如何介绍别人

Learning objectives

How to introduce someone 如何介绍别人

Unit one

How to talk about things you've done or places you've been to 如何谈论做过的事情或到过的地方 How to offer, accept or decline help

如何主动提出帮助别人，如何接受或拒绝帮助 How to try to start or end a conversation 如何开始或结束对话

Lesson 1 Taking off…

Answers to the Focus Questions

1．How does Laura know that Jim started a computer business?

She knows about it from her mother because her mother has all the newest information about (keeps track of) Laura's classmates.

2．Which airline does Laura take? And which Gate does it fly from? Flight 856 to Chicago, boarding at Gate 9. 3．Where are the Blakes going?

The Blakes are going to Hawaii for a week off. 4．Why is Doug going to Chicago?

Language points in the lesson one

What a surprise!是个典型的感叹句。\"好巧啊！太巧了！\" What + 名词（短语）+ 其他成份！ what 常常修饰名词或名词短语。

What a lovely weather today! 今天天气多棒啊！

What a pity you didn't come yesterday! 昨天你没来多遗憾！

How + 形容词（短语） + 其他成份！how 常常修饰形容 （副）词 或形容（副）词短语。 How lovely the weather is!

How wonderful it is to hear that you are joining us tomorrow!

Look, How skillfully she's been riding the bike!He is going there for a job interview. I don't believe it. 我简直不敢相信。

I'm on my way back to Chicago. 在返回芝加哥的路上。 On one's way to在去某地的路上，如：I guess Xiaohua is on her way to the party now. 我想小华在去晚会的路上了。

Keep track of 表示对某事很清楚，了解其变化过程。如：Mike keeps track of all his old classmates in Beijing and he emails them almost every week. 迈克了解北京所有同学的情况，他几乎每周都给他们发邮件。

Laura, this is my wife, Monica. Monica, I'd like you to meet Laura Enders. Laura and I went to high school together.

第 1 页 共 79 页

Jim先将 Monica 介绍给 Laura, 第二句才是介绍 Laura 给Monica, 这样做是英美国家人们的习惯，以表示对 Laura 的尊重。一般来说，介绍几个人认识时，先介绍给更受尊重的一方，或者把家人介绍给外人，或者把更为熟悉的人介绍给不很熟悉的人。另外，为了给双方一点印象，往往或多或少需要介绍一下双方的身份或者被介绍的一方是如何跟自己认识的。然后被介绍的双方往往会相互问好，如 nice to meet you 等类的话。 We've got a plane to catch. 我们要赶飞机。

Catch a plane, train, bus赶飞机、火车、汽车。

Where are you off to? 你们要去哪儿？off to 表示出发去某地，如： The first group of students are off to Nanjing this afternoon. 第一组学生今天下午去南京。假一段时间，take a day (two weeks, three months, etc. )off.

询问别人去过什么地方，做过什么有意义的事情往往可以用现在完成时的句子。

Great seeing you. Nice meeting you.与 Nice to meet / see you. 之间的区别。Great seeing you 和 Nice meeting you 用 –ing 结构，一般是在谈话结束要说再见时用的，而 Nice to meet / see you. 用的是不定式，是在刚被介绍认识时所用的。 Stephen King 美国著名恐怖小说家，是一个多产的作家。 As a matter of fact, 用来加强语气，具有\"事实上，说真的，其实\"等含义，相当于 to tell the truth, in fact 等。如：As a matter of fact, we are going to Shanghai tomorrow afternoon. 事实上，我们明天下午去上海。

I'm almost done. 我就要读完了。 almost done 常常可以用来表示\"某事就要做完了\"的含义。如：He said he was almost done, and he would certainly go with us. 他说他几乎做完了，肯定跟我们一起去。 见的提供帮助和感谢帮助的句式有： Let me help you to do sth. (with …) Would you like some help with …? Can I help you with …? That's very kind of you. It's very kind of you.

I appreciate it very much. Thank you very much for…

Lesson 6 Answers to the Focus Questions 1. How did Roger meet Laura's brother?

Roger met Mark when Mark was in Chicago last year. 2. What does Mark do?

Mark plays the guitar and has his own band now. 3. What do you think Laura is going to do next week? Laura is going to call Carol and arrange to pay a visit. Language points in the dialogue

How have you been? 近来好吗？最近怎么样？是熟人见面时常用的招呼语。 How's everything with you and Carol? How are the kids?

