高中英语考点归纳 1. [1] 冠词; 数词 泛指与特指
序数词和比较级加冠词 never …a better one a third one=another=the next the better one of the two a most important matter 词组辨异
at table—at the table
out of question—out of the question go to the cinema—go to a cinema a second; a most…
the balance of nature; space; the universe; the telephone (invention) the Chinese language 专有名词:
the Smiths; at Harold's; buy a China Daily; a chemist and mathematician; in the 1980s;
in his fifties; The United States(America); the Spring Festival; (an art festival)
a + 不可数名词
a good knowledge of English; a science [2] 名词;代词;主谓一致 不定代词(复合代词): 指代的单复数:
everyone; each; every one; much; most; none; neither; half; 后置修饰语:
that定语从句; 形容词后置; 介词短语; 非谓语形式 可否接of短语: everyone-every one; none—no one; 几组辨异词:
other; the other; another; others; the others none; neither; no one; nothing
every; everyone; every one; each; anyone any; some; something; anything
few; a few; little; a little 反身代词:
词组; enjoy; devote; accustom; make (…done)—oneself 反身动词
(seat; dress; station; locate; hide; devote; adapt; prepare; etc); 自己的怎么说:
one's own…; a… of one's own; 集合名词:
group; population; audience; team; family; majority; vocabulary; etc. the cattle; the people; the police; clothes; (pl.) 可数名词与不可数名词: two pieces of paper; a pair of trousers(they; this pair); etc.
two dollars; ten miles; 就近/远原则:
neither nor…; as well as; together with
else; something else; anyone else; who else; who else's [3] 形容词;副词 比较句型 as…as, not so…as, more…than, less often than, the more… the less; more and more 倍数表达
twice as many (cars) as twice more than twice the production of
doubled the score of his opponent.
Many things now cost double what they did a few years ago 比较级表最高级
more than any other country; more than the other countries, more than any of the other countries; No one can be more strict than he.
I have never seen a more magnificent scene than this.
The larger vocabulary you have, the easier you will find it to learn English. 比较词组
as…as possible, as… as one can, as…as anything, as well as, and…as well,
so long as, so far as, as soon as, so far, so as to, as for, as a rule,
as a result, as a matter of fact, as a whole, as to; more than, no more than, no less than, nothing less than, other than, no other than, rather than, no sooner …than, no more, not any more, no longer, not any longer;
[4] 动词;时态和语态 系动词:
get; seem; appear; turn; fall; become; remain; stay; prove; turn out; etc. 情态动词用法:
should; shall; may; can; dare; need; have to; used to; etc. (否定;结构辨析) 各种时态的基本用法(时间状语;语境语气;句型;) 句型中的特定时态
It is several years since I saw her last time. It was several years since I had seen him.
This is the first time I have been here. That was the second time I had been there. It is high time that you did your homework.
The manager will see you if he is free tomorrow. The man seems as if he had been there many times I would have seen the film if I had had time yesterday.(虚拟语气)
He didn't see the result until he left.
It was not until then that he knew he had been cheated. It is necessary that we should learn hard so as to pass the examination.
I didn't think you were coming today.
It will be long before we take over the city. It was several years before construction of the building was started..
Go straight and you will see a post across the street. In the past few years we have built seven highways. By the end of last year he had learned two thousand words. So far I have known he is a false friend.
By the time you got there he will have left. 主动语态表被动: prove; blame; sell; turn out; require; result from; [5] 非谓语动词
非谓语动词是高中语法的重点,也是难点,学生常常对此感到头疼.其实只要理解
并掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点,做起题来会很轻松.我们先来看看非谓语动词
的各种变化形式.熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后,做题时可分四步分析. 一,分析句子结构
1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it . 2. ____many times, he still couldn't understand it.
A. Having been told. B. Told. C. He was told D. Though he had been told
3. ________to the left, you'll find the post office. 4. If you ________to the left, you'll find the post office.
5.________to the left, and you'll find the post office.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turn D. Turned 分析: 句1. 用连词but 引导并列句子,因此,前面也是个独立句子成分,故选C.
句2. 句中用逗号隔开,且无连词引导,因此,前面不是句子结构,只是句子的一个成
分,故选A,非谓语动词作状语. 句3. 同句2,选A .
句4. 前面用if 引导从句,故选C ,构成从句谓语. 句5. 同句1,选C. 二,分析逻辑主语
确定要选非谓语动词之后,第二步要分析其逻辑主语.非谓语动词虽不能作谓语, 但仍具有动词特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语.非谓语动词作状语时,
其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致.若不一致,则须加上自己的逻辑主语. 1. ________no buses, we have to walk home. A. There being B. It were C. There were
D. It being
2. ______Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home. 分析:句1. 表示\"没有公共汽车\应用\"there be\"结构,即逻辑主语是\"there\故选A .
句2. 选D.
三,分析语态
分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后,分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是
主动还是被动关系.
1. ______from space, the earth looks blue. 2.______from space, we can see the earth is blue.
A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D. See 这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是
句子的主语.
分析:句1. \"地球\"被\"看起来\表被动,故选A,用过去分词表被动.句2. 我们\"主动
看……\"即表主动,故选B.
3. The dirty clothes ______, the girl hung them up outside. 4. _____ the dirty clothes, the girl hung them up outside.
A. was washed B. washed C. were washed D. having washed 分析: 句3. 前面应用非谓语动词作句子的状语,逻辑主语是\"the dirty clothes\和
动词搭配表示\"衣服被洗\故选B.
句4. 逻辑主语为句子的主语\"the girl\表示\"女孩洗衣服\为主动关系,故选D.
四,分析时态,
在选定了主动或被动后,还要考虑动作发生的时间问题,即时态. 1. The building ______now will be a restaurant. 2. The building ______next year will be a restaurant. 3. The building ______last year is
a restaurant. A. having been built B. to be built C. being built D. built 句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修, 故用进行式, 选C.
句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修,故用表将来的不定式,选B. 句3中 last year 说明大楼已被修,但不能选A,因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语,
故用过去分词,选D. 又如:
1. He stood there______ for his mother .
2. ______for two hours, he went away. A. waiting B. to wait C. waited D. Having
waited
句1表示\"站在那等\两个动词同时发生,故选A作伴随状语.
句2表示已经等了两个小时,发生在谓语动词\"went away \"之前,故用完成式,选D .
需要注意的是,非谓语动词的否定也是常考的项目,要认清否定形式,非谓语动词
的否定都应将not 放在前面.如: What is the reason for ______there.
A. not your going B. not your go C. your not going D. you not to go 何种情况下出现动名词/不定式 (介词; 动词; such as…; 做主语,etc.) 只接 \"动名词\"做宾语的词:
建议suggest冒险risk去献身devote,
忍受bear/stand期待look forward to不停顿keep. 放弃give up延期put off/delay悔regret失去miss,
坚持insist on/stick to/keep on欣赏enjoy/appreciate/feel like实践practice
注意pay attention to原谅excuse避avoid反对object to, 考虑consider要求demand/require/need不自禁can't help. 顾及allow for习惯be accustomed to/be used to不介意mind, 值得be worth开始set about想imagine动名.Admit, allow 只接\"不定式\"的动词:
seem, expect, hope, wish, want, decide, offer, manage, dare, agree, promise, pretend,
refuse, learn, help, plan, intend;
\"不定式加连词\"show, teach, tell, advise, decide, discuss, find out, etc. Please show me how to get the result.
We have not decided whether to go to his party. 3)两者皆可
忘记,停止,打算,试,害怕,继续,悔,偏爱,意欲,愿意,有困难. Remember, forget, regret;
stop; go on; be afraid; prefer; mean; try; help(can't help); feel like doing/ would like to
do; have difficulty in doing/to do;
require, demand, want, need, be worth主动形式被动意义) They ____ her going to the party though it was not permitted. A. allowed B. expected C. persuaded D. permitted
The window need ____. A. To mend B. mended C. being mended D. mending This machine is worth __. A. to buy B. buying C. to be bought D. being bought
[6] 名词从句
思考He showed his companions ___well-chosen presents he had bought for his GF. A. such B. so C. what D. how
2---that/whether(if) 不做成分
3---who(ever)主,表;whomever宾=people/anyone/everyone (who…) whose(ever) which(ever)
what(ever) 主,宾,表,定
4---when(ever) where(ever) how(ever) why 状----the time/place/reason (when/where/why) 选择连词(结构辨析)
(1)____ of them do you think will teach us Class three. A. who B. whom C. which D. what
(2) He sold the house _ he thought was a good price. A. what B. at what C. at which D. at that
(3)The students are all interested in ___ Miss Brown managed to do it.
A. which B. what C. seeing D. how 辨别从句(定语/同位语/强调)
(4) We know the truth__ there is water, there is life. A. that wherever B. that C. where
D. anywhere
(5)He regrets not having followed her proposal, ____he ____ for granted, that he ____ with me some warm clothes.
A. that; takes; take B. which; take; take C. which; has taken; takes D. which; has taken; take
(6)It was in 1920 ____ the poet paid his first trip to America for a new challenge in his writing career ____ he got to know Charlie Chaplin .
A. that; when B. when; that C. in that year; that D. in which; when 无论; 任何
(7) It remains unknown ____ she killed herself with a gun. A. however B. how ever C. why D. whenever
(8) ______ much advice I gave him, he did exactly what he wanted to do.
A. How B. Whatever C. However D. No matter
(9) Our monitor never fails to help ___ has trouble. A. whoever B. whomever C. no matter who D. those who
是否; 如果 (同位语; 介词之后;or not; to do; 歧义; 句首;表语从句) (10) Does it make any difference ____ or not you sign up for the contest
A. that B. if C. whether D. how
谁; 任何人who; whoever; one who; those who;
(11) We shouldn't make fun of___ have trouble in learning English. A. anyone who B. whomever C. those that D. who
(12) I still wonder ____ could get into the building through such a small hole in the wall.
