2020上海杨浦高三英语一模试卷分析

小猫钓鱼 A. string B. contained C. representing D. detailing E. scientific F. currents G. recovered H. encountered I. estimated J. instructions K. decoration Bottle Found at Sea Used for Scientific Purpose

Combing the beach for shells, sea glass, or colorful rocks is a leisure activity enjoyed by many. Some even use metal detectors to find buried treasure or other objects. Only the lucky few have ___31___ a message in a bottle that was dropped off by the tide. The tradition of putting a letter to an unknown recipient into a bottle and throwing it into the ocean has an interesting past. An early ___32___ use for the practice was revealed when the oldest recorded message in a bottle was found by Tonya on a beach near Wedge Island, Australia.

Tonya was on a family outing when she noticed the antique glass bottle in the sand and thought it would make a nice ___33___. While she was cleaning the sandy gin bottle, a rolled up paper tied with a ___34___ fell out. The damp page was a message written in German and dated June 12, 1886. According to official documents from the German sailing vessels, Paula, a crew member tossed the bottle overboard a(n) ___35___ 950 km off the coast of Western Australia. Further research authenticated(验证）the letter, which had been sent afloat 132 years ago and is the oldest message in a bottle ever ___36___.

Historians confirm that thousands of similar bottles were cast overboard by German ships between 18 and 1933. And ___37___ inside were official documents written by the captain of the ship, ___38__ routes, coordinates, and other information. These early messages in a bottle were an attempt by the German Naval Observatory to map ocean___39___ around the world.

On the back of the notes were __40__ to write the time and place the bottles were found and return them to the German Naval Observatory in Hamburg or the nearest German authorities. Using this information for reference was an early system of studying patterns in nature and the vast ocean in particular.

31-40 HEKAI GBDFJ

这篇文章文章选自常青藤英语电子期刊上的文章，进行了适当的改变， 原文链接为：https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0061/332661/web/ 原文为：

Combing the beach for shells, sea glass, or colorful rocks is a leisure activity enjoyed by many. Some even use metal detectors▼ to find buried treasure or other objects. __1__ The tradition of putting a letter to an unknown recipient▼ into a bottle and throwing it into the ocean has an interesting past. __2__

Illman was on a family outing▼ when she noticed the antique glass bottle in the sand and thought it would make a nice decoration. __3__ The damp page was a message written in German and dated June 12, 1886. According to official documents from

the German

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sailing vessel, Paula, a crew

member tossed the bottle overboard▼ an estimated 950 km off the coast of Western Australia. __4__

Historians confirm that thousands of similar bottles were cast overboard by German ships between 18 and 1933. Contained inside were official documents written by the captain of the ship, detailing routes, coordinates▼, and other information. __5__

On the back of the notes were instructions to write the time and place the bottles were found and return them to the German Naval Observatory in Hamburg or the nearest German authorities. Using this information for reference was an early system of studying patterns in nature and the vast ocean currents in particular.

(A) While she was cleaning the sandy gin bottle, a rolled up paper tied with a string fell out.

(B) Only the lucky few have encountered a message in a bottle that was dropped off by the tide.

(C) These early messages in a bottle were an attempt by the German Naval Observatory to map ocean currents around the world.

(D) Nonetheless, the last bottle and note to be found was on January 7, 1934, in Denmark.

(E) Further research authenticated the letter, which had been sent afloat 132 years ago and is the oldest message in a bottle ever recovered.

(F) An early scientific use for the practice was revealed when the oldest recorded message in a bottle was found by Tonya Illman on a beach near Wedge Island, Australia.

1. 第一題空格應選 (B) :

a. 空格前一句提及 \"Some even use metal detectors...\"（有些人甚至用金屬探測器……），而 (B) 項句子提及 \"Only the lucky few have encountered...\"（只有少數幸運的人會意外拾獲……），前一句的 Some（有些人）與 (B) 項句子的 Only the lucky few（只有少數幸運的人）互相呼應，故形成關聯。

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b. 根據上述，(B) 項應為正選。

a. encounter vt. 意外發現，偶然邂逅；遭遇 Anna encountered her favorite singer at the mall. 安娜在那間購物中心意外遇見她最喜歡的歌手。

b. drop off... / drop... off 把……送到某處；讓……下車

Larry dropped off his dirty clothes at the dry cleaner’s on his way to work. 賴瑞上班途中把髒衣服送到乾洗店。 2. 第二題空格應選 (F) :

a. 空格前一句提及 \"The tradition of putting a letter to an unknown recipient into a bottle and throwing it into the ocean...\"（這個把一封寄給未知收件人的信放入瓶中並將其扔進海裡的傳統……），而 (F) 項句子提及 \"An early scientific use for the practice was revealed...\"（……便揭開了此做法早期的科學用途），前一句的 The tradition of putting a letter to an unknown recipient into a bottle and throwing it into the ocean（這個把一封寄給未知收件人的信放入瓶中並將其扔進海裡的傳統）即是 (F) 項句子提及的 the practice（此做法），故形成關聯。 b. 根據上述，(F) 項應為正選。

practice n. 做法

: common practice 普遍的做法

It is common practice for guests to bring a gift when visiting friends in Taiwan. 在臺灣，帶伴手禮去拜訪朋友是很常見的做法。 3. 第三題空格應選 (A) :

a. 空格前一句提及 \"Illman was on a family outing when she noticed the antique glass bottle in the sand...\"（伊爾曼在家庭出遊時注意到沙堆裡的古老玻璃瓶……），而 (A) 項句子提及 \"While she was cleaning the sandy gin bottle...\"（她在清理這個布滿沙子的杜松子酒瓶時……），前一句的 the antique glass bottle in the sand（沙堆裡的古老玻璃瓶）即是 (A) 項句子的 the sandy gin bottle（這個布滿沙子的杜松子酒瓶），故形成關聯。