What's he up to these days? 他最近忙什么呢？be up to sth. 意思是 be busy doing,

第 2 页 共 79 页

be busy with sth. 忙于某事。Jane has been up to a lot of things these days. 注意 be up to sth 和 be up to somebody (to do sth.) 的区别。be up to somebody (to do sth.) 意思是 \"应该由某人负责\"，如： It will be up to her to tell you what she has in her mind. 她在想什么应该由她来告诉你。

I haven't seen them in so long. 我有好久没看到他们了。In so long 相当于 for a very long time. 很久了，很长时间了。

must + 动词原形\"用来表示对现在状态的一种猜测。又如：He must be in the office now. 他现在一定在办公室里。

Why don't you …? 常常用来提出某种建议。类似的用法还有 How about…? What do you think of …? Would you like to …? 等等。

Lesson 8 Getaway Employee of the Month

Getaway magazine spoke with Josef Schmidt, a travel agent in Hamburg, Germany, about his many travels. Getaway是本杂志的名称，get away意思是\"离开，出去\"。顾名思义， Getaway是关于外出旅游方面的杂志。

We hear you've traveled to nearly forty different countries. 我们听说你去过四十多个国家。

What has been your favorite place to visit? 哪儿是你访问过的最喜欢的地方？ I've always loved to explore old cities. 我一直以来就喜欢去探索古老的城市。 I've never been there. 我从没有去过那里。

I've always wanted to see the Sydney Opera House. 我一直想看看悉尼歌剧院。 I've also picked up quite a bit of Spanish. 我还学会了不少西班牙语。

Has there been any place where you've had a lot of trouble with the language?在什么地方你在语言方面有过很大的麻烦吗？

现在完成时用来表示到说话时刻以前发生的动作或情况，对现在有一定影响。要么是从时间上要么是从结果上跟现在有一定联系。现在完成时的句子中常常用到 always, already, yet, just, ever, never 等副词和表示到现在为止这段时间的状语，如 up till now, this week / month / summer / year, etc., so far, these days, recently, since (某一具体时刻或动作)。如： Up till now, we have planted over 200 trees. 到目前为止，我们已经栽了200棵树了。 So far we have only talked about the first two questions. We still have five more to go. 到目前为止我们才刚刚讨论了两个问题，还有五个呢。

He has learned a great deal since he started the training. 自从他参加了培训，学到了很多东西。

第 3 页 共 79 页

一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性动作），有时跟具体的表示某时某刻的时间状语，有时也可不跟。

如：John said he wasn't in last night. John 说昨天晚上他不在家。 Xiao Zhang often came to help us in the household. 小张经常来帮我们做家务。 How did you like their performance? 你觉得他们的表演怎么样？ It was a pity you didn't go to the lecture. 很遗憾你没有去听讲座。

Language points in the reading text

Love doing sth 喜欢做某事，表示一般的习惯。would love to do sth 此时此刻想干什么。如：

He loves taking photos very much. Everywhere he goes, he will take a lot of beautiful pictures. 他特别喜欢拍照，无论走到哪儿，都要拍很多漂亮的照片。 I'd love to go to the party with you, but you see, I've got to finish this report this evening. 我很Prague is one of the most beautiful in terms of architecture. \"One of the most + 形容词最高级\"表示\"最……之一\"。大家知道，单音节词和少数双音节词（如以 y 结尾的）词尾加 + est 构成最高级。多音节形容词在构成最高级的时候，其前往往需要加 most + 形容词原形。又如：

This red ruler is longer than that yellow one. But the blue one is the longest. The most important thing is to get in touch with him as soon as possible. 最重要的事情是要尽早跟他联系。想跟你去参加聚会，可是你瞧，我今晚必须写完这个报告。 定语从句的例句：

There are fantastic castles and museums that are relatively unknown to most tourists. Is there any one place that is particularly memorable for you?

Has there been any place where you've had a lot of trouble with the language? 这几句话里都含有一个定语从句，来修饰前面提到的地方。That, which, where, who 等都可以引起定语从句，而且在从句中做一定句子成分。

Remember doing sth. 表示记得做过某事，如：He remembered posting the letter on his way to school. 他记得在去学校的路上把信寄走了。

而 remember to do sth 记得去做某事。如：Please ask him to remember to send me an email when you see him. 请你见到他时让他给我发个邮件。

Incredibly 难以置信地。If you go to the countryside in Autumn, the sky is incredibly blue sometimes. 如果你秋天去农村，天空有时格外地蓝。

I felt far from home but very close to nature. 注意这句话里的两个介词 from 和 to 的用法，far from表示\"远离什么地方\"，close to表示\"离什么地方近\"。

The Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁，澳大利亚风景名胜。Sydney Opera House, 悉尼歌剧院，因其独特的白色船帆形状屋顶而出名。

