高中英语构词法讲解与练习
一 .种类
英语构词法主要有:合成法,转变法,派生法,混 成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。
二.定义与精讲1.转变法
英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这类把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转变法。
1) 动词转变成名词①很多动词可以转变成名词,大多数情况下,意思 没有多大的变化,如:
Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散闲步吧。②有时意思有必然变化,如:
He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格强壮的汉子。
③有的与一个动词和不定冠词组成短语,表示一个动作,如:
Let's have a swim.我们游泳吧。2)名词转变成动词①很多表示物件,如
Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗 ?
②身体部位,如:
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Please hand me the book请.把那本书递给我。③某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如: She nursed her husband back to health她.看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
④某些抽象名词也可作动词。如:
We lunched together我.们在一起吃了午餐。3)形容词转变成动词
有少许形容词可以转变成动词。如:
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要全力改进我们的生活情况。
4)副词转变成动词
有少许副词可以转变成动词。比方:
Murder will out.( 谚语 )恶事终必然败事。5)形容词转变成名词
①表示颜色的形容词常可转变成名词,如:
You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服
② 某些形容词如 old, young, poor, rich, wounded,
injured 等与 the 连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数以下,如:
The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
2.派生法
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在词根前面加前缀或在词根后边加后缀组成一个与原单词意义周边或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。
1)前缀
除少许前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un- 等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常组成与该词意义相反的新词。比方:
appear出现→ disappear消失 correct 正确的→ incorrect 不正确的 lead 带领→ mislead 领错 stop 停下→ non-stop 不停
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多组成表语形容词 ), anti- (反对;抵抗 ), auto- (自动 ), co- (共同 ), en- (使),
inter- (互相 ), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (重申距离 )等。比方:aloneantigasautochart自动图表cooperate合作enjoy 使快乐internet 互联网reuse再用subway 地铁telephone电话2)后缀
英语单词不但可以经过加前缀组成新词,也可加后缀组成新词。后缀平时会改变单词的词性,组成意义相
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近的其他 性;少许后 会改 , 与原来 相反的新 。
(1)组成名 的后 常用的有 -ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人 ),-ese (某地人 ),-ess (雌性 ),-ful ( 一⋯⋯ ),-ian (精晓⋯⋯的人 ),-ist ( 人 ),-ment (性 ;状 ), -ness (性 ;状 ),-tion( 作; 程 )等。比方:
differ 不同样于→ difference 区 write 写→ writer 作家
Japan日本→ Japanese日自己act 表演→ actress女演 mouth 口→ mouthful 一口music 音 → musician 音 家
(2)组成 的后 常用的有 -(e)n (多用于形容 此后),-fy ( 使⋯⋯化 ),-ize (使⋯⋯成 )。比方:
wide→widen 加
beauty→beautify 美化pure→purify 提 real→realize 意 到organ→organize
(3)组成形容 的后 常用的有 -al,
-able (有能力的 ),-(a)n(某国人的 ),-en (多用于表示资料的名 后 ),-ern (方向的 ), -ese(某国人的 ), -ful , -(ic)al -ish,-ive,-less (表示否定 ),-like ( 像⋯⋯的 ), -ly ,-ous,-some,-y ( 表示天气 )等。比方:
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nature 自然→ natural 自然的reason道理→ reasonable有道理的 America 美国→ American 美国的 China 中国→ Chinese中国人的 gold 金子→ golden 金的east → eastern 方的
child 孩子→ childish 孩子气的snow 雪→ snowy 雪的
(4)组成副 的常用后 有 -ly (主要用于形容 此后表示方式或程度 ),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方向的 此后表示方向 )。比方:
angry 生气的→ angrily 生气地 to 到→ towards 朝⋯⋯,向⋯⋯ east 方→ eastward向
(5)组成数 的后 有 -teen (十几 ),-ty ( 几十 ),-th (组成序数 )。比方:
six 六→ sixteen 十六→ sixteenth 第十六 four 四→ forty 四十→ fortieth 第四十3.合成法
(1)合 成 名
组成方式名 +名 名 + 名 + 名
例
weekend周末daybreak破晓handwriting 法
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名词+及物动词+er/or名词+介词+名词动词+名词
pain-killer 止痛药
动名词+名词
现在分词+名词形容词+名词副词+动词介词+名词代词+名词
editor-in-chief 总编
辑typewriter 打字机reading-room 阅览室flying-fish 飞鱼gentleman绅士outbreak 爆发afternoon 下午she-wolf 母狼
(2)合成 形 容 词组成方式例词snow-white 雪白的名词+形容词English-speaking名词+现在分词讲英语的
名词+ to+名词
名词+过去分词数词+名词
face-to-face当面
的man-made人造的one-way 单行的
数词+名词+形容词
two-year-old 两岁
的
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数词+名词+ ed
five-storeyed 五层
的
see-through透明的 high-class 高级的 动词+副词
noble-minded 崇敬形容词+名词
ed
形容词+名词+
的
形容词+形容词形容词+现在分词副词+形容词
副词+现在分词
副词+过去分词副词+名词
介词+名词
light-blue 浅蓝色
的good-looking 容貌
美丽的ever-green常青的hard-working 勤劳
的well-known 出名的fast-food 特地供应快餐服务的downhill 下坡的
(3)合 成 动 词
组成方式名词+动词形容词+动词副词+动词
例词sleep-walk 梦游white-wash 粉刷overthrow 推翻
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(4)合 成 副
组成方式形容 +名 形容 +副
副 +副 介 +名 介 +副
例
hotfoot 匆促地everywhere 到 however 尽管这样beforehand早先forever 永
(5)合 成 代
组成方式代 格+ self物主代 + self形容 +名
例
herself 她自己myself 我自己anything 任何 西
(6)合 成 介
组成方式副 +名 介 +副 副 +介
例
inside 在⋯⋯里面within 在⋯⋯之内
into 入
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4.截短法 (缩略法 )
截短法,立刻单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头
telephone→phoneaeroplane→planeomnibus →bus2)去尾