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b. 根據上述，(A) 項應為正選。 大補丸 gin n. 杜松子酒，琴酒 4. 第四題空格應選 (E) 理由: a. 空格前一句提及 \"... a crew member tossed the bottle overboard an estimated 950 km off the coast of Western Australia.\"（……一名船員在距離西澳海岸約九百五十公里處將該瓶子拋進大海。），而 (E) 項句子提及 \"... which had been sent afloat 132 years ago and is the oldest message in a bottle ever recovered.\"（……它被丟入大海漂流一百三十二年，且是曾被重新拾獲的最古老瓶中信。），前一句的 tossed the bottle overboard（將該瓶子拋進大海）與 (E) 項句子的 which had been sent afloat（被丟入大海）互相呼應，故形成關聯。 b. 根據上述，(E) 項應為正選。 大補丸 a. authenticate vt. 證明……為真實 These experts have authenticated the document. 這些專家已證明該文件為真。 b. afloat adv. & a. 在海上（的）；漂浮（的） 5. 第五題空格應選 (C) 理由: a. 空格前一句提及 \"Contained inside were official documents written by the captain of the ship, detailing routes, coordinates, and other information.\"（其中包含船長所寫的官方文件，其詳細記錄了航線、座標以及其他訊息。），而 (C) 項句子提及 \"... were an attempt by the German Naval Observatory to map ocean currents around the world.\"（……是德國海軍氣象天文臺嘗試將世界各地洋流繪製成地圖所做的努力。），前一句的 detailing routes, coordinates, and other information（其詳細記錄了航線、座標以及其他訊息）與 (C) 項句子的 map ocean currents around the world（將世界各地洋流繪製成地圖）互相呼應，故形成關聯。 b. 根據上述，(C) 項應為正選。 大補丸 4 / 25

a. attempt n. 嘗試；企圖

: in an attempt to V 試圖（做）……

Terry worked day and night in an attempt to finish the project on time. 泰瑞日夜工作，試圖準時完成企劃案。 b. observatory n. 天文臺；觀測站 c. current n. 水流；流動

1. comb vt. & vi. 徹底搜尋；梳理 & n. 梳子 : comb one’s hair （某人）梳頭髮

comb through... （在大量物件中）仔細搜尋…… My grandfather combed the house looking for his glasses. 我爺爺翻遍家裡找他的眼鏡。

It is said that combing one’s hair at midnight will bring bad luck. 據說在午夜梳頭會招來惡運。

Albert combed through the shelves looking for the novel with J.K. Rowling’s autograph in it.

艾伯特仔細在書架上尋找那本有 J.K. 羅琳親筆簽名的小說。 ＊autograph n. 親筆簽名 2. antique a. 古董的，古時製造的

A foreign collector bid US$5,000 for an antique vase at the auction. 一名外國收藏家在拍賣會上出價五千美元競標一個古董花瓶。 ＊bid vt.（在拍賣中）出價（三態同形） auction n. 拍賣

3. damp a. 潮濕的；有濕氣的 The lawn was damp with dew. 草地被露水沾濕。

4. document n. 文件；紀錄 & vt.（以記述、拍攝電影或照片的方式）記錄 Linda was hopping mad about the mistake that Jeff had made in the document. 傑夫在文件裡犯的錯誤讓琳達氣到跳腳。 ＊hopping mad 氣到跳腳，氣瘋了

The doctor wanted the nurse to document everything the patient ate. 醫生要護士記錄病人所吃的每一樣東西。

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5. vessel n. 船（艦）；血管 6. toss vt. 扔，擲，拋 & vi. 輾轉反側 : toss and turn 輾轉反側，翻來覆去

The naughty boy tossed a rock and broke my neighbor’s window. 那個頑皮的男孩扔石頭打破了我鄰居的窗戶。

George tossed and turned for hours, worrying about the upcoming exam. 喬治在床上翻來覆去好幾個小時，擔心著即將到來的考試。 7. detail vt. 詳述；詳細列出 & n. 細節 : in detail 詳細地 = at length

I need the report detailing your travel expenses by this Friday. 星期五前我需要詳列你旅行支出的報告。 Please tell me what happened in detail. 請詳細告訴我發生了什麼事。 8. route n. 航線；路線

What’s the shortest route to the library from here? 從這裡到圖書館最短的路線怎麼走？ 9. authorities n. 當局（恆用複數） : the authorities concerned 有關當局 10. reference n. 參考；提到，言及 : make reference to... 提到∕言及…… = refer to... = mention vt.

The speaker made reference to some events from the past year. 講者提到去年發生的一些事件。

John didn’t like anyone referring to his family background. 約翰不喜歡任何人提及他的家庭背景。

▼ a metal detector 金屬探測器 : a lie detector 測謊器 detector n. 探測器

▼ recipient n. 接收者，接受者

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▼ outing n. 外出∕出遊∕遠足（短途，不超過一天） : go on an outing to + 地方 去某地遠足

▼ overboard adv. 越過船舷（多指掉入水中）；在船外 ▼ coordinate n. 座標 & vt. 協調

1. an estimated + 數字 估計有…… estimated a. 估計的，估算的 : estimate vt. & n. 估計

An estimated 1,000 people will come to this concert. 估計有一千人會來參加這場音樂會。

Carl estimated he would need to save NT$80,000 for his Mexican vacation. 卡爾預估他必須存下新臺幣八萬元才能去墨西哥度假。

Please give me a rough estimate of how much time you’ll need to complete the project.

你需要花多久時間完成這件案子，請給我一個粗估。 2. off the coast of... 在……外海 coast n. 海岸，沿海地區

Two boats sank off the coast of the island during the storm. 暴風雨中，兩艘船在島嶼的外海沉沒。 3. in particular 尤其，特別地

in particular 相當於副詞 particularly，使用時可置於句首修飾全句，亦可用來強調名詞，唯 in particular 要置於名詞之後（如本文用法），而particularly 則置於名詞之前。

The food in that restaurant is very good; in particular, the roast beef is really something.