第 4 页 共 79 页

How do you deal with all the different languages in other places you visit? 你如何应付访问过的其他地方的不同语言？deal with 有\"应付，处理\"的意思；也有\"与人打交道\"的含义。又如：They learned to deal with any sort of emergency. 他们学会了应付各种紧急情况。That person is a bit difficult to deal with. 那个人不好打交道。

I find that I can pick up many phrases and expressions as I travel. 我发现我一边旅游一边可以学会很多短语和用法。pick up 原义指\"拿起；拣起，拾起；取走\"，引申义\"通过在环境中接触或实际操作自然获得某种技能（语言、技术），并不是刻意去学会\"。When the telephone rang, Judy picked it up. 电话响了，Judy 拿起了话筒。

形容词 fluent 意思是\"说话流利的，口若悬河的\"，名词形式是fluency 流利，流畅。He is not so fluent in Korean, but he can speak excellent Chinese. 他韩国语不是很流利，但是可以说一口很漂亮的汉语。

Have trouble with sth. 或者 have trouble (in) doing sth. 在某方面有麻烦、困难, in 是可用可不用的。When I was in England the first time, I had some slight trouble listening to lectures. 第一次在英国的时候，我听讲座稍微有点麻烦。

Is it hard to adjust to the different customs and people you meet? 是不是很难适应你碰到的人们和不同习惯？adjust (oneself) to，调整自己以适应。 The body adjusts itself to changes in temperature. 身体自行调节以适应温度的变化。Is it difficult to adjust to the new life here? 适应这里的新生活困难吗？

The first thing I always do when I get to a new place is buy a map. 我去一个新地方的第一件事情就是去买一张地图。这句话里的系动词 is 后直接跟了动词 buy, 而不是 to buy，其原因是主语部分的定语从句的谓语动词是do。又如，What I'm going to do next is ask some of you to come up to the front. 接下来我要做的是叫你们中的几位上前来。The last thing he did was wave goodbye to all of us. 他做的最后一件事情是跟我们大家挥手告别。象这种主语部分含有动词 do 或其过去式 did 的句子，系动词 is 或 was (were) 后一般直接跟动词原形。

keep track of, 了解，知道 be off to, 出发去 …… a day (week) off, 休假一天（周） as a matter of fact, 事实上 by the way, 顺便提一下 be up to sth, 忙于某事

be up to sb, 应该由某人负责 unknown to, 不为 …… 所知 come out, 出现 far from, 远离 …… close to, 靠近 …… different from, 不同于 think about, 考虑，思考 deal with, 处理，应付

pick up, 拾起；开车接人 be fluent in a language, 讲某种语言很流利 along the way, 沿着 have trouble with, 某方面有困难 adjust to, 调整以适应

第 5 页 共 79 页

Unit two

Learning objectives How to talk about jobs 如何谈论工作

How to talk about places you've lived 如何谈论生活过的地方

How to talk about your fantasies 如何谈论梦想

How to talk about your family 如何谈论家庭

Lesson 9

Answers to the Focus Questions

1．How long do you think Tina has been in Clinton? Why?

Most probably just a couple of months. It should be in the summer vacation now because she said she was going to be in senior high school in fall and she just moved to Clinton in the beginning of June.

2．How old do you think Marge is roughly? How do you know?

She should be around 40 because she has known the owner of the restaurant for about thirty five years since kindergarten.

3．How long has Marge been a waitress? For twenty years.

4．How many children do Tina's parents have? 3 boys and 2 girls. (Altogether five.)

Language points in the dialogue

must 可以用来表示比较肯定的猜测，如：The door is closed. He must be out. 门锁了，他一定出去了。The room must be empty because nobody answers the door. 房间里没有人应门，里面一定没有人。

A senior高中或大学里毕业年级的学生。这里就指高中毕业班的学生了。 一般来说，英语中谈论去过某地或在某地住过多长时间，用现在完成时。I've only lived here since the beginning of June. 我是六月份以来才住到这里的。How long have you lived in Clinton? 你在Clinton住了多长时间？No kidding. 相当于You are kidding! You are joking! 别骗人了！你在开玩笑吧？！表示怀疑或惊讶。

You are telling me.相当于 You don't need to tell me. I know that. 表示说话人并不是很喜欢听到对方说的内容。这还用你来告诉我啊！言下之意，我当然知道了。

Make good money, 挣很多钱，收入不错。如：He almost can't make enough money to bring the kids up. 他挣钱少，几乎养活不了那几个孩子。 How's it going? 熟悉的人见面是互相问候常用语，―近来怎么样？‖―你好吗？‖相当于 How have you been? How are things going on? How are you?