A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. that who 陈述语序
(13) ___ do you suppose ____
A. what/that the woman is B. Who/ the woman is C. Whom/the woman is D. what/is the woman
(14) We've have to finish the job, _____.
A. long it takes however B. it takes however long C. long however it takes D. however long it takes
介词宾语
(15) They always give the free tickets to ____comes first. A. whomever B. whoever C. that D. what
(16) Give the money to __ you think is badly in need of. A. whomever B. any one who C. anyone D. whoever What活用
(17) The ancient map was found in ____ we call Hebei Province now. A. which B. what C. that D. where
(18) This book will show you ___ you have learned in one subject can be applied in other subjects.
That 的用法(形式主/宾语)
(19)We think it important ____ college students should master at least one foreign
language.
A. which B. what C. that D. why
(20) What made her mother so angry ____ the exam.
A. because she didn't pass B. she not passing C. that she didn't pass D. because of her
not passing
高中英语考点归纳 2. [7] 定语从句
关系代词that 和which指物,当先行词为all, everything, nothing, little, anything等
不定代词时,或有序数词,最高级,先行词含有人和物,用who开头的疑问句,先行词
前有the only, the very, the right, just the, 以及两个定语从句(包含关系)为避免重
复的情况下,等,则只用that.
先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代词时
There is nothing ( that ) I can do.
I mean the one that was brought yesterday. That's all I want to say. 先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等词修饰时 I have read all the books (that) you gave me. You may take home any of these books that you like. ? 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
This is the first composition (that)he has written in English. This is the best novel (that) I have ever read. ?先行词被the only, the very(正是,恰是), the same, the last修饰时
The white flower is the only one ( that) I really like. This is the very book (that) I want to find. The last place (that) we visited was the hospital. This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.
当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that 引导 (that既可指人也可指物)
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 2. 下列情况不能使用that,而用which
that 不能引导非限制性定语从句
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. ? that不能置于介词之后(介词后指物用which,指人用whom)
The person to whom I am speaking just now is our English teacher. The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bicycle. We should do everything that we can to help the disabled. A. everything B. whatever C. what D. all above
限制性定语从句不能用that, 其区分的意义在于:
The tourists, who knew about the storm, stayed in the hotel. (all the tourist) The tourists who knew about the storm stayed in the hotel. (only some tourists) The weather forecast said there would be no rain, which turned out to be not true. 含有介词的关系词,只能用which; 如果介词不在关系词前则不受限制.
Do you know the person your brother writes to
Whose在从句中既可以指人也可以指物, 注意与which的转换: 名词/代词/数词+
介词+which.
They lived in a house, whose roof was broken. =They lived in a house, the roof of which was broken.
关系代词Which/that还是关系副词where/when 取决于关系词在从句中充当什么
成分.
This is the factory where we worked last year. (where=in the factory) 区分It is/was…that… 强调句与带有定语从句的复合句.方法是去掉it is 和that,
剩余的仍然是一个完整的句子.
It was at the theatre that Lincoln was murdered. It was the theatre where Lincoln was murdered.
有时候,标点符号也能影响句子结构.这是英语句子的联结手段决定的. Yesterday I got a letter from Li, which said that he was getting along well with his
studies.
Yesterday I got a letter from Li. It said that he was getting along well with his studies. Yesterday I got a letter from Li, and it said that he was getting along well with his studies.
定冠词能够影响句子的结构.
Mr. Smith is one of the foreigners who are working in China. Mr. Smith is the one of the foreigners who is working in China. Is this factory the one you visited last week
Is this the factory you visited last week As 和which的用法:
1)可以修饰整个句子;2)从句位置不同;3)有互换的可能.
Newton was a great scientist, is well known. A. whom B. as C. that D. which As is known to us all, the earth moves around the sun.
The computer is more and more widely used in our life, which encourages us to study harder.
As we have found in the last two years, this matter has something different from others.
All we did has been proved, as it is. 含有介词短语的动词一般不能分开.
The children whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy. The two elements which water consists of are oxygen and hydrogen. 比较:The apartment in which we had lived twenty years was pulled down finally. 关系代词that在定与从句中做介词宾语时,介词不能位于其前.
He is the teacher that I borrowed the dictionary from. He is the teacher from whom I borrowed the dictionary.
定与从句与状语从句,名词从句的辨别.注意对从句性质的判断,据此来选择适当
连词.
(1) what=all that; whatever=anything that ; You have got what you need, what else do you want
You have got everything (that) you need, what else do you want You will surely failed whatever you do now. (2) whoever=anyone who; Whoever breaks the rule will surely be punished. Anyone who breaks the rule will surely be punished. (3) why=the reason why;
Could you tell me why you were late yesterday Could you tell me the reason why you were late yesterday (4)同位语从句:
The fact that he spoke at the meeting astonished us. Reason; doubt; time; place 做先行词
This is the reason that he gave us why he was so late. I have no doubt that he would like to go with us. There is still a doubt whether he could come to. This is the place we visited last month.
Same; such与as/that
1. as常出现在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等结构中 This is not such a book as I expected.
I live in the same building as he (lives in). Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. As many children as came here were my father's pupils. ? the same…that…和the same…as…的区别
I have bought the same watch as you have. 我买了一块和你一样的手表.(我的手表和你的手表很像,但不是同一块.)
This is the same watch that I lost.
这就是我丢的那块手表.(这手表和我丢的手表是同一块)
2. as引导非限制性定语从句,指代逗号前的整个句子(即先行词),可置于句首或句
末.
This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. Mary was late for school, as often happened. As is known to all, the earth is round.
as 指代一句话和which 指代一句话的用法区别 as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如:
1.as has been said before 如上所述
2.as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样 3.as is well known 众所周知 4.as was expected 正如预料的那样
5.as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样 6.as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样 which则不需要,例如:
The man died last night, which is a lie.
as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末,而which只能放句末. 1) That is the same tool as we used last time.和上次一样的 That is the same tool that we used last time.就是上次的那个 2) We are now in such a condition that there is no other choice for us.如此……以至
These trousers are sold at such a low price _____ people expected. A. like B. as C. that D. which 正如……那样的
This is such an instructive film ____ everyone wants to see again. A. as B that C. which D. what
The way做先行词, 关系词可以用in which; that; 或省略 I don't like ___ you speak to her.
A. the way which B. the way in that C. the way D. the way where [8] 状语从句与连词; 连接副词 1) Before; after:
He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I
understood anything.
Before I got in a word he had measured me.
Time passed quickly and three months went by before he knew. 2) when(whenever), as, while :
I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his house.(前后)
John sang as he entered the room.(同时)
As Frank went downstairs his eyes fell on a large envelope by the door.(瞬间)
I kept silent while he was writing.(持续)
While others were doing morning exercises on the sports-ground he was sleeping in the bedroom.(并列连词:对比)
The old man was pulling grass in his field when he felt a pain in his left hand.(=and then; but then; just then)
3) till until (not until)
The city remained under Spanish rule until Mexico won its
independence in 1821. I knew nothing about it until/till/before you told me.
Not until she had heard the news was she really frightened.(倒装) It was not until he was ten years old that he started to read.(强调) 4) since(ever since)
It was ten years since we had been there.(时态) They have been friends ever since they met at school.
5) Once Every time, Each time; the first time, the moment, the minute; the time; as soon as,
Once you need help, don't hesitate to let me know.(句首) The boys ran away the moment they saw me.(as soon as)
Once published, the book was immediately translated into several languages. 6) no sooner… than, scarcely… before, hardly… when
The boys had hardly seen me before they ran away.(时态) Hardly had the boys seen me before they ran away.(倒装) The boys had no sooner seen me than they ran away. 7) where(wherever(地点))
Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you. You can find him where he works.(状语)
You can find him in the place where he works.(定语) It's not known where he lives.(名词从句) Where are you from (代词)
8) if, suppose, in case, unless, so(as) long as(if only), once, given that, providing that,
on condition that(条件);
So long as you do it well, I don't mind how you do it. Suppose I told him, he might blame you.
In case it should rain, you'd better take your umbrella with you.(虚拟)
I'll not join them unless invited.(省略)
9) since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that原因,
Many chess players said this meant the end of chess championships around the world, since the fun had been taken out of the game.(区分)
It was because he was ill that he didn't attend the meeting.(强调) Don't believe anything simply/only because many other people believe that.(修饰)
It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.(because/ for)推测的依据
He could not have seen me, for/because I wasn't there.因果关系 The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen a bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in \"kingdom of bicycles\". 10) so… that, such… that, so that, that so that, in order that, that, so,结果,
What have I done that you should be so angry with me I've just come into a little money so this is goodbye.
He spoke at the top of his voice so that everyone could hear. 11) lest, for fear that, in case\"以防,万一\"
The meeting will be put off in case that it should rain. (should) 12) as… as, not so… as, than, the…, the…比较;
It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. You should master as many words as you can.
He speaks English as well as Russian. He did not study as hard as his son does now.
Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily.(省略)
She meant more to me than anyone… even my wife.
Our sports ground is three times larger than theirs. John plays football as well, if not better than, as David. My bedroom is slightly bigger than yours.
The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes.(对称)
13) as, as if, as though, 方式
He looked as if he had just stepped out of fairy tales and he passed me like a spirit.
14) though, although, even if, even though, whether… or, whether or not, no matter
wh-, wh-ever, as, while, 让步
He said he would come; he didn't come, though.
Whether he drives or takes the train, he'll be here on time. Whether or not he is interested in the foreign language, he has to study it. Whether or not he is interested in the foreign language remains a question.
No matter what he says, no one will believe him. Whoever you are, you must do as required.
Difficult as the task is, I'll fulfill it on time. Doctor as Mike is, he is not capable of operating. Much as I like the toy, I will not buy it.
Surrounded as they were by the enemy, they managed to march forward. While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. While I know it is difficult, I'll try.