那家餐廳的菜很好吃，尤其那烤牛肉真是不同凡響。 Kevin likes all kinds of movies, comedies in particular. = Kevin likes all kinds of movies, particularly comedies. 凱文喜歡各種類型的電影，特別是喜劇。

漂流一百三十二年的瓶中信

在西澳大利亞被沖上岸的是一個遭時間遺忘的訊息。

在沙灘上尋找貝殼、海玻璃（編按：海玻璃是指經過自然界中的水、沙、波浪打

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磨後形成的光滑玻璃殘骸，通常可以在海洋、大河或大湖岸邊找到。）或是五顏六色的岩石是許多人喜愛的休閒活動。有些人甚至用金屬探測器來尋找埋藏的寶物或其他東西。只有少數幸運的人會意外拾獲被潮水送來的瓶中信。這個把一封寄給未知收件人的信放入瓶中並將其扔進海裡的傳統有個有趣的過往。當譚雅．伊爾曼在澳洲韋奇島附近的海灘上發現一個有紀錄以來最古老的瓶中信時，便揭開了此做法早期的科學用途。 伊爾曼在家庭出遊時注意到沙堆裡的古老玻璃瓶，認為它會是個很棒的裝飾品。她在清理這個布滿沙子的杜松子酒瓶時，一張捲起來並用細繩綁著的紙條掉了出來。這頁潮溼紙張上的訊息以德文寫成，並押上 1886 年六月十二日的日期。根據德國航海船艦寶拉號的官方文件，一名船員在距離西澳海岸約九百五十公里處將該瓶子拋進大海。進一步的研究證明了這封信的真實性，它被丟入大海漂流一百三十二年，且是曾被重新拾獲的最古老瓶中信。

歷史學家證實，數以千計類似的瓶子在 18 年至 1933 年間被德國船舶丟出船外。其中包含船長所寫的官方文件，其詳細記錄了航線、座標以及其他訊息。這些早期的瓶中信是德國海軍氣象天文臺嘗試將世界各地洋流繪製成地圖所做的努力。 這些紙張背面的訊息則指示拾獲者寫下瓶子被發現的時間和地點，並將它們送回德國海軍氣象天文臺漢堡辦公室或最近的德國當局。使用這些訊息作為參考是早期研究自然界模式（尤其是廣闊洋流）的方法。

答案： 1. B 2. F 3. A 4. E 5.C

A star athlete stopped by my office and she was eaten up by self-criticism after committing a few errors during a weekend match. “I’m at peak ___41___ and I practise hard. How is this happening?” This student, like many I teach, believes she should be able to ___42___ the outcomes of her life by virtue of her hard work.

I study and write about resilience (复原力), and I’m noticing a(n)___43___ increase in

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students like this athlete. When they win, they feel powerful and smart. When they fall short of what they imagine they should ___44___, however, they are crushed by self-blame.

We talk often about young adults struggling with failure because their parents have protected them from ___45___. But there is something else at play among the most advantaged in particular: a ___46___ promise that they can achieve anything if they are willing to work for it.

Psychologists have sourced this phenomenon to a misapplication of “mind-set” research, which has found that praising children for ___47___ will increase academic performance. Developed by Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck, mind-set education has spread across classrooms worldwide. But a 2018 analysis found that while praising hard work over ability may benefit economically disadvantaged students, it does not ___48___ help everyone.

One possible explanation comes from Nina Kumar, who argued in a research paper last year that for teens in wealthy, pressure-cooker communities, “It is not a ___49___ of motivation and perseverance that is the big problem. ___50___, it is unhealthy perfectionism and difficulty with backing off when they should, when the fierce drive for achievements is over the top.” This can ___51___ physical and emotional stress. In a 2007 study, psychologists Gregory Miller determined that adolescent girls who refused to give up the ___52___ goals showed elevated levels of CRP, a protein that serves as a marker of systemic inflammation (炎症) linked to diabetes, heart disease and other medical conditions.

The cruel reality is that you can do everything in your power and still fail. This knowledge comes early to underrepresented minorities whose experience of discrimination (歧视) and inequality teaches them to ___53___ what is, for now, largely beyond their control to change. Yet for others, the belief that success is always within their grasp is a setup. Instead of allowing our kids to beat themselves up when things don’t go their way，we should all question a culture that has taught them that how they perform for others is more important than what ______ inspires them and that where they go to college matters more than the kind of person they are. We should be wise to remind our kids that life has a way of disappointing us when we least ___55___ it. It’s often the people who learn to say “stuff happens” who get up the fastest. 41. A. coolness 42. A. control 43. A. amusing 44. A. apply 45. A. disbelief 46. A. bright 47. A. virtue 48. A. originally 49. A. choice 50. A. instead 51. A. result from

B. fitness C. goodness B. change C. adjust B. inspiring

C. troubling

B. approve C. appreciate B. disagreement C. discovery B. false C. general B. ability B. obviously B. command B. Otherwise B. apply for

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D. readiness D. celebrate D. touching D. accomplish D. discomfort D. flexible D. status D. regularly D. lack D. However D. lead to

C. effort C. necessarily C. display C. Therefore C. associate with

52. A. Immoral 53. A. challenge . A. plainly 55. A. exhibit

B. impersonal B. accept B. probably B. expect

C. impossible C. assess C. immediately C. establish

D. impolite D. inquire D. actually D. recognize

41-55 BACDD BCCDA DCBDB

此篇文章节选字2019年5月23日《时代周刊》上的关于青少年心理教育的研究， 原文链接：https://time.com/5593706/hard-work-achievement-mindset/ 原文为：

A star athlete at the college where I work recently stopped by my office. After committing a few unforced errors during a weekend match, she was — several days later — riven by self-criticism and distracted on the field.

“I can’t stop beating myself up,” she told me. “I’m at peak fitness, and I practice hard. How is this happening?”

This student, like many I teach, believes she should be able to control the outcomes of her life by virtue of her hard work. It’s a mentality verging on invincibility: a sense that all-nighters in the library, a jam-packed calendar and hours on the field should get her exactly where she needs to go in life. Nothing can stop me but myself.