Good-looking 漂亮的、好看的、潇洒的。英语中经常有这样的将几个词语连起来当作一个词的用法，如：300-hundred-meter-high building, 300米高的大楼；Have you noticed that funny-voice man over there? 你注意到了那边那个声音怪怪的人吗？

Is he older or younger than you? 是个含有比较级的选择性疑问句，注意其中 than (与…相比) 的用法。

He is older than me. 他比我大。

第 6 页 共 79 页

He is one year older than me. 他比我大一岁。 This desk is one meter longer than the other one.

形容词或副词的最高级一般有两种方式构成：一是在单音节形容词或副词后直接 +est, 二是由―most + 多音节形容词或副词原形‖构成。如： Mary is the tallest in the class, and Jane is the most beautiful one. Besides, 除了（前面或即将提到的事情）以外，（还有某事）。如：He can speak Russian and Korean besides English. 除了英语外他还会讲俄语和韩国语。I don't like that new dictionary; besides, it is too expensive. 我不喜欢那本新词典，另外，它也太贵了。

except (for), 除了…(意思是 except 后面的内容是不包括在内)。如：The restaurant is open everyday except Monday. 饭店除了周一每天都开门。 Only child 独生子（女）。

Lesson 13 I See From Your Resume… Language points in the dialogue

Resume 简历，英式英语中用 curriculum vitae简称C.V..

Have experience in (doing) sth. 在某方面富有经验。John doesn't have much experience in speaking in public. John 在大庭广众之前讲话没有什么经验。In public 在公众场合。

Used to do sth. 过去常常做某事，现在已经不再做了。We used to climb up the hill behind the house, but the hill is not there now. What a pity!

注意 used to do sth 和 be (get) used to sth 之间的区别。Be (get) used to sth.习惯于，适应于… I'm not used to being pushed in the huge crowd of people. 我不习惯于在人群中被挤来挤去。

In one's early teens 在少年时期里。Teens 指年龄在13~19岁之间的青少年，early指这个年龄段中较早的少年时期。

表示在某人的童年、少年、几十岁的时候，英语中常用介词 in, 如：in her childhood / twenties / forties.

Physical education (PE)，体育课。Guidance counselor 指导员、咨询员。 Athletics 田径运动（athletics meeting田径运动会）。athlete 田径运动员。He was a great athlete. 他是一个很棒的运动员。

Be ready for sth / to do sth 为（做）某事做好了准备，准备好了（做）某事。I'm not sure John is ready for the new job. 我不确信 John 已经准备好开始他的新的工作。I am sure John is ready to start his new job. 我确信 John 已经准备好开始他的新的工作。 Qualification 资历、资格；证书，文凭。Qualification 常常用做复数，Qualifications, 指资格、资历，后面一般用介词 for。如：What sort of qualifications do you need for the job? 做这项工作需要什么资格？

Lesson 15 A Changing Work Force

Focus Questions

第 7 页 共 79 页

1. How is the work force changing in terms of skilled white-collar workers?

2. What kind of change is there for lawyers in the last 25 years?

3. How about women's role in the work force? Are there any changes for them?

4. Can you list some jobs which show declining numbers of people?

Grammatical structure

现在完成时结构：have + 过去分词。如：

America's skilled white-collar work force has overtaken the ranks of skilled blur-collar workers for the first time.

… women have shown steady advancement and upward mobility … Certain occupations have declined overall in recent years. 现在进行时结构：动词be (am, is, are) + 现在分词。如： Is the work force changing in American life? …America is becoming a nation of lawyers … 助动词 has / have + been + 现在分词。如： The number of jobs …has been steadily shrinking.

现在完成时用来表示到说话时刻以前发生的动作或情况，对现在有一定影响。要么是从时间上要么是从结果上跟现在有一定联系。 现在进行时表示现在（说话人说话的时刻）正在发生的动作，可以与now, at present, at this (very) moment, these days等时间状语连用，也可不带时间状语。如： What are you doing now, John? 你现在正在干什么，John?