[9] 词组与句型结构 并列与平行;
A, B, C, D and/or E Aa and Bb; A---a and B---b
In the world and on the earth; Either to leave or (to) stay; Thinking and learning
三个公式 S---V; S---V S---v, S---V v, S---V
(Though)S---V, (which) S---V It 句型(连词;时态) There be 句型变体
Who do you think is……连锁式疑问句; how come; what about doing; What's the point; Why not do…
句型互换
1) It is known to us all that the compass was first made in China. We all know that water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen. It is well known that water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen. As is known to us all, water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen. As we all know, water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen. 2) Not until…did he (will he)…
It was not until… he did… He didn't… until… People say that he is… It is said that he is… He is said to be…
Effective measures must have been taken _____ (do) away with pollution. Time ought to be made full use ___(improve) your listening comprehension. The life-patterns he has been used to ___ (appear) strange to us. 强调句
It was… that
It was when/that/what/who…that… When/that/what/who…was it that… 强调人: 主格/宾格
强调时间/地点: when/where还是that
It was the moment ___ I got home ___ I realized that I'd lost my purse. A. that, that B.
/, that C. when, that D. /, / 辨别it句型 倒装
only; no-; so; had…
then; now; there; here; out; in the…
祝愿句: May you have a good time! Long live the King. 前置(不倒装)however; as; 省略;替代;否定
状语从句省略主语和系动词 比较结构中省略被比较的成分 不定式的省略:to和主动词
one(ones); that(those); it; this; that 部分否定: not everyone; not all; All… not…; not A and B;
并列否定: neither A or B; not A or B 否定之外的否定: neither/none/hardly…; in no time/at no time
不是否定句的否定: fail/dislike… 冠词的定义
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。
冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。 冠词的分类
冠词分为不定冠词\"a，an\"、定冠词\"the\"和零冠词三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词 的情况。
不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指。 不定冠词的用法
不定冠词有\"a和an\"两种形式。\"a\"用在以辅音开头的词前，\"an\"用在以元音开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。
1. 用于可数名词的单数形式前，表示\"一\"
There is a tiger in the zoo. 动物园里有一只老虎。 2. 表示一类人和东西 A tiger can be dangerous.
老虎可能有危害性。 3. 表示\"某一个\"的意思 A gentleman wants to see you. 有一位先生要见你。 4. 表示\"同一\"的意思
They are nearly of an age. 他们几乎同岁。 The two shirts are much of a size. 这两件衬衫大小差不多。 5. 表示\"每一\"的意思
We go swimming four times a week. 我们每周去游泳四次。
6. 用在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业 My mother is a teacher. 我妈妈是教师。
7. 第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个 Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter.
很久很久以前，有一个年老的国王，他有一个非常美丽的女儿。 8. 在英国英语中，以\"h\"开头的多音节词，如第一个音节不重读，其前亦可用\"an\"
There is a hotel near here. 这附近有一家旅馆。 9. 在such a，quite a句式中
He is quite a good actor. 他是一个相当好的演员。 Don't be in such a hurry. 不要如此匆忙。 10. 在感叹句 what...的句式中
What a pretty girl she is! 她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀～ 用在某些表示数量的词组中: a lot of 许多
a couple of 一对 a great many 很多
a dozen 一打(但也可以用 one dozen) a great deal of 大量 定冠词的用法
世界独一二次现， 序词形容高级前; 富人伤员按天算， 方位乐 器影剧院; 群岛河山江湖海， 沙漠、海峡与海湾; 阶级、党派、国家名， 普专复合姓氏前; 组织团体和机 关， 朝代、会议及报刊; 双知年代击中脸， 特指事物及习惯。 1. 用以特指某(些)人或某(些)事物
This is the house where LuXun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
2. 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物 Open the door, please. 请把门打开。
3. 用以复述上文提过的人或事物(第一次提到用―a或an‖，以后再次提到用 ―the‖)
Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to
look for food for him.
从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。 4. 用在序数词和形容词最高级前
January is the first month of the year. 一月份是一年当中的第一个月。
Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。
5. 表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物 the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空 the world 世界
6. 指由普通名词构成的专有名词
the West Lake 西湖 the Great Wall 长城
the United States 美国 the United Nations 联合国 定冠词的用法-2 7. 表示方向、方位
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方 in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面 in the bottom 在底部 at the top 在顶部 on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边
8. 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Huanghe River 黄河 the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡 9. 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人
The Bakers came to see me yesterday. 贝克一家人昨天来看我。
10. 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物 the poor 穷人 the rich 富人
the sick 病人 the wounded 伤员
the good 好人 the beautiful 美丽的事物 11. 用在表示阶级、政党的名词前
the working class 工人阶级
the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 12. 用在the very强调句中 This is the very book I want. 这就是我想要的那本书。 13. 在the more, the more比较级的句式中 The more you drink, the more you like it. 你越喝就越爱喝。
14. 表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加the play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴
[中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡) ]
15. 某些固定的表达法
in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影 go to the theatre 去看戏 all the year round 一年到头 on the way to 前往...去的路上
16. the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物 The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。
注意:像这类句子还有如下两种写法 A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.
17.在句型―动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位‖中要用 the，而不 用人称代词。
take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂 hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸 be red in the face 脸红
be lame in the right leg 右腿瘸 等结构中,名词前要用the 零冠词的用法 下列情况不用冠，名词之前代词限。复数名词表泛指，球类学科和三餐。专有名词不可数，星期月份。交通手段的节日，习语称谓和头衔。 1. 专有名词前一般不加冠词
China 中国 Europe 欧洲
Lei Feng 雷锋 William Shakespeare 威廉?莎士比亚 2. 月份、周日、节日前一般不加冠词
January 一月份 Sunday 星期日
Christmas Day 圣诞节 Thanksgiving 感恩节 National Day 国庆节 May Day 劳动节
比较: ...on a Sunday morning. 在一个星期天的早晨... (表示某一个。) 注:民族节日前要加the 如:the Spring Festival 3. 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词
I have lunch at school. 我在学校吃午餐。
Summer is the best season for swimming. 夏天是游泳的好季节。
比较: I had a big lunch yesterday. 昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。(表示某一个) The dinner given by Mr. Smith was very nice.
史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。(表示特指)
比较: I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.
我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。 (表示特指) 4. 进行球类运动
play basketball 打篮球 play volleyball 打排球 play football 踢足球 5. 没有特指的物质名词
This cart is made of wood. 这辆手推车是用木头作的。
比较: The wood outside was all wet. 外面的那些木头都湿了。(表示特指) 6. 没有特指的不可数抽象名词 Time is precious. 时间是宝贵的。
比较: The time of the play was 1990s.
这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十年代。(表示特指) 7. 没有特指的可数名词复数形式后。
I like tomatoes. 我喜欢西红柿。 8. 山峰
Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰 9. 固定词组
go to school 去上学 go to bed 上床睡觉 go by train 乘火车去 go by boat 乘船去 at table 在用餐 in hospital 住院 at school 求学 in school 求学 at noon 在中午 at night 在晚上
at midnight 在半夜 in town 在城里 10. 独立结构中的名词不加冠词
A boy came in, book in hand. 一个男孩进来，手上拿着书。 11. 泛指人类 Man is mortal. 人必有一死。
12. 在\"kind of，名词 sort of，名词\"句式中 What kind of flower is it? 这是什么花, I like this sort of book. 我喜欢这种书。
13. 指职位、头衔的词，如king，captain，president，chairman 等。 He is (the) captain of the team. 他是球队的队长。
As (the) chairman of the committee, I declare the meeting open. 作为委员会主席，我宣布会议开始。 冠词和三餐的搭配
三餐名词单独使用时，之前通常不加冠词 三餐名词之前若加形容词时则除外: We have breakfast at eight(
我们8点钟吃早饭。
He gave us a good breakfast(
他请我们吃了一顿丰盛的早餐。 I was invited to dinner( 他们邀请我吃饭。
I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador( 我被邀请参加欢迎新任大使的宴会。 The Scots have porridge for breakfast( 苏格兰人早餐吃粥。
The wedding breakfast was held in her father‘s house( 婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举行的。
介词短语与冠词 一. at table 在进餐 at the table 在桌子旁边 at desk 在读书 at the desk 在课桌旁 at school 在上学 at the school 在学校里 in class 在上课 in the class 在班级里面 in bed 卧床 in the bed 在床上 in prison 坐牢
in the prison (因事)在监狱 in hospital 住院 in the hospital (因事)在医院
go to school 去上学 go to the school (因事)去学校 go to bed 上床睡觉 go to the bed 在床上
go to hospital 去看病 go to the hospital 去医院 二. take place 发生 take the place 代替
in place of 代替 in the place of 在...的地方 in case of 万一 in the case of 就...来说
out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 完全不可能 通常使用不定冠词的短语 after a while 过了一会儿
all of a sudden 突然 as a rule 通常
as a result 结果，因此 as a matter of fact 事实上 as a whole 大体上 at a loss 不知所措 in a hurry 急忙 in a way 在某种程度上 in a word 总而言之
It‘s a pity that… 令人遗憾的是… put an end to… 结束… come to an end 结束
come to a conclusion 得出结论 have a good time 玩得愉快 have a rest 休息一下 have a cold 感冒
have a word with 和…谈一谈 keep an eye for 对…有鉴赏力 make a living 谋生 make a fire 生火 make a fool of 愚弄 take a walk 散步 冠词位置 1) 不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: a. 位于下列形容词之后: such，what，many，half，
I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后:
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance.
c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。
但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后:
Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。
当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。 2) 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。
All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。 冠词与形容词+名词结构
1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。 冠词的使用错误
大家除了掌握使用冠词的基本规则外，还应不拘泥于规则，注意冠词的活用: 1(表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词the; 但如果名词前有修饰语，也可能用不定冠词a, an。
the world, a peaceful world the moon, a bright moon
2. 表示一日三餐的名词前面一般不用冠词，但前面如果有了定语修饰，也可能用不定冠词a, an。
Have you had supper? We had a wonderful supper.