I study and write about resilience in young adults, and I’m noticing a troubling spike in students like this athlete. Their faith in their own sweat equity confers a kind of contingent confidence: when they win, they feel powerful and smart. Success confirms their mindset. The problem comes when these students fail. When they fall short of what they imagine they should accomplish, they are crushed by self-blame. If my accomplishments are mine to control, they reason, my failures must be entirely my fault, too. Failing must mean I am incapable, and maybe will be forever. This makes it incredibly difficult for students to move on.

We talk often about young adults struggling with failure because their parents have protected them from discomfort. But there is something else at play here among the most privileged kids in particular: a message transmitted to them by doting parents who have falsely promised them that they can achieve anything if they are willing to work for it.

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Psychologists studying students in high-achieving schools have sourced this phenomenon to a misapplication of “mindset” research, which has found that praising children for their effort will increase academic performance. Developed by Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck and popularized in her 2006 bestselling book, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, mindset education has infiltrated the classrooms around the world. But a 2018 meta-analysisfound that while so-called growth-mindset interventions, in which educators respond to their students’ challenges by praising effort (“You worked hard!”) over ability (“You’re really smart!”), may benefit high-risk or economically disadvantaged students, they do not necessarily help everyone.

One possible explanation comes from psychologists Suniya Luthar and Nina Kumar, who argued in a research paper last year that teens growing up in wealthy, pressure-cooker communities are actually hurt by the message that effort equals success. For them, Luthar and Kumar wrote, “it is not a lack of motivation and perseverance that is the big problem. Instead, it is unhealthy perfectionism, and difficulty with backing off when they should, when the high-octane drive for achievements is over the top.”

The humbling, brutal, messy reality of life is that you can do everything in your power — and still fail.

When parents demand excellence in their kids while still promising them that effort is king, they tell them, wrongly, that they should be able to rise above any obstacle. But research has found that young people who push themselves onward in the face of unattainable goals experience physical and emotional stress. In a 2007 study by psychologists Gregory Miller and Carsten Wrosch, the authors determined that adolescent girls who refused to give up impossible goals showed elevated levels of CRP, a protein that serves as a marker of systemic inflammation linked to diabetes, heart disease and other medical conditions. A 2012 study by Luthar and Samuel Barkin showed a correlation between the “perfectionist strivings” of affluent youth and their vulnerability to drug and alcohol abuse, anxiety and depression.

The humbling, brutal, messy reality of life is that you can do everything in your power — and still fail. This is knowledge that comes early to underrepresented minorities on campus, including first-generation students and students of color. Their experience of discrimination and inequality teaches them early on to brace for what is, for now, largely beyond their control to change.

Yet for many others, the quixotic belief that success is always within their grasp is a setup. University of Chicago Professor Lauren Erlant calls this “cruel optimism,” or when the pursuit of a goal actually harms you because it is largely unachievable. The college admissions game promises young adults a meritocracy that will reward their hard work with entrance to the ivory tower – yet admissions scandals and ultra-thin acceptance margins make such a promise impossible to keep.

Adults help students pursue success in healthier ways in part by redefining failure as a feature, not a bug, of learning. At Smith College, where I teach, the Narratives Project asks students to explore how setbacks and missteps made them stronger or more effective. “It can be instructive to observe your own response when things don’t go your way,” said

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director Dr. Jessica Bacal. “It might reinforce your passion for the work you’re doing or send you in a whole new direction – and there’s nothing wrong with that.”

Luthar and Kumar urge parents and teachers to spend time helping students find purpose, or goals they both genuinely love to pursue and that make an impact on the world. Researchers have found that adolescents with purpose report greater life satisfaction, have a strong sense of identity and are more psychologically mature.

Instead of allowing our kids to beat themselves up when things don’t go their way, we might all pause to question a culture that has taught them that being anything less than overwhelmed is lazy, that how they perform for others is more important than what actually inspires them and that where they go to college matters more than the kind of person they are.

The point is not to give our kids a pass on working hard and doing their best. But fantasizing that they can control everything is not really resilience. We are harming our children by implying that they can bend life to their will, and as students walk across commencement stages this year, we would be wise to remind them that life has a way of sucker-punching us when we least expect it. It’s often the people who learn to say “stuff happens” who get up the fastest. Correction, June 18

The original version of this story misstated the last name of the University of Chicago professor who coined the term “cruel optimism.” It is Berlant, not Erlant. The original version of this story also misstated which study found a correlation between the perfectionist tendencies of affluent youth and negative outcomes. It was a 2014 study from Suniya Luthar and Emily Lyman, which found a correlation between these tendencies and vulnerability to substance abuse and feelings of inferiority. It was not a 2012 study by Luthar and Samuel Barker that found a correlation between “the ‘perfectionist strivings’ of affluent youth and their vulnerability to drug and alcohol abuse, anxiety and depression.”

阅读理解

(A)

David Miles, an Australian inventor has been accused of cheating desperate farmers by charging up to $50,000 Australian dollars for delivering rain on demand without so much as explaining the technology behind his business.

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On the official Miles Research website，Miles explains that in the 1990’s he realized that it was possible to influence weather patterns by creating a bridge between ‘the present’ and a ‘near-future event’ in the physical space-time continuum. He found that by applying small amounts of energy intelligently, even a large, messy weather system approaching from the future could be eased.

While somewhat fascinating, Miles’ explanation does little to explain how he is able to bring rainfall to the lands of farmers. He makes references to famous but debatable concepts like “the butterfly effect”. “We were advised against patenting because ifs basically exposing how it works. There are a lot of big companies that invest in hunting out patents,” Miles said “I understand the doubts，the only other way is to fully prove up our science and physics. If we did that, we'll lose it, it will be taken up as a national security interest and it’ll then be weaponized.”

Miles' claims raised suspicions for obvious reasons, including a since-deleted section of his company website, which claimed that his technology used “electromagnetic scalar waves”，which scientists say don’t even exist.

The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has warned people against doing business with him, but the Australian inventor claims the ACCC is only trying to defame him and his company, as in reality they are success based - if it doesn’t rain, they don’t get paid.

