡的。世界上的事情既怕过之也怕不及。要善于从过之的反面经验中为不及吸取正面的教益，这是我在研究西方电影中的现代主义时常常想到的一点。
西方现代主义电影的思想和艺术原则固然不可取，但它的一些具体的表现技巧是可以经过批判改造，为我所用的。例如这类彤片为了表现人物的意识活动，常常采用极短的插入镜头，闪现一下某种联想式回忆，如果使用得当，确实有其独特的效果。再如\"跳接\"，在一定的合理限度内，也不是绝对不可使用。为了细致表现人物和环境的相互关系，现代主义影片往往对人物行为或背景中的一些平素不为人们所注意的细节进行渲染，这对我们也有借鉴的价值。总之，只要能在现实主义创作原则的正确指导下，看一点西方现代主义的影片，会对我们的表现技巧起丰富作用。
由于各种条件的限制，我对西方现代主义电影还只有肤浅的了解，一些初步的结论也都未必正确。目前西方电影中的现代主义正越来越引起人们的兴趣和重视，对这一问题进行历史研究和现状分析的论著也在增多。我的粗浅分析到此也该结束了。
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality
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