James is looking for his keys everywhere. He always forgets things about. James在到处寻找钥匙。他总是这样丢三落四。

现在完成进行时表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。这一动作或状态是否继续下去，则有上下文而定。这一时态多用于表示持续性的动词，如 do, live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study 等等。并且常和包括现在在内的时间短语如 all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently 等状语以及since (自从) for (经历)所引导的状语短语或从句连用。如：

What have you been doing all this year? 这一年来你都干什么来着？

Recently John has been working on the project day and night. 近来 John 夜以继日地在项目上工作着。

How long have you been living here? 你在这里住多久了？

David, you've come back finally. Susan has been waiting for you for the last 3 years. David，你终于回来了，Susan一直等了你三年了。

现在完成时用来强调到说话时刻以前发生的动作或情况，这一动作往往已经完成，不会继续

第 8 页 共 79 页

下去的。而现在完成进行时则表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始一直延续到说话时刻，强调的是这一动作从过去某时以来一直在进行着，这正是 –ing 分词要表达的含义，有时这一动作或状态还可能要继续下去。

Language Points in the reading text

According to statistics, America's skilled white-collar work force has overtaken the ranks of skilled blue-collar workers for the first time. 根据数据，美国的白领工人已经首次超过蓝领工人的数量。

According to, 根据；依照，按照。既可以放在句首，也有放在句子中间。According to our records, the books you have borrowed should now be returned to the library. 根据我们的记录，你借的书现在该归还到图书馆了。 The road was some forty miles long according to my map. 按照我的地图，这条路有大约四十英里长。

Overtake 赶上，超过，追上。I found myself behind the big truck that had overtaken me. 我发现我落在了那辆大货车后面，它已经超过我了。

For the first time, 第一次，头一次。He's succeeded in passing the weekly examination for the first time. 他第一次顺利地通过了每周例行检查。(succeed in doing something 成功做某事)

Those who worry that America is becoming a nation of lawyers may have some evidence. 这句话里的 who worry that America is becoming a nation of lawyers 是 those 的定语从句，those指定语从句所描述的―那些人‖。其中的 that 从句又是动词 worry 的宾语从句。

There are now 1.4 lawyers for every farmer , whereas twenty-five years ago there were 4.5 farmers for every lawyer. 现在一个农民有一点四个律师，而二十五年前四点五个农民才有一个律师。

The proportion of women doctors is less than one-third , while the percentage of women nurses is still about 90%.女医生的比例只有三分之一，而女护士占大约百分之九十。

分数表示法：分子基数词，分母序数词。分子为1时，分母用单数；分子大于1时，分母用序数词复数形式。 One-fifth, three-sevenths, two-thirds.

whereas反之；另一方面；而。用来连接两个明显对比的内容。如：I used to think that money was very important, whereas now I look at it in quite a different way. 过去我以为钱非常重要，而现在我对它的看法完全不同了。 Women represent only 3% of firefighters, 27% of veterinarians, and 15% of police officers. 女性消防员只占3%，女兽医占27%，女警官占15%。 Occupations on the rise… 呈上升趋势的职业。On the rise, 相当于 that is / are growing, increasing. 处于上升状态的，在增加的。Experts say the figures for divorce are on the rise. 专家称，离婚数量在增加。

While women show steady advancement and upward mobility, their share of jobs in traditionally male roles is still relatively low. 尽管妇女就业方面呈现持续进步和上升趋势，但是，她们在那些以男性为主的传统行业里，人数还是很少的。

Advancement, 前进，进步。Mobility, 移动性，流动性，可动性。The information here in this sentence and some more from the second paragraph can be used to answer the third question.

Certain occupations have declined overall in recent years. 有些行业最近几年来总体上是呈下降趋势的。Overall, 形容词和副词。全面的，包括一切的；总地，全面地。

Decline, 1. become less in quantity, strength, or importance. 变少、变小、变弱、变低。In

第 9 页 共 79 页

that month, the crime rate sharply declined. 那个月，犯罪率明显地降低。2. politely refuse to accept or do sth. 辞谢，谢绝，婉拒。When she asked me to dance, I declined politely. 她邀请我跳舞的时候，我婉言拒绝了。

Shrink, 1. become smaller, less. 缩水；缩小。You need to dry-clean your washing, or it may shrink. 你需要干洗衣服，否则会缩水的。2. (~ back, from) move back, show unwillingness to do something (from shame, fear, dislike, etc.) 畏缩，退缩。A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers. 羞怯的人怕见生人。

Decrease, become less in quantity, size, or strength. 减少，减低，减弱。 Over a sever-year period the number of marriages has decreased by 30%. 七年来，结婚数量减少了30%。 Decline 和 decrease 这两个词都还可以用做名词。Decline 发音没有什么变化，而 decrease 动词时重音在后边，用做名词时重音在前面。短语 on the decline, on the decrease 意思一样，在减少中，意思跟课文中的 on the rise 正好相反。 make money, 赚钱 none of, 一个都没有

the others, 其他的（人或事） have experience in sth., 某方面有经验

used to do sth., 过去常常做某事 be used to sth, 习惯于某事 in one's teens, 青少年时期（十三至十九岁之间）

be ready for sth., 为某事做好了准备

(have) qualifications for sth, （有）某方面的资格

according to, 根据 overtake, 追上，赶上；打垮

on the rise, 在上升中 on the decrease, 在下降中

on the decline, 正在减少 shrink, 减少，萎缩；缩水occupation, 职业 mobility, 移动性，流动性percentage, 百分比 overall, 总体的，大体上的