3. 表示乐器的名词前一般用定冠词the, 但前面如果出现定语修饰，也可能用不定冠词a, an。
He starts his day by playing the violin.
He is playing a borrowed violin. 4. 介词与表示交通工具的名词连用表示笼统的方式，前面一般不用冠词，但如果名词的前面出现了修饰语，前面需加冠词。
He went to the station by car. He went to the station in a black car. 5. 表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词，但后面如果出现language一词，前面需加定冠词the。
English=the English language French=the French language 6. turn用作系动词时，后面作表语的单数名词前不用冠词。
He turned writer many years later.(=He became a writer many years later.
数词的分类 一、数词 1. 基数词
表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下: A(从1——10
one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten( B(从 11——19
eleven，twelve， thirteen， fourteen， fifteen， sixteen， seventeen，eighteen， nineteen(
这里除 eleven， twelve， thirteen， fifteen， eighteen为特殊形式外，fourteen，sixteen，seventeen，nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。 C(从 21——99
整数几十中除twenty，thirty, forty，fifty，eighty为特殊形式外，sixty，seventy，ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时，在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符―-‖
21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six D(百位数
个数基数词形式加―hundred‖，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and( 101 a hundred and one
320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight E(千位数以上
从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加一个逗号―，‖。从右开始，第一个―，‖前的数字后添加 thousand，第二个―，‖前面的数字后添加 million，第三个―，‖前的数字后添加 billion。然后一节一节分别表示，两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。
2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight
16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four 5,237,166,234 five billion，two hundred and thirty-seven million，one hundred and
sixty-six thousand，two hundred and thirty-four F(基数词在表示确切的数字时，不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是，当基数词表示不确切数字，如成百、成千上万，三三两两时，基数词则以复数形式出现。
There are hundreds of people in the hall( 大厅里有数以百计的人。
Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta
Warriors and Horses every day(
每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。 They went to the theatre in twos and threes( 他们三三两两地来到了剧院。
G(表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用几十的复数形式表示。 He became a professor in his thirties( 他三十多岁时成为了教授。
She died of lung cancer in forties( 她四十来岁时死于肺癌。 It was in the 1960s( 那是在二十世纪六十年代。 H(基数词的句法功能
基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。 The two happily opened the box(
两个人高兴地打开了盒子。(作主语) I need three altogether( 我总共需要三个。(作宾语)
Four students are playing volleyball outside( 四个学生在外面打排球。(作定语) We are sixteen( 我们是16个人。(作表语)
They three tried to finish the task before sunset( 他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务。(作同位语) 2. 序数词 表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式: A(从第一至第十九 其中，one— first， two— second， three— third， five— fifth，eight—eighth，
nine—ninth，twelve— twelfth为特殊形式，其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数
词后面添加―th‖构成。例如: six— sixth、nineteen— nineteenth( B(从第二十至第九十九
整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i，再加―eth‖构成。 twenty——twentieth thirty——thirtieth 表示第几十几时，用几十的基数词形式加上连字符―,‖和个位序数词形式一起表
示。
thirty-first 第三十一 fifty-sixth 第五十六 seventy-third 第七十三 ninety-ninth 第九十九
C(第一百以上的多位序数词
由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。 one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一
one thousand，three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十 D(序数词的缩写形式
有时，序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。 first——lst second——2nd third——3rd
fourth——4th sixth——6th twentieth——20th twenty-third——23rd 其中lst，2nd，3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。 E(序数词的句法功能
序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 The second is what I really need( 第二个是我真正需要的。(作主语) He choose the second( 他挑选了第二个。(作宾语)
We are to carry out the first plan( 我们将执行第一个计划。(作定语)
She is the second in our class(在我们班她是第二名。(作表语) 注:序数词在使用时，通常前面要加定冠词 the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠
词a或an时，则表示―再——‖，―又——‖。 We‘ll go over it a second time( 我们得再念第二遍。
We‘ve tried it three times(Must we try it a fourth time?
我们已经试过三遍了，还必须试一次(第四次)吗, 另外，基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可，不
需要添加定冠词。
the first lesson——Lesson One the fifth page——Page 5(five)
the twenty-first room——Room 21(twenty-one) 二、时刻表示法
1. 表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的o/‘clock 5:00 读作 five o/‘clock 或 five
2. 表示几点过几分，在分钟后加past，再加小时 five past seven 七点过五分
half past six 六点半
a quarter past eight 八点过一刻
seven past eight 八点过七分 3. 表示几点差几分，在分钟后面加to，再加小时
ten to eight 差十分八点(七点五十分)
a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点(十一点四十五分) twenty to six 差二十分六点(五点四十分)
在日常生活中，常用下列简单方法表示时间。 以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字。 6:31 读作 six thirty-one 10:26 读作 ten twenty-six
14:03 读作 fourteen o three 16:15 读作 sixteen fifteen 18:30 读作 eighteen thirty 23:55 读作 twenty-three fifty-five 注:时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法，这样就不需要用a.m.表示上午，
p.m.表示下午了。 三、年月表示法
1. 世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示，也可以用定冠词加百位进数
加/‘s表示
the sixth(6th)century 公元六世纪
the eighteenth(18th)century 公元十八世纪 the 1900/‘s 二十世纪 the 1600/‘s 十七世纪
这里，用百位数整数表示的世纪比这一百位阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪。 2. 年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成 in the 1930/‘s(in the thirties of the twentieth century或 in the nineteen thirties) 在二十世纪三十年代
in the 1860/‘s(in the sixties of the 19th century或 in the eighteen sixties) 在十九世纪六十年代
In the 1870/‘s when Marx was already in his fifties，he found it important to study the
situation in Russia，so he began to learn Russian(
在十九世纪七十年代当马克思已经五十多岁时，他发现研究俄国的形势很重要，便开始学习俄语。
3. 表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期，可以在定冠词后，年代前添加 early，mid-，late
in the early 1920/‘s 在二十世纪二十年代早期 in the mid-1950/‘s 在二十世纪五十年代中期 4. 年月日表示法
A(年份用基数词表示，一般写为阿拉伯数字，读时可以以hundred为单位，也可以以世纪、年代为单位分别来读。
1949 读作 nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或 nineteen forty-nine 1800 读作 eighteen hundred
253 读作 two hundred and fifty-three或two fifty-three 1902 读作 nineteen hundred and two或 nineteen o two 表示在哪一年，一般在年数前加介词in，使用year时，year放在数词之前。 in the year two fifty-three B.C. 在公元前253年
但是，通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯数字。
B. 月份，在哪个月用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份词表示。例如:in May在五月; in July在七月。为了简便起见，月份与日期连用时，月份常用缩写形式表示。缩写形式除May，June，July外，其它的月份都由其前三个字母表示，但September除外。
January——Jan(一月 February——Feb(二月 March——Mar. 三月 April——Apr(四月 August——Aug(八月 September——Sept(九月 October——Oct(十月 November——Nov(十一月
December——Dec(十二月
注:这里缩写形式后面加点不能省略，因为它是表示缩写形式的符号。 C(日期用定冠词the加序数词表示。在哪一天要添加介词on。 National Day is on Oct. 1. 国庆节是十月一日。(读作 October first)
此句也可以表示为 National Day is on the 1st of October( May 5 五月五日(读作May fifth) 也可以表示为the fifth(5th)of May
Mar. 1(st) 三月一日(读作March first或 the first of March) 5. 表示不具体、不确切的时间，如世纪、年代、年份、月份时，用介词in表示，表示具体确切的某一天用介词on表示通常情况下morning，afternoon，evening等词前用介词in。但是，当这些词前后有一修饰限定的词作为定语，把它们限定为某一天早晨、下午或晚上时，介词in应改为on。这里的修饰限定词可以是介词短语、名词、形容词、定语从句等。
On a cold morning，the old man died lonely in his house( 在一个寒冷的早晨，这个老人孤独地死在自己的房子里。
I don/‘t want to be disturbed on nights when I have to study( 我不愿意在我必须学习的晚上被打扰。
The accident happened on the afternoon of July 7( 这次事故发生在7月7日下午。
We are to have a small test on Monday morning( 星期一早晨我们将进行一次小测验。 四、加减乘除表示法
1. ―加‖用plus，and或add表示;―等于‖用is，make，equal等词表示。 2+3=? 可表示为: How much is two plus three? 2+3=5
Two plus three is five( Two and three is equal to five( Two and three make five( Two added to three equals five(
If we add two to/and three, we get five( 二加三等于五
2. ―减‖用 minus或 take from表示 10,6,? How much is ten minus six? 10-6=4 Ten minus six is four(
Take six from ten and the remainder is four. Six (taken) from ten is four( 十减去六等于四
3. ―乘‖用time(动词)或multiply表示 3X4,? How much is three times four? 3X4=12 Three times four is/are twelve( Multiply three by four，we get twelve( Three multiplied by four makes twelve( 三乘以四等于十二
4. ―除‖用divide的过去分词形式表示 16?4=? How much is sixteen divided by four? 16?4,4
Sixteen divided by four is four(
Sixteen divided by four equals/gives/makes four( 十六除以四等于四。
五、分数表示法
1. 分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的。基数词作分子，序数词作分母，除了分子是―1‖以外，其它情况下序数词都要用复数形式。
3/4 three fourths或 three quarters 1/3 one third或a third
24/25 twenty-four twenty-fifths 3 1/4 three and one fourth或 three and one quarter 1/2 a half
1/4 one quarter或a quarter 1 1/2 one and a half 1 1/4 one and a quarter
2. 当分数后面接名词时，如果分数表示的值大于1，名词用复数;小于1，名词用单数。
1 1/2 hours 一个半小时(读作 one and a half hours)
2 3/4 meters 二又四分之三米(读作two and three-fourths meters) 4/5 meter 五分之四米
5/6 inch 六分之五英寸
3. 表示―n次方‖的说法:指数用序数词，底数用基数词。
10的7次方 the seventh power of ten(ten to the seventh power) 6的10次方 the tenth power of six(six to the tenth power)
六 、小数表示法
1. 小数用基数词来表示，以小数点为界，小数点左首的数字为一个单位，表示整数，数字合起来读;小数点右首的数字为一个单位，表示小数，数字分开来读;小数点读作 point，o读作 zero或o〔ou〕，整数部分为零时，可以省略不读。 0.4 zero point four或point four 零点四
10.23 ten point two three 十点二三
25.67 twenty-five point six seven 二十五点六七 l.03 one point o three 一点零三
2. 当数字值大于1时，小数后面的名词用复数，数字值小于1时，小数后面的名词用单数。
1.03 meters 一点零三米 0.49 ton 零点四九吨 l.5 tons 一点五吨 七、百分数表示法