mathematics → mathsco-operate→ co-opexamination →examkilogram →kilolaboratory →labtaxicab →taxi3)截头去尾influenza → flu
refrigerator →fridgeprescription → script
5.混杂法 (混成法 )
混杂法,立刻两个词混杂或各取一部分缩短而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast 新闻广播 television broadcast →telecast 电视播放
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smoke and fog→smog 烟雾
helicopter airport →heliport 直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。
very important person → VIP ( 读字母音 )要人;大人物
television →TV ( 读字母音 )电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL 托福
三.牢固练习
1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A. care B. careful C. carelessD. carelessness2. The soldier died for saving the child , so his________is heavier than Mount Tai.A. dieB. deadC. diedD. death3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded. A. sadlyB. sadnessC. sadlessD. sad
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4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a
________.
A. chemistry B. chemical C. chemist D. physician
5. The three- ________chair isn ’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off. A. leggingB. legged C. legsD. leged
6. Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world. A. leadB. leaderC. leading D. leadership
7. When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem , Jack looked________about at his classmates. A. proudB. proudlyC. prideD. pridely
8. To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.
A. satisfied B. satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction9. —What are you doing here? — Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about
________in English. —You can write________passage in English?
A. 600 words ; a 600-words
B. 600-word ; a 600-words
C. 600 words; a 600-word
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D. 600 words; a 600-words 10. No one should enter the spot without the________of
the police.
A. permit B. permission C. permitting D. permittence11. You must come with us to the police ________.Our
head is waiting for you.
A. headquarters B. headline C. headmaster D. headache
12. Letting that animal escape was no accident ;you did
it ________.
A. intend B. intention C. intentionally D. intentional
13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with
a________smile.
A. practice B. practiseC. practicalD. practiced14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A. judger B. judgmentC. judgeD. judgement15.My TV is out of order. Can youtell me what is
the________news about Iraq War?A. latelyB. latestC. laterD. latter16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A. longerB. lengthC. longD. longing
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17.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.A. joyB. joyfulC. joylessD. joyness
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18. Canada is mainly an________country.A. English-speakingB. speak-EnglishC. spoken-EnglishD. English-spoken19. How________ he is! He is always acting________.He
is really a ________.
A. foolish ;foolishly ;fool B. fool ;foolish ;fool C. foolish ;fool ;fool D. foolishly ;foolish ;fool
20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It ’s of great ________.
A. valuable B. value C. valuelessD. unvaluable21.There were________fish in the river inSouthAmerica.
A. in danger B. danger C. dangerous D. dangerless22.The letter “b” in the word“doubt ” is________.A. soundB. silentC. silenceD. sounded23. The child looked at me________.
A. stranger B. strangely C. strangeD. strangeless24.The black people were against slavery and fought fortheir________bravely.A. free B. FreelyC. freedomD. frees
25. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonable B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason
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26. We have to learn ________technology from other countries.
A. advance B. advancingC. advantage D. advanced27. The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day. A. nearby B. nearC. nearlyD. near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army , notan________in the government. You can not easily findhim in his________.
A. official ;officer ;officeB. officer ;office ;officialC. official ;official ;official D. officer ;official ;office29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep________.A. healthB. healthy C. healthilyD. healthier30.________ speaking,I didn ’tdo it on purpose.A. Honestly B. Honest C. HonestyD. Dishonest
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