第 10 页 共 79 页

Unit three

Learning objectives How to give an opinion 如何阐述观点

How to talk about plans 如何谈论计划

How to talk about things you've done or haven't done 谈论已做或未做的事情 How to make suggestions 如何提出建议

Lesson 16 Some of us are Getting Together Answers to the Focus Questions

1．Who is the person mentioned in the dialogue? What does he do? She knows about it from her mother because her mother has all the newest information about (keeps track of) Laura's classmates.

2．What does Janet want to do? What does Claire want to do?What does Charlie want to do? Flight 856 to Chicago, boarding at Gate 9.

3．In the third dialogue, what is Clarie planning to do? What is Greg likely to do? The Blakes are going to Hawaii for a week off. Language points in the dialogue

Anything exciting going on this weekend, Janet?这句话前省略了Is there…，相当于 Is there anything exciting going on this weekend, Janet? Any news? Anything up? … Going on 是个 –ing 结构，表示某事正在发生或进行。如：What's going on there?

表示星期几、或者星期几的上、下午、晚上，一般用介词 on, 如 on Monday, on Thursday afternoon, on the weekend. ―周末‖前也可以用 at, 如：at weekend，只是前没有 the .

In town 在市区，在城里，这个用法有点象 at home, 名词前不用冠词。in the suburbs 在郊区。 Hear of 听说，听到过。Hear from收到来信。如：I haven't heard from him for the last five months. 过去五个月没有收到他的来信了。

现在完成时由― have / has (not)+ 动词过去分词” 构成。现在完成时往往会跟 already, yet 等一起使用。如：

He has (already) finished the task. I haven't finished my homework yet.

“ Must + 动词原形” 表示对现在事情或状态很肯定地推断、猜测。 cost a fortune, 非常昂贵。

La Dolce Vita 《露滴牡丹开》，又名《甜蜜的生活》，是由Federico Fellini 在1960 导演的一部有名的电影，故事围绕一位对工作和爱情都不满足的记者展开，讲述了他探索生活真实意义的过程。 Why don't …? 表示提出建议。如： Why don't you go and see if he is in the classroom? 你为什么不去看看他是不是在教室里呢？

建议某人做某事的表达法： Would you like to…? Shall we …? May I suggest …?

表示时间的名词常常可以直接做状语，如： I just saw it the night before last . 前天晚上。类似的用法还有 the day before yesterday 前天 , the week before last 上上个星期， the day after tomorrow

第 11 页 共 79 页

后天， the week after next 下下个星期

It's supposed to …常常用来表示某事本来应该是怎样的，大家认为应该是什么样子。如：It's supposed to be fine and clear today, but it changes so quickly. 本来说是个晴朗的天气的，这不，很快就变天了。

Are you free on Saturday night? 你星期六晚上是不是有空？Are you free …? 相当于 Have you got time…? 刚才提到，星期几前一般用介词 on.

I thought you might want to come. 这句话用了think的过去式thought，有―原来以为，本来认为‖的意思，说明说话人现在已经不这样想了。

Why don't …? 表示提出建议。如： Why don't you go and see if he is in the classroom? 你为什么不去看看他是不是在教室里呢？

建议某人做某事的表达法： Would you like to…? Shall we …? May I suggest …?

表示时间的名词常常可以直接做状语，如： I just saw it the night before last . 前天晚上。类似的用法还有 the day before yesterday 前天 , the week before last 上上个星期， the day after tomorrow 后天， the week after next 下下个星期 。

情态动词might 表示的可能性比may 要小。如：

John may visit us when he is in town. 可能来看我们 (50% 的可能性)。 John might visit us when he is in town. 可能来看我们 (小于50% 的可能性)。 几个表示可能性的副词：

definitely certainly probably possibly 100% 90%以上 70~90% 50~70%

Get together, 聚会。而get-together （中间有连字符），名词，―聚会‖的意思。如：We are going to have a get-together tomorrow evening. Would you like to join us?

For sure, 的确，确实。相当于definitely, certainly. 如：Are you saying you are going to the Great Wall for sure? 你是说你们确定要去长城吗？

Lesson 20. Can I let you know? Answers to the Focus Questions

1. What is one of the ladies going to do soon? And what is the other going to do the next day? One is going out with Chuck, probably to see a movie; the other is probably going shopping the next day.