“Consumers signed the agreement that if by the end of June they receive 100mm, they pay $50,000, if they only receive 50mm, they would only pay $25,000. Anything under half，we don’t want to be paid,” Miles said of a handful of Wimmera farmers who agreed to take him up on his offer to deliver rain.

Believe it or not, one of the farmers who paid David Miles for his so-called rain-making capabilities told ABC Radio that he was quite happy with the results. 56. David Miles claims to be capable of ________. A. influencing the weather system B. predicting the future events

C. reducing the atmospheric temperature D. easing the gravitational energy

57. ACCC issued warning against doing business with Miles because________. A. he charged too much for the services provided B. there was no solid science to hack up his technology C. his practice was a threat to national security interest D. he didn’t officially patent his technology with ACCC

58. According to Miles，how much will be paid if the farmers receive 15mm of rain? A. $50,000.

B. $25,000.

C. $12,500. D. $0.

59. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Miles needed safer facilities for his business. B. Miles brought about good crops as expected.

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C. Miles wasn’t discouraged by the critics.

D. Miles was arrested by the local police. 56-59 ABDC

此篇文章选自国外关于米勒利用技术欺骗农民被起诉的文章。 原文链接：

https://www.odditycentral.com/news/inventor-accused-of-conning-farmers-by-promising-to-bring-the-rain-but-not-explaining-how.html 原文为：

Inventor Accused of Conning Farmers by Promising to Bring the Rain, But Not Explaining How

By Spooky on October 24th, 2019 Category:

David Miles, an Australian inventor who has been peddling weather modification technology for almost 20 years, has been accused of preying on desperate farmers by charging up to $50,000 Australian dollars for delivering rain on demand without so much as explaining the technology behind his business.

On the official Miles Research website, controversial inventor David Miles explains that in the 1990’s he realised that “it was possible to incrementally influence weather patterns using a variant of the Einstein – Rosen Bridge hypothesised in the 1930’s, to effectively create a bridge between ‘the present’ in the physical space-time continuum, and a near-future event, forecast to exist from one to ten days ahead in time”. He found that by applying small amounts of energy intelligently, even a large, chaotic weather system approaching from the future could be mitigated.

You’ll notice that, while somewhat intriguing, Miles’ explanation does little to explain how he is able to bring rainfall to the lands of farmers paying him tens of thousands of

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dollars for rain contracts. He makes references to famous but controversial concepts like “the butterfly effect”, but nowhere does he actually reveal how the rain making actually happens. He claims that the mystery is intentional, as revealing too much could help others steal his ideas or even weaponize it.

“We were advised against patenting because it’s basically exposing how it works. There are a lot of big companies that invest in trawling through patents,” Miles told News.com.au. “I understand the scepticism, the only other way is to fully prove up our science and physics and peer review. If we did that we’ll lose it, it will be taken up as a national security interest and it’ll then be weaponised.”

The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has accused Miles Research (formerly Aquiess) of preying on people’s desperation, and warned people against doing business with him, but the Australian inventor claims the ACCC is only trying to defame him and his company, as in reality they are success based – if it doesn’t rain, they don’t get paid.

“They signed the agreement that if by the end of June they’d received 100mm, they pay $50,000, if they only receive 50mm, they would only pay $25,000. Anything under half we don’t want to be paid,” Miles said of a handful of Wimmera farmers who agreed to take him up on his offer to deliver rain.

Believe it or not, one of the farmers who paid David Miles for his alleged rain-making capabilities told ABC Radio that he was quite happy with the results.

“I got involved because it sounded good, the fact you can control weather, because as a farmer rainfall is everything,” the farmer said. “I think the evidence is out there, you look at the forecast what’s meant to come and all of a sudden it increases dramatically. You know that he’s behind it and I reckon I haven’t seen such good crops in this district ever, everywhere.”

Still, there’s no way to prove that Miles is the one bringing the rain, and he has no interest in explaining his claims in detail, for now. He talked of creating a facility where he could safely show off his technology without fear of having it stolen, but didn’t offer a timeline of when it might be ready.

“We’ve got disparate components, we’ve been tutored in how to hide in plain sight … but we need a Defence-grade facility where we can bring it together, for the moment we’re having to operate fairly low-key,” Miles said.

Miles’ claims raised suspicions for obvious reasons, including a since-deleted section of his company website, which claimed that his technology used “electromagnetic scalar waves”, which scientists say don’t even exist.

“Electromagnetic scalar waves don’t exist,” University of Melbourne associate professor of physics Martin Sevior said. “There’s no such thing. He’s taken a few words and put them together and made them sound somewhat scientific but it’s meaningless.”

But Miles doesn’t seemed deterred by his critics. He continues to claim that he can deliver rain to farmers brave enough to invest in a rain contact.

“We’re going out and putting our name on the line that we will deliver rain. We’re prepared to let the client region define the metrics — if you’re confident of getting 50mm, perhaps start at 60mm. Our pricing is coming in under the cost of shipping water,” the inventor added.

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“When engaged to deliver rain in recent times we’ve been able to (deliver) most of what was (promised), sometimes not enough, it’s not perfect. We have been able to achieve about 80 per cent. We lose our reputation if we fail — we haven’t failed.”

阅读理解

(C)

How and why, roughly 2 million years ago, early human ancestors evolved large brains and began fashioning relatively advanced stone tools, is one of the great mysteries of evolution. Some researchers argue these changes were brought about by the invention of cooking. They point out that our bite weakened around the same time as our larger brains evolved, and that it takes less energy to absorb nutrients from cooked food. As a result, once they had mastered the art, early chefs could invest less in their digestive systems and thus invest the resulting energy savings in building larger brains capable of complex thought. There is, however, a problem with the cooking theory. Most archaeologists (考古学家）believe the evidence of controlled fire stretches back no more than 790,000 years.