百分数用基数，percent表示 50, fifty percent 百分之五十 3, three percent 百分之三
0.12, zero point one two percent 百分之零点一二 这里的percent前半部per表示―每一‖，cent这一后半部分表示―百‖，所以百分之
几中percent不用复数形式。 八、数量表示法
1. 表示长、宽、高、面积等，用基数词+单位词(meter，foot，inch，kilogram
等)+ 形容词(long，wide，high等)表示，或者用基数词+单位词 + in + 名词 (length， width， height， weight等)表示。 two meters long或 two meters in length 2米长 three feet high或 three feet in height 3英尺高 four inches wide或 four inches in width 4英寸宽 This box is 2 kilograms in weight( 这个盒子有两千克重。
The city wall of Xi/‘an is 12 meters wide and 12 meters high( 西安城墙是12米宽，12米高。
2. 表示时间、距离时，使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。 five minutes/‘ walk
步行五分钟(的距离)
It/‘s an hour/‘s ride from my hometown to our university( 从我的家乡到我们大学是乘车一小时的路程。
或:从我的家乡到我们大学需要乘车一小时。
It/‘s three kilometers/‘ distance from our campus to the Bell Tower. 从我们校园到钟楼有三公里远。
3. 表示温度时，用below zero表示零下温度，温度用基数词+degree(s)+单位
词(centigrade摄氏或Fahrenheit华氏)表示。 thirty-six degrees centigrade或 36? 摄氏 36度
four degrees below zero centigrade或 -4? 摄氏零下4度 Water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit( 水在华氏三十二度时结冰。
Water boils at one hundred degrees centigrade( 水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。
这里的单位词在人们都很清楚是什么度量制度时，可以省略。 You are 37?((读作 thirty-seven degrees) 你是三十七度。(摄氏)
It/‘s seven degrees below zero( 今天是零下七度。(摄氏)
4. 由数词和其他名词构成的名词性短语作定语时，其中的名词用单数形式，名
词性短语中各部分间要用连字符―-‖来连接。 It/‘s a five-minute walk from the library to the playground( 从图书馆到操场需要走五分钟。
She/‘s a sixteen-year-old girl( 她是个十六岁的女孩。
大(或)几倍‖的说法。 5. 表示―比
This room is two times bigger than that one( 这个房间比那个(房间)大两倍。
The dictionary is four times thicker than that book( 这本词典比那本书厚四倍。
My age is two times older than his( 我的年龄比他大两倍 名词 定义
名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。 例如:
desk 桌子 time 时间 life 生活 book 书本 room 房间 honesty 诚实 worker 工
人 pencil 铅笔 computer 计算机 用法:
在句子中用作动词的主语或宾语的词,或是在独立结构中表示名称的词,或是在联系动词后作表语用的词
分类
名词分为专有名词和普通名词
专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京
普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革
普通名词又可进一步分为四类
1) 个体名称(Individual Nouns):表示单个的人和事物。 horse 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fan 风扇 picture 照片 2) 集体名称(Collective Nouns): 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团 3) 物质名词(Material Nouns):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力
名词又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。 _______________________________________
| |专有名词 | | | 名 | | 个体名词 | | | | | | 可数名词 | | | | 集体名词 | | | |普通名词 | | | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | | | | | 不可数名词| | | | 抽象名词 | |
可数名词有单,复数之分,表示一个或多个。 a book 一本书 two books 两本书
不可数名词:不分单,复数;抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。
sand 沙 sugar 糖
有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件 名词的功能
名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。
书包在桌子里边。
I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。
This is a good book. book 作表语。 这是一本好书。
We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。 我们选他为我们的班长。
Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。
He is a Party member. Party 作定语. 他是一名党员。
They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。 他们白天黑夜地学习。
名词的数
英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式, 表示一个人或事物用单数形式, 表示一 个以上的人或事物用复数形式。
a book 一本书 two books 两本书 a bag 一个包 three bags 三个包 名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化, 如: a pen, a bed, a room, an
English book。
名词的复数形式,多数名词的复数形式在其单数形式后面加 -s 或 -es 构成,名词复数形式变化如下。
1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如: bags，maps，pens，desks，workers
2) 名词以 [s],[z],[ ],[t ],[d ]等音结尾在其后加 -es, 如词尾已有 e ,只加-s。 clothes， boxes， buses， horses， watches，dishes
3) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves. bookshelves， wives， knives
4) 名词以辅音+y 结尾的,变 y 为 i ,再加 es。 cities，babies， factories.
5) 名词以辅音 + o 结尾的,加 -es, 变为复数形式。 heroes, potatoes, tomatoes
极少数名词虽然以-o 或者-f 结尾, 变成复数则只加 -s,为数不多, 如 radios pianos photos roofs 等。
英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有， man - men woman - women foot - feet tooth - teeth mouse - mice ox - oxen sheep -
sheep dear - dear fish - fish 名词复数的不规则变化 1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
如: an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形 如:
deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说
a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4)以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如:
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 \"The Arabian Nights\" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses;
two pairs of trousers
6) 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如:goods货物，waters水域，fishes(各种)鱼 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 如:sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌
the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如:goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
个别的有用复数作定语的，如: a seven-years child 英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。
scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯 不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较: Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如:
a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议
不可数) ( 不同国家的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人the an two
Australians Australian Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two
Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two
Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 名词的格 在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。 The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。
I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。 名词的所有格:
名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。
Lu Xun's book is worth reading. 鲁迅的书值得一读。 This is my father's room. 这是我父亲的房间。
以-s 或 -es 结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加 “ ' ”。 There are many students' exercise books here.
这儿有许多学生的练习本。
复合名词的所有格 \" 's \" 加在后面的名词之后. This is my son-in-law's bike. 这是我女婿的自行车。 如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词后加 \" 's \"。 We visited Xiao Li and Xiao Zhang's room. 我们参观了小李和小张的房间。
名词所有格所修饰的词,有时可以省略。如前文已经提到,或者指地点。 The book is not mine, but Li Hue‘s.
这本书不是我的，是李华的。
I had my hair cut in the barber's. 我在理发店理发了。
2) 表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属于后者。 It's a map of China.
它是一幅中国画。
I forgot the title of the film. 我忘记电影名字了。
Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。 名词的性
英语名词如果从生物学的自然性别角度来分析,可分为四种性,阳性,阴性,通性和中性。一般来说绝大多数名词没有性的词性变化形式。英语名词大部分都是中性的。对于一些代表性的英语名词，则用不同的英语名词来表示,而不是用一个词的词形变化来表示。例如
阳性: 表示男人或雄性动物的名词有， father man boy
阴性: 表示女人或雌性动物的名词有， mother woman girl
通性: 表示某一类别的名称,而不强调性别。
children baby friend animal fish 中性: 表示无生命的物质名称和抽象名称，
desk pen chair room
英语名称分类繁杂,它的单,复数问题,以及可数还是不可数问题直接影响谓语动词,冠词,代词的使用。请注意下列几个问题。
名称作主语时,谓语动词必须和它的主语人称,数相一致.
These books are mine, not yours. 这些书是我的，不是你的。 Miss Li teaches us English. 李小姐教我们英语。 注意事项
集体名称作主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。用单数是把集体名称看作整体,用复数是把集体名称看作整体中的组成部分或各成员。
His family is large. 他家人很多。
His family are all teachers 他的家人都是教师。 动词用复数.
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 我们中国人民勤劳而勇敢。
下列名词 news mathematics physics polities 等名称作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 The good news is that we have passed the exam. 好消息是我们通过了考试。
下列名词 goods scissors trousers eyeglasses scales 作主语时,谓语动词用复数。 Do you know where my trousers are? 你知道我的裤子在哪儿吗,
用 and 连接的名词作主语,谓语动词用复数。
She and her sister are in the same school. 她和她的妹妹在同一个学校。
There is 句型中,谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。
There are two apples and one egg in it. 这里边有两个苹果和一个鸡蛋。 as well as 和名词连用时,谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。
He as well as I is responsible for it. 不但是我，他对这件事也有责任。
either...or， neither...nor， not only...but also 连接名词时,谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。
Either you or he has to hand in the report. 不是你就是他得把报告交上来。
名词口诀:
人和事物各有名，万千名目可辨清。表示名称即名词，具体抽象有不同。 时间空间和地点，方向位置有专称。主宾定谓都可作，名词具有多功能。 现在分词和动名词的区别
动名词和现在分词都称作动状词(Verbal)，即由动词变化而来，仍然具有动词的性质与原义，但不能作动词使用的词。
动名词与现在分词的区别主要是:
1. 如果,ing形式在句中作表语，那么它可能是现在分词，也可能是动名词。区别方法是:
动名词作定语时，说明被修饰的名词的用途(可以用\"use for +动名词\"这个结构代替)，
它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系;现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的行为
，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系(可以扩展为定语从句)。 E.g.: a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢 (sleeping此处为动名词 )
a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子 (sleeping此处为现在分词
)
2. 动名词具有名词的性质:
可以和名词一样有冠词或this、some等形容词; E.g.: A knocking at the door was
heard
可以和名词一样有所有格、复数形式;
E.g.: He enjoys reading for reading‘s sake, not for scholarship. He is so busy that I can‘t keep track of all his comings and goings. 可以带有所有格已表明动作者。 E.g.: Please excuse my coming late. 3. 如果,ing形式在句中作表语，那么它可能是现在分词，也可能是动名词。区别方法是:
如果ing形式相当于一个名词，可以与主语交换位置，它就是动名词。如果,ing形式相当于
形容词，不能与主语交换位置，它就是现在分词。
4. ―动名词+名词‖和―现在分词+名词‖的读音不同，前者的重音在―动名词‖上(a ?sleeping suit)，而后者的重音在―名词‖上(a sleeping ?child)。 5. 动名词用法的特殊情况
No+动名词——用于简短的禁令或禁律 E.g.: No smoking.