2. When does Laura need to meet Chuck? At seven.

3. Does Wendy like Psycho ?

She doesn't. (Personally I don't, she says.) Language Points in the dialogue

Make up one's mind 下定决心，打定主意。如：I haven't made up my mind yet about where to go for lunch. 我还没决定去哪儿吃午饭呢。象go see 这样的由 go 直接加动词原形的用法是典型的美语。英式英语中则会用 go to see…

Citizen Kane 《公民凯恩》是1941年由奥逊· 威尔斯（Orson Welles）编剧并导演的。Psycho 《精神病患者》，阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克(Alfred Hitchcock)1960年执导的一部影片。

Fantastic, 好极了，棒极了。意思相当于 terrific, wonderful, splendid, excellent等。英语对话过程中，听话者在听到对方谈到什么自己感兴趣或自己认为很有意义的事情时，往往要说一些句子如It's terrific,

第 12 页 共 79 页

wonderful, marvelous …等来表示自己对所说的内容感兴趣，表示赞赏。

First thing in the morning 早上第一件事情。如：I'll post the letter first thing in the morning. 早上第一件事我就去寄信。

Lesson 22 Film Directors for All TimeFocus Questions

1. What childhood experience had a great influence on Fellini's films? What is he famous for? 2. What kind of people do Hitchcock's films deal with? How did he achieve the effect of panic? 3. What's Kurosawa's film style?

4. What is Welles' movie Citizen Kane known for? Why did Welles act in other movies Language Points in the reading text

在介绍人物背景的时候，由于是介绍他们过去的经历，文章中经常用到一般过去时，如：He ran away…; He had to return …; He used sound and camera…; 而在评论几位导演的电影特色时由于不受时空，所以用一般现在时。如：Fellini is known for combining realism and fantasy…; Many of Hitchcock's movies are about innocent people…; His films mix together the old and new…

ran away, 突然离开，出走；逃跑。如：Kate ran away from home at the age of thirteen. Kate 十三岁时离家出走过。That man somehow managed to run away from the prison. 那个人不知怎么竟然从监狱里逃跑了。

Return 返回；归还。后面跟介词to表示返回到什么地方。如：Did you return the book to the library? Influence 动词，产生影响。I was deeply influenced by my first teacher in school. Influence 也可以用作名词，上句也可以改成 My first English teacher had a great influence on me。 Autobiographical 自传的， autobiography, 自传。biographical, 传记的， biography, 传记。

Fellini is known for combining realism and fantasy, often making up the story as he goes along. 费里尼以现实和幻想的完美结合而著名，常常是一边拍摄一边构思他的故事。

Be known for 相当于 famous for 以……而出名。如：Beijing is known / famous for many historical sites of interest, such as the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, The Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven, etc. 北京以许多名胜古迹而闻名，如，长城、故宫、颐和园、天坛等。

Combining realism and fantasy，将幻想与现实相结合。Combine 常常跟 with 一起使用，combine (…) with… 结合；联合。如：We can't always combine work with pleasure, so sometimes we have to sacrifice ourselves to some degree. 由于往往不能将工作与乐趣相结合， 有时在一定程度上我们就不得不做些牺牲了。

Make up 编造，构思。Xiao Li always makes up different stories if he is late in class. 小李上课迟到时总是编造不同的借口。

Go along, 行进；进行，进展，继续。如：I went along to the library. 我走到图书馆。– How is everything? – It is going along smoothly.怎么样？进展很顺利。

Master of suspense, 悬念大师。 Master 师傅、大师，如： master of literature 文学大师 , master of modern arts 现代艺术大师。 Master 还可以用做名词修饰语，表示―熟练技工、能手‖。如： He is a master carpenter / technician. 他是一位木工能手（技术能手）。

Many of them are about innocent people who get into trouble and can't seem to escape. 他的很多电影都是关于无辜的人陷入困境而无法摆脱的故事。

第 13 页 共 79 页

Innocent 清白的，无辜的，无罪的；头脑简单的，天真无邪的。Terrorism kills innocent people. 残害无辜的人民。Don't be so innocent as to believe everything you hear. 不要那么头脑简单，听到什么就相信什么。

Get into trouble 招惹麻烦。如：The kids in the Johnson's family can sometimes get into big trouble . Johnson 家的那些孩子有时会惹很大麻烦。 Heighten 加强、加剧。The atmosphere was heightened when the man broke into the room. 那个人闯进房间里的时候，气氛很紧张。

Feeling of panic 恐慌、恐惧，惊慌。Panic 既可以做名词，也可以做动词。There is always danger of a panic when the theater catches fire. 当剧院着火的时候，总是会引起极大的恐慌。Don't panic! There is no danger! 不要惊慌！没有危险！