Roger Summons of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a solution. Together with his team, he analyzed 1.7 million-year-old sand-stones that formed in an ancient river at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The region is famous for the large number of human fossils (化石) that have been discovered there, alongside an impressive assembly of stone tools. The sand-stones themselves have previously yielded some of the world’s earliest complex hand axes — large tear-drop-shaped stone tools that are associated with Homo erectus (直立人) . Creating an axe by repeatedly knocking thin pieces off a raw stone in order to create two sharp cutting edges requires a significant amount of planning. Their appearance is therefore thought to mark an important moment in intellectual evolution. Trapped inside the Olduvai sand-stones, the researchers found distinctive but unusual biological molecules（分子）that are often interpreted as biomarkers for heat-tolerant bacteria. Some of these live in water between 85°C and 95°C. The molecules’ presence suggests that an ancient river within the Gorge was once fed by one or more hot springs.

Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a convenient “pre-fire” means of cooking food. In New Zealand，the Maori have traditionally cooked food in hot springs, either by lowering it into the boiling water or by digging a hole in the hot earth. Similar methods exist in Japan and Iceland, so it is plausible, if difficult to prove, that early humans might have used hot springs to cook meat and roots. Richard Wrangham, who devised the cooking theory, is fascinated by the idea. Nonetheless, fire would have offered a distinct advantage to humans, once they had mastered the art of controlling it since, unlike a hot spring, it is a transportable resource.

63. All of the following statements can support the cooking theory EXCEPT__________. A. cooking enabled early humans to invest less in digestive system

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B. cooking enabled early humans to devote more energy to building big brains C. our brain became larger around the same time our digestive system weakened D. the controlled fire wasn’t mastered until about 790,000 years ago . The presence of biological molecules was important because_________. A. they suggested a possible means of cooking without fire B. they cast light on how early Homo erectus lived C. they provided a convenient way of studying stone tools D. they made studies of pre-historic cultures possible

65. The underlined word “plausible” probably means _________. A. noticeable B. applicable C. reasonable D. affordable

66. What may be the conclusion of the study by Dr. Summons and his colleague? A. Early humans were capable of making complex stone tools. B. Hot springs help explain how human brains got so big. C. Homo erectus were adaptable to tough and complex territories.

D. Human brains are highly advanced as shown by their size.

此篇文章选自2019年5月25日《经济学人》上关于人类进化的研究成果。 愿文链接：

https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2019/05/25/did-cooking-in-hot-springs-make-humans-brainy 原文为：

Did cooking in hot springs make humans brainy?

Geothermal springs could help explain how early humans evolved such big brains

How and why, roughly 2m years ago, early human ancestors evolved large brains and began fashioning relatively advanced stone tools, is one of the great mysteries of evolution. Some researchers argue these changes were brought about by the invention of cooking. They point out that our bite weakened around the same time as our larger brains evolved, and that it takes less energy to extract nutrients from cooked food. As a result, once they had mastered the art, early chefs could pare back their digestive systems and invest the resulting energy savings in building larger brains capable of complex thought. There is, however, a problem with the cooking hypothesis. Most archaeologists believe the evidence of controlled fire stretches back no more than 790,000 years.

Roger Summons of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a solution. Together with his team of geomicrobiologists, he analysed 1.7m-year-old sandstones that formed in an ancient river at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The region is famous for the large number of human fossils that have been discovered there, alongside an impressive assembly of stone tools. The sandstones themselves have previously yielded some of the world’s

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earliest sophisticated Acheulean hand axes: large tear-drop-shaped stone tools that are associated with Homo erectus. Creating an Acheulean axe by repeatedly knocking flakes off of a raw stone in order to create two sharp cutting edges requires a significant amount of planning. Their appearance is therefore thought to mark an important moment in cognitive evolution.

Trapped inside the Olduvai sand-stones, the researchers found distinctive but unusual biological molecules（分子）that are often interpreted as biomarkers for heat-tolerant bacteria. Some of these live in water between 85°C and 95°C. The molecules’ presence suggests that an ancient river within the Gorge was once fed by one or more hot springs. Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a convenient “pre-fire” means of cooking food. In New Zealand，the Maori have traditionally cooked food in hot springs, either by lowering it into the boiling water or by digging a hole in the hot earth. Similar methods exist in Japan and Iceland, so it is plausible, if difficult to prove, that early humans might have used hot springs to cook meat and roots. Richard Wrangham, who devised the cooking theory, is fascinated by the idea. Nonetheless, fire would have offered a distinct advantage to humans, once they had mastered the art of controlling it since, unlike a hot spring, it is a transportable resource.

63--66 DACB

六选四（即选句填空）

A. Those with a slower pace also scored less well in physical exercises such as hand-grip strength and biological markers of good health. B. There are already signs in early life of who would become the slowest walkers. C. In fact, based on a new series of experiments, they now believe the slower a person’s tendency to walk，the less able their brain. D. Brain scanning during their final assessment at 45 showed the slower walkers tended to have lower total brain volume and less brain surface area. E. Until now, however, no one knew it could signify underlying brain health so much earlier in life. F.

Researchers performed walking speed analysis on hundreds of middle-aged

Slower Walkers Have Slower Minds, Scientists Reveal

Of all human activities, few are so readily credited with enhancing the power of the mind as going for a good walk. However, those who assume that strolling along at a gentle pace is the symbol of superior intellect should think again, scientists have said. ______67_______

Doctors have long used walking speed to gain a quick and reliable understanding of older peopled mental capability, as it is increasingly recognized that pace is associated with not only

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people, comparing their psychological results. muscular strength but also the central nervous system. ______68______ The relationship was so obvious, however, that the US scientists now say walking tests could be used to provide an early indication of dementia（痴呆）.

Published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the study revealed an average difference of 16 IQ points between the slowest and the fastest walkers at the age of 45, This reflected both the participants’ natural walking speed and the pace they achieved when asked lo walk as fast as they could. _____69______ Actually, slower walkers were shown to have “speeded aging'' on a 19-measure scale devised by researchers, and their lungs, teeth and immune systems tended to be in worse shape than the people who walked faster.