There is no+-ing(…是不可能的)= It is impossible to ~ = No one can ~ (or We cannot ~)
E.g.: There is no telling when lasting peace will come. (谁也不知道永久的和平何
时到来)
Never (or not) … without + -ing (每次…都…)= whenever E.g.: He never comes without bringing some present. ? It goes without saying that (…是不用说的)= It is needless to say that E.g.: It goes without saying that no animal can live without breathing.
Do+动名词(做需要若干时间或一再重复的事情)——动名词之前都由the、 所有
格或some/a little/ much/ a lot of 之类的形容词。 E.g.: Do you do much fishing?
On (or upon) +-ing (当…，一…就…)=when (or as soon as) +S. + V. ? Of one‘s own = -ing (自己…的)=-ed by oneself
E.g.: He showed me a picture of his own painting. ? Make a point of –ing (必定，重视)= make it a point to ~ E.g.: He makes a point of calling on me on New Year‘s Day.
Be on (or upon) the point of –ing (正要)= be just about to ~ 6. 如果,ing形式在句中充当状语和补语，那么它一定是现在分词。
如果,ing形式在句中充当主语、宾语、同位语，那么它一定是动名词 代词 一、考点聚焦
代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\\疑问
代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。
1、人称代词
(1)人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下4中情况: 作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。
—Does any of you know where Tom lives? —Me.
What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!
句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。
The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格，故用he代替) They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格，故用her 替代)
作表语人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。 I met her in the hospital.?It was her who I met in the hospital. 在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).
但在下列句中有区别。
I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too. (2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则:
在并列主语中，―I‖总是放在最后，排列顺序为:二三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。
You ,she and I will be in charge of the case. Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him. 第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。 He and she still don‘t agree to the plan. (3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。 we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。
she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。 The ―Titanic‖was the largest, wasn‘t she? 2.物主代词
(1)名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。 (2)one‘s own…=...of one‘s own句式的转换。 (3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。 如: take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg. 3.反身代词
(1)反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。 (2)反身代词和某些动词连有，构成固定短语。 enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood
(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。 for oneself为自己或独立地，of oneself自然地，自动地 by oneself独自地，in oneself本身性质，beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极
This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章(独有)。 Just between ourselves, I don‘t think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。
They were discussing about it among themselves.(相互共同) Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他，他写了起来。 I‘m very angry with myself.生自己的气。 4.相互代词(each other, one another)
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other‘s 、one another‘s ,作定语。
一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。
5.指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)
指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。
(1)指示代词this和that的区别。
this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。
This is my desk and that is yours.
In those days they could not go to school.
this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。
I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday. That‘s why he didn‘t come. 为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.
this在电话用语中作自我介绍，that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用，意思相当于副词so。
(2)such和same的用法。
such指―这样的‖人或事，在句中作主语和定语。
Such was the story.
We have never seen such a tall building.
same指―同样的‖人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same的前面要用定冠词the.
The same can be said of the other article. 另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)
Whether he can do it or not, it is all the same to me. 他是否能做这事，对我来说都一样。(表语) 6、疑问代词(who, whom, which, what, whose) 疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 (1)who/what
询问姓名或关系。——Who is he? ——He is my brother./He is Henry.询问职业或地位。——What is he, ——He is a lawyer/teacher. What/who 作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。 What is /are on the table? Who is/are in the library? (2)which与who、what
which表示在一定范围内，而who、what则无此限制。 I found two books on the desk. Which is yours? 7.连接代词和关系代词
连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.
关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。这两类代词的用法详见―名词性从句‖和―定语从句‖部分。
8、不定代词
不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词，不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every、no只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。
(1)some与any
一般用法:some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。
He has some Chinese paintings.(定语) Some like sports, others like music.(主语) Ask me if you have any questions.(定语) Do you have any questions to ask?(定语) I don‘t know any of the students.(宾语) 特殊用法:
any用于肯定句表示―任何‖的意思。 Any child can do that.(定语) You may take any of them.(宾语) some用于单数可数名词前表示―某一‖。 Smith went to some place in England.(定语)
在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 Would you like some bananas?(邀请)
Mum, could you give me some money?(请求) some 用于否定句表示部分否定。
I don‘t know some of the students.(宾语)
some和any在句中还可作状语，作副词。some意为―大约‖相当于―about‖,而any则表示程度，意为―稍，丝毫‖。如:
There are some 300 workers on strike. Do you feel any better today? (2)one,both,all
one作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示―一个‖的意思，其复数为ones,指人时，其所有格是one‘s，反身代词是oneself.
One should try one‘s best to serve the people.(主语、定语) This is not the one I want.(表语)
one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复，one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如:
These books are more interesting than those ones.
Here are three pens. Which one is yours, this one or that one or the one in the
pencil-box?
both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示―两者都‖的意思。
This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语) Both of the boys are here.(主语) We both are students.(同位语)
注意:both用于否定句，表示部分否定;表示完全否定时，用neither。如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。
Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。
both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如:Both my parents like this film.
Both the /these boys are tall.
all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语，指―全部的‖、―整个的‖，可与可数或不可数名词连用，除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用，与复数名词连用时，表示―所有的‖、―全部的‖，指三个或三个以上的人或物。
He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。 All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。 That‘s all for today.今天就在这儿。
They have all been to Xi‘an.他们都去过西安。
注意:all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如:
Not all the ants go out for food.(or: All the ants don‘t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。
None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。 (3)many和much
many和much都表示―许多‖，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。
(4)few, little; a few, a little
few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义;而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词;little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。
(5)no和none
no=not any,表示―没有‖，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语，none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。
注意:none既可以指人又可以指物，no one只能指人。 (6)each和every
each(各个)，指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个)，指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。
Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上―所有的人‖)
Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调各个个体) Each of them has been there.(主语)
The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语) We each got a ticket.(同位语) (7)either和neither
either是―两者中任何一个‖的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，neither是―两者中没有一个‖的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如:
Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语) Neither boy knows French.(定语)
注意:?either也作副词，其意为―也‖，用于否定句的句末。He doesn‘t like tea,
and I don‘t either.(状语)?either与or构成连词，意为―不是……就是……‖或―要么……要么……‖。He is either Japanese or
Chinese. ?neither用作副词，意为―也不‖，即―not…either‖。He can‘t do it, neither can I. ?neither可与nor构成连词，意为―既不……也不‖。Neither he nor you are a student. (8)other和another, the others 和others
the other表示―两者中的另一个‖;―the other + 复数可数名词‖ 表示―其余(他)的……‖;the others表示―其他的人或物‖。―others及other + 复数名词‖泛指―其他的(别的)人或物‖。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:
He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel.
Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow. Some are singing, others are dancing.
another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为―(三个或三个以上的)另一个‖，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。
This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语) Please give me another book.(定语)
注意:another修饰复数名词时，意为―再，又‖。如:Please give me another
ten minutes. one … another(a second)… a third…the other…意为―一个……一
个……一个……一个‖用于三者或三者以上的排列。some…others…others…，意为―一些……一些……一些‖。
二、精典名题导解 选择填空
1. The Parkers bought a new house but __________ will need a lot of work
before they can move in. (NMET 2001) A. they B. it C. one D. which
解析:答案为B。分析题意可知，they显然不合，which多引导从句，从此为并列句式，one表示泛指，而此处空格内容指代前面提到的the new house。要仔细区别代词的所指范围，是人还是物，单数还是复数，另应注意句式。
2(If you want to change for a double room you‘ll have to pay_________$ 15.
(NMET 2000)
A. another B. other C. more D. each
解析:答案为A。本题考查不定代词用于表示数量附加的用法。―another + 数 复数名词‖结构通常用来表示在原有数量上的附加。若选C，正确结构是―数字 +
词 + more + 复数名词‖。掌握another和more与数字搭配的位置是此题关键。another放在数字前，more放在数字后。NMET 1995中第25小题命题思路与此题一致。
3. Few pleasures can equal ___________of a cool drink on a hot day. (NMET 1999)
A. some B. any C. that D. those
解析:答案为C。本题考查替代词that的用法。that通常在句中替代同类的、特定的但不是同一的事物。本句中that替代the pleasure。句意为―在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能与饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比‖。that指代单数或不可数名词，复数用those，表示特指，以避免重复，在比较句型中较为常用，代替可数名词时可换用the one。
代词比较辩异 one，that 和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，
而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个) 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物) 主谓一致 一、主谓一致
指―人称‖和―数‖方面的一致关系。对大多数人来说，往往会在掌握主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一致问题上遇到困难。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配:
(一)语法一致原则
用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致，就是语法一致。也就是说，如果名词中心词是单数，动词用单数形式;如果名词中心词是复数，动词用复数形式。例如:
This table is a genuine antique. Both parties have their own advantages. Her job has something to do with computers. She wants to go home.
They are divorcing each other.
Mary was watching herself in the mirror. The bird built a nest. Susan comes home every week-end. (二)意义一致原则
有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如:
Democratic government gradually take the place of an all-powerful monarchy.
A barracks was attacked by the guerilla. Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.
The United States is a developed country. It is the remains of a ruined palace.
The archives was lost.
This pair of trousers costs fifty dollars. (三)就近原则
有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。 例如: Either my grandsons or their father is coming. No one except his daughters agree with him. Mary and her sisters are baking a cake.