The 904 New Zealand men and women who were tested at 45 were tracked from the age of three, each undergoing multiple tests over the years. The long-term data collection enabled researchers to establish that kids with lower IQ scores, lower linguistic ability and weaker emotional control tended to have slower walking speeds by middle age. _____70______

The research team said genetic factors may explain the link between walking speed, brain capacity and physical health or that better brain health might promote physical activity, leading to better walking speed. Some of the differences in health and intellect may be the result of lifestyle choices individuals have made.

67-70 CEAD

此篇文章选自2019年10月14日《中国日报》上关于走路慢的人思维也会相对的慢的研究。 原文链接为：

http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201910/14/WS5da40b95a310cf3e355705ec.html 原文为：

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Of all human activities, few are so readily credited with enhancing the power of the mind as going for a good walk.

在人类的所有活动中，很少有什么活动能像散步一样被认定为可以增强思维能力。 However, those who assume that strolling along at a gentle pace is the hallmark of superior intellect should think again, scientists have said.

然而，科学家们说，认为缓步行走是智力超群标志的人们应该三思。 hallmark [ˈhɔːlmɑːk]：n.特点；品质证明

In fact, based on a new series of experiments, they now believe the slower a person’s tendency to walk, the less able their brain.

事实上，根据一系列新的实验，科学家们现在认为一个人走路的速度越慢，大脑就越迟钝。

Researchers performed gait-speed analysis on hundreds of middle-aged people, comparing the results with a range of physical and psychological measures.

研究人员对数百名中年人进行了步速分析，并将结果与一系列生理和心理标准相比较。

gait [ɡeɪt]：n.步法，步态

Doctors have long used walking speed to gain a quick and reliable insight into older people’s cognitive capability, as it is increasingly recognized that gait is associated with not only musculoskeletal mechanisms but also the central nervous system.

长期以来，医生们一直利用步速对老年人的认知能力进行快速可靠的了解，因为人们越来越认识到，步态不仅与肌肉骨骼机制有关，还与中枢神经系统有关。

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Until now, however, no one knew it could signify underlying brain health so much earlier in life.

然而，直到现在，没有人知道步速可能在生命的早期就预示大脑的潜在健康状况。 The correlation was so stark, however, that the US scientists now say walking tests could be used to provide an early indication of dementia. 美国科学家现在认为，这种关联非常明显，步行测试可以提供有关痴呆症的早期迹象。 dementia[dɪˈmenʃə]：n.痴呆

Published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the study revealed an average difference of 16 IQ points between the slowest and the fastest walkers at the age of 45.

发表在《美国医学会杂志》上的这项研究表明，45岁时，走路最慢和最快的人之间平均相差16个智商值。

This reflected both the participants’ natural walking speed and the pace they achieved when asked to walk as fast as they could.

这既反映了参与者的自然行走速度，也反映了他们在被要求尽快行走时的速度。

Alvin Mahmudov/unsplash

Those with a slower gait also scored less well in both physical exercises, such as hand-grip strength and visual-motor coordination tests, as well as biological markers of poor health.

步速慢的人在两项体育锻炼中的得分也都较低，比如手握力和视觉动作协调测试，此外还有健康状况不佳的生理迹象。

In the study, slower walkers were shown to have “accelerated aging” on a 19-measure scale devised by researchers, and their lungs, teeth and immune systems tended to be in worse shape than the people who walked faster. 在这项研究中，研究人员设计了19项测试标准。研究发现，走路更慢的人“衰老加速”，而且他们的肺部、牙齿和免疫系统往往比走得更快的人更差。

The team at Duke University in North Carolina said genetic factors may explain the link between walking speed, brain capacity and physiological health, or that better brain health might promote physical activity, leading to better walking speed.

北卡罗来纳州杜克大学的这个研究小组说，遗传因素或可以解释走路速度、大脑能力和生理健康之间的联系，或者更好的大脑健康状况可能会促进身体活动，从而提高走路速度。

“The thing that’s really striking is that this is in 45-year-old people, not the geriatric patients who are usually assessed with such measures,” said Dr Line Rasmussen, who led the research.

研究负责人莱恩·拉斯穆森博士说：“真正引人注目的是这种现象出现在45岁的人身上，而不是经常以此衡量身体状况的老年患者身上。” geriatric[ˌdʒeriˈætrɪk]：adj.老人的；老年医学的

The 904 New Zealand men and women who were tested at 45 were tracked from the age of three, each undergoing multiple tests over the years.

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在45岁时接受测试的904名新西兰男性和女性从3岁开始接受跟踪，他们每个人都经过了多年的多次测试。

The long-term data collection enabled researchers to establish that toddlers with lower IQ scores, linguistic ability, capacity to tolerate frustration, motor skills and emotional control tended to have slower gait-speeds by middle age.

研究人员通过分析长期收集的数据发现，智商、语言能力、抗挫能力、运动技能和情绪控制能力都较低的幼儿，到了中年时的走路速度往往较慢。

MRI exams during their final assessment at 45 showed the slower walkers tended to have lower total brain volume, lower mean cortical thickness, less brain surface area and higher incidence of white matter “hyperintensities”.

在45岁最终评估时所做的核磁共振成像检查显示，走得慢的脑总容量较低，平均皮质厚度较低，大脑表面积较小，脑白质白斑的发病率较高。 \"In short, their brains appeared somewhat older,\" the researchers said. 研究人员说：“简而言之，他们的大脑显示有些老化。”

Slower walkers were also judged to look older facially to a panel of eight assessors who determined each patient’s “facial age” from a photograph.

一个由8名评估人员组成的小组根据照片来判断每个人的“面部年龄”时，他们普遍认为面相更老的人正是走路速度更慢的那些人。

The researchers said some of the differences in health and cognition may be the result of lifestyle choices individuals have made.

研究人员说，健康状况和认知方面的某些差异可能是个人选择生活方式的结果。 But the study also suggests that there are already signs in early life of who would become the slowest walkers. “We may have a chance here to see who’s going to do better health-wise in later life,” said Dr Rasmussen.