Neither Richard nor I am going. 二、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题 有些集合名词，
ommittee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,government,group,mob,staff,team,
union等，在意义上是复数，但在语法形式上是单数，这类名词作主语的主谓一
致问题往往遵循―语法一致‖或―意义一致‖原则。例如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. A council of elders governs the tribe.
The present government is trying to control inflation. The school staff are expected to supervise school meals.
(一)通常作复数的集体名词
包括police, people, cattle, militia, vermin等，这些集体名词通常用作复数。 例
如:
The British police have only very limited powers. The militia were called out to guard the borderland. It seems the cattle on the sides of the dikes were the only living creatures in these
desolate surroundings. (二)通常作不可数名词的集体名词
通常作不可数名词的集体名词，包括poultry, foliage，machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise等,这类名词后的动词用单数形式。 例如:
Poultry is expensive at this time of year. That green foliage was restful. The
merchandise has arrived undamaged. All the machinery in the factory is made in
China. The suite of furniture he bought was of contemporary style. The equipment of
the photographic studio was expensive. (三)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
可作单数也可作复数的集体名词,包括audience, committee, crew, family, government,
jury ,army,class,club,crowd,family,gang,herd,congress,assenmbly,band
等作主语时，如指整体，谓语用单数;如指成员，谓语用复数。
The audience was/were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play. The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.
The jury is/are about to announce the winners.
The government has/have discussed the matter for a long time. 三、a committee, etc of +复数名词的主谓一致问题
如果主语是由a committee of /a panel of /a (the) board of +复数名词构成，随后的
动词通常用单数。例如:
A committee of twelve men is to discuss the matter. A panel of experts has considered the situation.
The board of managers is responsible for the firm. 四、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题
英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词
并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
(一)以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如:
arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主
语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如:
Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient. The diabetes is a kind of chronic disease.
Measles usually occurs in children.
Phlebitis is a swollen condition of the blood vessels. (二)以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如: Darts is basically a easy game. Marbles is not confined to children. Skittles is not fashionable nowadays. Draughts is not very difficult to learn.
但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复
数。 例如:
Three darts are thrown at each turn.
All nine skittles were brought down by the good throw. (三)以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，
因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。 例如:
The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s'. In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.
但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。 例
如:
The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts. The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant. The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance. The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most splendid waterfall in the world.
(四)以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作
单数。 例如:
Physics is a fundamental subject in science. The third world economics is promising.
Acoustics studies the science of sound. Mathematics is an interesting subject.
Athletics is a required course for students of all grades. 但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用;如这类名词前有物主代
词时，谓语动词用单复数均可。 例如:
Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college. The acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect. The economics of the project are still at issue.
His politics is \\are weak.
(五)其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题 A. 以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语
英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trousers等，这类名词做主语，如果不带―一
把‖、―一副‖等单位词，谓语动词通常用复数。 例如:
Mary's glasses are new. John's trousers are black.
如果带有单位词， 则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式。 例如: One pair of pincers isn't enough.
Two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box. B. 其他以-s结尾的名词
英语中还有一些以s结尾的名词，如archives，arms,clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages这类名词作
主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。 例如:
The archives of the country are kept in the Department of Security. The contents of the book are most amusing. High wages often result in high prices.
My thanks are sincere.
C. 表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时，如只指一种、一本
或一个，谓语动词用单数。例如:
The New York Times is not available here The United States was founded in 1776
D. 表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时，如表抽象概念，被视为
一整体，谓语动词用单数;如表具体的多少，强调复数意义，谓语动词用复数。
Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you . Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her . The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours. 五、如果句子的主语是并列结构，其主谓一致问题通常遵循以下原则: (一)由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
由and/both...and连接的并列结构作主语，可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、
复数形式。 例如:
Pancakes and syrup is a tasty breakfast. The number and diversity of British newspaper is considerable.
Good and bad taste are inculcated by example. Fish and chips are getting very expensive. A truck and a car were in the ditch.
Both Cathy and her daughter Linda have gone fishing in Canada. 当and连接的并列单数名词词组带有each，every,no,many a等限定词时，谓语动
词通常用单数。 例如:
Every man，woman, and child is entitled to take part in the activity.
Each man and each woman there is asked to help. Every flower and every bush is to be cut down.
No teacher and no student is listening to the lecture. Many a boy and many a girl has been to the exhibition.
.当and连接的两个名词指同一人、同一事或同一概念时，and后面那个名词前没
有冠词，谓语动词用单数当and连接两个都有冠词的名词作主语时，谓语动词用
复数。例如:
The teacher and the writer are respected by all the people around The teacher and writer is respected by all the people around. 形容词，and，形容词，名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如: Social and political freedom are limited there. (二)由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
由or,nor,either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also连接的并列结构作主语，随后的
动词形式通常按照―就近原则‖处理。 例如: Neither Lucy nor Carol has any money left.
Neither skate nor snow stops him from driving his new Mercedes-Benz. Either Tina or Carol is sure to know the answer.
Neither my father nor my brothers are likely to be at theater. Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were confident of victory. Not only one, but all of us are hoping to be there.
Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been stolen. (三)主语 + as much as,etc的主谓一致问题
当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等引导的从属
结构，或跟有由as well as, in addition to ,with, along with, together with, except,like,including,but等引导的词组时， 其后的动词形式取决主语的形式。(就
远原则) 例如:
The vessel, with its entire crew and cargo was lost.
The ocean, as well as the gulf and the bay, provides good fishing. John, rather than his roommates, is to blame.
Hugh, as well as his two sisters, is vacationing in Wyoming this summer. Some of the employees as much as the manager were responsible for the failure. My husband, more than anyone else in the family, is longing to go there again. Billy, together with his sisters, was wounded in the accident. No one except two girls was late for school.
六、以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
数量概念分两类:一类是确定数量，如 two years, five seconds, three kilos,等，另
一类是非确定数量，如all of..., some of..., none of...。如果用这类表示数量概念的
名词词组作主语，会产生主谓一致问题。 (一)以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语
当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单
数，如果被看做组成该数量的个体，动词用复数。 例如:
The treasurer considered that twenty dollars was not too much to ask. \"Two months is too short a time,\" General manager warned, \"we must hurry up.\"
Three weeks is needed to complete the task.
There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings. Three pints is not enough to get him drunk.
A total of 50,000 new bicycles was registered in the year. 如果作主语的名词词组是由―分数/百分数+ of‖词组构成，其动词形式 取决于of
词组中名词的类别。 例如:
Two-thirds of the people present is against the plan. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea. Over twenty percent of the city was destroyed in the war. Forty-five percent of the doctors were woman.
两数相减或相除，谓语动词用单数;两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可
用复数。 例如:
Sixty minus seventeen leaves forty-three. Forty-two divided by six is seven. Six and eight makes/make fourteen. Six times eight is/are forty-eight.
如果主语由\"one in/one out of + 复数名词\" 构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数。 例
如:
One in ten students has passed the examination. One out of twelve bottles was left intact.
(二)以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
如果主语由 \"a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of +名词\"或由―a
kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of+名词‖ 构成，谓语动词通常用单数。 例如:
A panel of us has decided to hire a boat and travel through Holland by canal.
A pile of apple logs was set beside the hearth. A portion of reports is deceiving.
This kind of cars is rather expensive. This type of women is dangerous.
That type of machines is up-to-date.
如果主语是由―the whole +单数名词‖，―many a +单数名词\" 或―more than one +单
数名词\"构成，谓语用单数。 例如:
Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break. Many a man has his own responsibility. More than one student has failed the exam. More than one ship was lost this year.
但more +复数名词 than one 作主语时，谓语用复数形式。
More members than one are against the proposal. 如果主语是all of, some of, none of, half of, most of, lots of, loads of ,plenty of,等表
示非确定数量的名词词组，谓语动词的单、复数形式根据 of词组中名词类别而
定。 例如:
Most of the money was recovered by Deputy Player. All of the cargo was lost.
Some of the books were badly torn.
None of my friends ever come to see me. Half of the building was destroyed during the war. Half of the students are eager to leave now. Lots of people are waiting outside.
Loads of apples have been distributed among the children. Plenty of water was prepared for irrigation.
one or two，名词复数,one or more，名词复数作主语，谓语动词用复数。one/a，
单数名词or two作主语，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。例如: One or two books are needed. One book or two is /are needed.
七、不定式短语、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。例如: Reading in the morning is good for learning English. 但是，当and连接上述两个相同的结构时，谓语动词用复数。例如:
Reading books and playing table tennis are my great pleasure. 多个从句作主语，应根据概念上一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数。
What he says and acts does not concern me (笼统指人的言行) What he says and acts do not agree .(指说的话和做的事不一致)
八、其他情况主谓一致
Neither\\either of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。 Amounts \\ quanties of +不可数名词，谓语用复数 Population 作主语时，意为人民时，谓语用复数，意为人口时，谓语用单数
The number of +复数名词作主语，谓语用单数。
动词是英语教学中的一个重点项目;而动词中的难点则属非谓语动词。非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是不能做谓语的动词(可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语)。
非谓语动词有三类:动词不定式(to do)、 现在分词(doing)和过去分词(done)。虽然动词(doing)属名词的范围，但由于其与现在分词同形，因此，本文也将其作以必要的区别。
一、教学把握重点:看该类非谓语动词所表示的动作是属于―主动、被动、完成、将来‖中的哪一种,
,(不定式:表示―将来‖和―(具体时间或方式下的)某一次动作‖; Can you imagine the building to be built next year?(将要)
I like to read after the teacher. (方式:after the teacher) ,(现在分词:可表示―正在、主动、习惯、在先‖四种情况之一; He was seen crying in the next room.(seen的时候crying正在发生) While reading, he sometimes made some notes. (he主动reading) I love reading English aloud.(习惯、爱好、 经常)
Finishing all his work, he had a drink. (先finish,后drink) ,(过去分词:仅表示―被动‖或―完成‖。
Moved deeply by what he said, we can't say a word.(被动) When the sun has risen, they began to cheer all the way.(完成) 二、作宾语:
,(习惯在后面接上动词不定式作宾语的动词常见如:
want,wish,hope,desire,ask,offer,agree,care, choose, expect, manage, pretend,intend,attempt,decide,learn, determine及tell/show/teach sb how to do
,(习惯在后面接动名词作宾语的动词常见的如:
1).admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feel,finish,forgive,i
magine,include,
keep,mention, mind,miss,practise,resis,risk,suggest 2).give up,put off,set about/off, insist on, persist in,stick to, see to, look forward to, on the way to, can't help/bear/stand, it‘s no use/good
,(后接to和接ing形式意义不同的常见动词如:
1)remember/forget接to do 表示动作―没有‖发生或―将要‖发生;接doing表示动
作―已经‖发生。
The letter is still in my pocket. I forget to have it posted. 信仍在我口袋里，我忘记把它寄出去了。
I forgot writing to him last month. So I write him again. 我忘了上月曾给他写过信。所以又给他写了封信。
2)regret doing是为做过的事而感到后悔; regret to do 为不能做某事而遗憾。
I regretted telling him everything. 我后悔把一切都跟他说了。 I regret to say that I can't go with you. 不能和你一起走，真遗憾～ 3)stop/go on后接doing 表示―停止‖或―继续‖的是―同一件事‖或某事―本身‖;后接to do 表示―停下甲事开始干乙事‖或―继续干上了另一件事‖。
After finish maths,he went on to do physics exercises. 在做完数学(,事)后，他又继续做物理练习(,事)。
When the teacher came in, the students stopped singing. 教师进来后，学生们停止了唱歌(停止singing 动作本身)。
When the teacher came in, they stopped to sing. 老师进来后，他们(停下原来干的事情)开始唱歌。
4)try to do=try one's best 尽力地干某事 try doing sth=have a try试着干某事
5)mean to do sth意欲干某事，想干某事 mean doing意思是
6) like/love/hate to do 具体某次行为 like/love/hate doing 经常，习惯 三、作定、状语时，to do表示―将‖;doing表示―主动‖;done表示―被‖。 Given more time, I‘ll do it better.(后面主语，是被given)
Giving him another chance, they waited for him to win.(they主动―给‖他)
He found himself followed by a stranger.(他被跟踪) He came in, following a student. (他主动跟在学生后面) This is the bridge built in 1980.(过去被修建)
This is the bridge being built by the workers.(正在被) This is the bridge to be built next month.(下月将被修建) 注意:having (been) done这种形式，只宜作状语;不宜作定语。
四、作宾语的补足语:后面的补语和前面的宾语之间有动宾或主谓关系。 ,(感官动词的宾补省去to:
I hear someone sing/singing in the next room. 这类动词常见的有:see, look at, glare at, stare at, glance at,watch,notice,observe; hear, listen to; feel等。
,(使役动词的宾补省去to:
常见这类动词有三个:make,let,have表示―使,让，叫‖ The boss made him get up at six in the morning. ,(help的用法比较灵活，下面说法都是对的:
help do, help to do, help sb do, help sb to do, help sb with sth. 注意:一般动词之间再接动词时，应将后面一个改为非谓语形式;在现代英语口语中能直接跟动词原形的也就这么几个:help do, see go, hear sing.
,(其它意义的动词作补语一般应加to:
The manager got his secretary to have the letter typed as soon as he finished.经理一写完信，就叫密书拿去打印。
再如:tell sb to do, order sb to do, ask sb to do等都是如此。 提示:1)宾补用do 或to do可表示―过去完成、将来和经常‖，而用doing表示主句动词的动作发生时， 补语的动作也在同时发生;
2)不管不定式有没有带to，在改为被动语态后，其主语的补语(原宾补)一律用to do;原来是doing的，仍然用-ing形式。
五、常见句式略要:
,(疑问词，to do，one's，doing He didn't know what to do.
Do you mind my opening the windows? ,(too...to句型，―太过于...以致以不能...‖
not too 弱化语气，―不太...‖
,(形容词，enough to do ―足可以‖，―很. ..以致以可以‖ ,(So，形容词，as to do 相当于so...that ―如此...以致‖ ,(It is/was ，形容词，(for/of sb)，to do sth ―对某人来说...是...的‖
It is important for us to learn how to use computers. 对我们来说学会使用电脑是很重要的。
,(It is no use/no good，动名词 ―干... 是没有用处的‖ It is no good talking without doing. 光说不做是毫无用处的。 ,(当事物作主语，表示被动时，need/want/require 后面可以接两种形式: The wall wants to be painted again. 这堵墙需要再次粉刷了。 注意:后接doing形式时要用主动式;同时出现，以to be done为优。 ,(介词的宾语不用过去分词。(-ing形式叫动名词)
He rushed out without being noticed.(动名词短语的被动式作宾语) They are interested in playing chess. (表示主动动作)
注意:but作介词时，可由不定式(to)do 作宾语。
The bear could do nothing but lie down and sleep.(―除...之外‖) 分三种情况:but前有do的各种形式且作谓语，but后不用to;but前虽有do的各 种形式， 但并不作谓语，but后面的to可有可无;but前无do，but后to不可省。
-ing形式只用主动式不用被动式。 ,(Be worth (while) doing的
The movie is worth seeing again. 这部影片值得(被)再看一次。(不用being seen)
但be worthy后面接to be done或of being done均有被动式。 10(Not应放在非谓语动词的前面。
Having not received his answer, I wrote him again. (错误:not应放在分词having的前面。)
You hadn't better go in such a hurry. (错误:not应该放在go前;有to do的，not放to前。)
11(-ing表―主动‖，与事有关;-ed (过去分词)表―被动‖，与人有关。 He is moved by the moving story.(he和moved 搭配，―故事‖用moving修饰)。 The tiring boy made his mother tired. 搅人的孩子使他母亲很累。
(孩子―主动‖使人疲劳;母亲―被‖孩子搅得疲劳。) Her puzzling/puzzled face caused us to be puzzled. 她疑惑的脸色使我们也很疑惑。
( puzzling face 让我们疑惑的脸色(她主动);puzzled face她自己疑惑(她被) 12(动名词可以有复合结构:one's doing
Do you mind my smoking here?你在意我在这儿抽烟吗,
13(连词之后可用分词，其主、被动状况取决于与主句主语的关系。 If heated, ice can be turned into water. 主句主语ice被加热(heated)。
While reading, he had a good idea. 主句主语he主动reading(读书)。 14(结果状语可用动词不定式或者分词。非谓语前有only修饰时，都可用逗号与主句隔开;不加only时，-ing形式多加逗号隔开。
He hurried to school to find everyone had gone. He hurried to school, finding that everyone had gone.
He hurried to school, only finding/only to find... 他匆忙赶到学校，结果发现大家都走了。 15(独立主格结构中非谓语动词的运用。
独立主格的形式:两个句子无连词，有逗号，各有其主(语)时，要把其中的一个句子的谓语改为非谓语形式，相当于另一个句子的状语。
It(主语,) being(非谓语) hot, (主语,省了you)let's go swimming. His eyes(主语,) glaring, he(主语,) stood very still. Her hair(主语,)cut(过去分词表被动),she(主语,)
looks more pretty. The boy came in, book in hand. 这男孩手里拿着书进来了。
(第一主语―孩子‖，第二逻辑主语―书‖;前面是完整的主句，后面是独立主格结构，把谓语动词was去掉;第二逻辑句相当于with a book in his hand 作状语修饰前面主句。)
15(非谓语动词在不同的句子结构中，可能表达不同的意义。 have sb do让人去做某事 have sth done 请人去做某事(某事被做) have sb/sth doing听任/放任某人/ 事不管(继续他的动作或状态) used to do 过去经常做某事 be used to do/for sth被用来做某事 be used to doing/get used to (doing) sth习惯于(做)某事 六、几个应注意的问题:
,(不及物动词不能有先行词;如果先行词后面是不及物动词，或者先行词不是该动词的宾语，则应添加适当的介词。
I had no person to read to.我没有听众。
(read虽可作及物动词，但―读‖的内容(宾语)应该是―文章‖而不是―人‖) 类似的再如:paper to write on, pen to write with, room to live in等等。 ,(及物动词应带宾语。及物动词无宾语或带双宾语的动词只带了一个宾语，都应将这个动词改为被动式或过去分词。
Hunted everywhere, the wolves had no place to be hidden.
到处都在追杀，狼无处可藏。(hunt, hide 在这都作及物动词理解，都无宾语) I found many villagers __at the back of the classroom. A. seated B.seating C.sitting D.to sit down
我发现许多村民坐在教室的后面。
seat作及物动词用，是正规用法;这里后面无宾语，故用过去分词。如果用主动式的ing形式， 需在后面加上宾语，如seating themselves ,(ing 形式(动名词和现在分词)的专用功能及交叉功能。
1)专用功能:
作主语和宾语成分的-ing叫动名词(不叫分词); 作状语成分的-ing形式叫现在分词(不叫动名词)。 2)交叉功能:动名词和现在分词都能作定语和表语。 区别是:动名词表示―目的、用途‖;分词表示―动作‖。
a sleeping boy(孩子正在睡觉:动作)a sleeping car(用来睡觉的车:用途) a burning stick(分词),a swimming pool(动名词)
She is washing(动作:分词;主语是人,进行时) Her job is washing(判断:动名词;主语是事)
,(选用过去分词或现在分词，依据其与逻辑主语之间的关系是主动还是被动而定。不管其成分是状语、表语、定语，还是补语。
,.ing形式和to do的基本区别是:ing表示―经常‖;
to do表示―将‖或具体时间或方式下的某次动作;如:
I like reading; I like reading this afternoon. ing表示―主动‖;-ed表示―被动‖。
总之，非谓语动词是英语语法中的一个重点项目，也是大总分学生学习的一个难点。总体上的区分要把握八个字:看你要表达的是―主动被动过去将来‖。
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