但这项研究也表明，在早期生活中已经有迹象表明谁会成为走路更慢的人。拉斯穆森博士说：“我们或许有机会看到谁在以后的生活中更健康。”

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概要写作

The Psychology of Spending

Dr. Thomas Gilovich, psychology professor at Cornell University, has studied the

psychology of spending for over 20 years. According to Dr. Gilovich，“We buy things to make us happy, and we succeed, but only for a while. New things are exciting to us at first, but then we adapt to them.” In other words，once the freshness of our newest purchase wears off, we begin looking for something else to buy to make us happy.

Dr. Gilovich found that our satisfaction with possessions fades over time. Yet our

happiness over things we've experienced increases. For that reason, he has concluded that we are spending our money on the wrong things. A study out of San Francisco State University agrees. The research showed that those people who spent money on experiences instead of possessions were happier. They also thought their money was better invested.

To begin with, activities like a trip, adventure, hobby, etc. tend to bring the participants

together and unite them over a shared interest. According to Gilovich, “We consume experiences directly with other people.” As a result, these experiences typically create a positive link and good feelings toward the other person or people.

Besides, your experience shows others who you are and what you are. For example, you

might be someone who loves taking cooking classes. More than likely, you'll become known by friends and family as a great cook. They won't know you as someone who owns the latest kitchen equipment.

Lastly, planned experiences arc frequently something we look forward to. Then when

the moment arrives, if we enjoy the time involved in the activity, we're left with fond memories. These memories will often last a lifetime. Even our worst trips, on many occasions, arc later remembered with laughter. 71.

After studying the link between spending and happiness for years, Dr. Gilovich has found the experiences rather than possessions paid for will more likely bring long-lasting happiness. Firstly, activities can unite individuals, thus creating a feeling of closeness. Secondly, what we do rather than what we own shows our identity. Lastly, experiences whether good or bad, provide lasting food memories. (59 words)

概要写作

选自2016年8月9日《福布斯》上关于花钱在经验上而不是物品上。 原文链接为：

https://www.forbes.com/sites/travisbradberry/2016/08/09/why-you-should-spend-your-money-on-experiences-not-things/ 原文为：

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Why You Should Spend Your Money On Experiences, Not Things

Travis BradberryContributor

Leadership

I cover emotional intelligence and leadership performance.

•

When you work hard every single day and there’s only so much money left after your regular expenses, you have to make certain it’s well spent. Spend your limited funds on what science says will make you happy. The Paradox Of Possessions

A 20-year study conducted by Dr. Thomas Gilovich, a psychology professor at Cornell University, reached a powerful and straightforward conclusion: Don’t spend your money on things. The trouble with things is that the happiness they provide fades quickly. There are three critical reasons for this:

• We get used to new possessions. What once seemed novel and exciting quickly becomes the norm.

• We keep raising the bar. New purchases lead to new expectations. As soon as we get used to a new possession, we look for an even better one.

• The Joneses are always lurking nearby.Possessions, by their nature, foster comparisons. We buy a new car and are thrilled with it until a friend buys a better one—and there’s always someone with a better one.

“One of the enemies of happiness is adaptation,” Gilovich said. “We buy things to make us happy, and we succeed. But only for a while. New things are exciting to us at first, but then we adapt to them.”

The paradox of possessions is that we assume that the happiness we get from buying something will last as long as the thing itself. It seems intuitive that investing in something we can see, hear, and touch on a permanent basis delivers the best value. But it’s wrong.

The Power Of Experiences

Gilovich and other researchers have found that experiences—as fleeting as they may be—deliver more-lasting happiness than things. Here’s why:

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Experiences become a part of our identity. We are not our possessions, but we are the accumulation of everything we’ve seen, the things we’ve done, and the places we’ve been. Buying an Apple Watch isn’t going to change who you are; taking a break from work to hike the Appalachian Trail from start to finish most certainly will.

“Our experiences are a bigger part of ourselves than our material goods,” said Gilovich. \"You can really like your material stuff. You can even think that part of your identity is connected to those things, but nonetheless they remain separate from you. In contrast, your experiences really are part of you. We are the sum total of our experiences.\"

Comparisons matter little. We don’t compare experiences in the same way that we compare things. In a Harvard study, when people were asked if they’d rather have a high salary that was lower than that of their peers or a low salary that was higher than that of their peers, a lot of them weren’t sure. But when they were asked the same question about the length of a vacation, most people chose a longer vacation, even though it was shorter than that of their peers. It’s hard to quantify the relative value of any two experiences, which makes them that much more enjoyable.

Anticipation matters. Gilovich also studied anticipation and found that anticipation of an experience causes excitement and enjoyment, while anticipation of obtaining a possession causes impatience. Experiences are enjoyable from the very first moments of planning, all the way through to the memories you cherish forever.

Experiences are fleeting (which is a good thing). Have you ever bought something that wasn’t nearly as cool as you thought it would be? Once you buy it, it’s right there in your face, reminding you of your disappointment. And even if a purchase does meet your expectations, buyer’s remorse can set in: “Sure, it’s cool, but it probably wasn’t worth the money.” We don’t do that with experiences. The very fact that they last for only a short time is part of what makes us value them so much, and that value tends to increase as time passes.

Bringing It All Together

Gilovich and his colleagues aren’t the only ones who believe that experiences make us happier than things do. Dr. Elizabeth Dunn at the University of British Columbia has also studied the topic, and she attributes the temporary happiness achieved by buying things to what she calls “puddles of pleasure.” In other words, that kind of happiness evaporates quickly and leaves us wanting more. Things may last longer than experiences, but the memories that linger are what matter most.

翻译参

72. How much do you estimate the famous artist's original painting costs? 73. The holiday intended to relax myself turned out to be a disaster.

74. How brave the unarmed young man was to stop (prevent) the criminal from running away from the scene at the risk of his own life!

75. In today's society where temptations and distractions are everywhere, self-discipline is one of the most important qualities, if not the most important, for/as it contributes effectively to/promotes/enhances a man's progress and development.

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