Enjoy, 欣赏，喜欢。Enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事。He enjoyed watching the movie last night. 昨晚他很喜欢看那部电影。

Become / be known throughout the world / the country 举世 / 国闻名。如：The five Super Girls are known throughout the country nowadays. 那五个超女现在全国闻名了。

the first (person) to do something，第一个做某事的人。如：The policeman was the first to enter the room after someone was found dead in it. 自从发现一具死尸后，这位是第一个踏进这个房间的人。 Mix 混在一起，混合。The doctor mixed a bottle of medicine for me. 医生给我配了一瓶药。Oil and water don't mix. 油和水不相混合。也可以说成 mix something with / and something else . 如：You can't mix oil with water. 你不能把油和水混合在一起。To make steamed buns, first, you mix flour and water. 做馒头的时候，你先要把面粉和水混合在一起。

Influence 影响，既可以用做名词也可以用做动词，形容词形式是influential（有影响力的）。 One can't avoid the influence from one's parents. 一个人很难避免自来父母的影响。He is greatly influenced by the novels he has read. 他受到读过的小说的很大影响。Nancy is the most influential woman in his whole life. Nancy 是对他一生影响最大的女人。

Hollywood 好莱坞，美国著名电影胜地。Western 本来是―西部的‖意思，这里指―西部片‖。

几个关于电影种类的词语：Action movies动作片，tragedy悲剧，comedy 喜剧，horror movies恐怖片。

Considered by some film historians to be the greatest movie ever made, it is famous for unusual sound and camera techniques. 电影史学家认为这部电影（《公民凯恩》）是有史以来最伟大的电影，它以不同寻常的声音和摄像技术而闻名于世。Considered by some film historians to be the greatest movie ever made 是个过去分词短语用做状语。Considered to be …被认为是……。She is considered to be the most hardworking in the office. 她被认为是办公室最努力工作的人。

Be famous for 因……而闻名。Beijing is famous for the Great Wall, the Forbidden City and many other historical sites. 北京以长城、故宫和很多其他历史名胜而闻名。

To raise money, 筹集资金。They are planning to raise money for the project nationwide. 他们计划在全国范围内筹集资金。Nationwide 国家范围内。

短语或词组

cost a fortune, 代价昂贵 be supposed to do, 应该做某事 get together, 聚会 think of, 想到，考虑到 for sure, 确定，确信 get ready, 做好准备

make up one's mind, 下定决心 run away, 逃跑，跑掉 return to, 返回 get into trouble, 陷入麻烦 enjoy doing sth, 喜欢做某事

throughout the world, 遍及世界各地

第 14 页 共 79 页

mix… and / with…, 把……与……混淆，搅和在一起 be famous for, 以……而闻名

Unit Four

Learning objectives

How to talk about a foreign language 如何谈论一门外语

How to talk about one's family 如何谈论家庭

How to talk about events in the past 如何谈论过去的事情

How to talk about how you met someone

如何谈论与别人相识的经过

Lesson 23 What does the “K” stand for?

Luke Taylor and Maya Winston are talking about their families.

Focus Questions

1．How does Luke know that Koziol is Polish?

2．How did Luke get to know his wife?

3．How is Luke's wife, Stenia's English now? How did she achieve that?

4．Where are Maya's relatives now? What language do Maya's parents speak at home?

Answers to the Focus Questions

1．How does Luke know that Koziol is Polish?

Luke's wife is Polish, and Luke's spent some time in Poland. So he should be able to speak a little Polish or at least recognize the Polish sound.

第 15 页 共 79 页

2．How did Luke get to know his wife? She studied in his English class in the States.

3．How is Luke's wife, Stenia's English now? How did she achieve that? She speaks English almost perfectly now. She worked so hard on her English (while she was learning English).

4．Where are Maya's relatives now? What language do Maya's parents speak at home?

They are all living in the States now. Maya's parents speak English now because in the dialogue, Maya says that her father used to speak Polish, and her mother forgot all other languages since she learned English. （所以他们家就说英语了。）

Language points in the dialogue

What an unusual necklace! 是个感叹句， What a … 后边一般跟名词性短语。如： What an interesting story (it is)! 这个故事多有趣呀！ What a splendid performance! 演出多精彩啊！

Stand for 代表，表示。如： What does ―K‖ stand for ? K 的意思是什么？ PE stands for physical education. PE 表示体育课的意思。

在西方国家里，女孩子长大结婚后一般要改用丈夫的姓氏， Maiden name 指女孩结婚前所用的姓。

The States (S 大写 ) ，指 the United States. 口语中，人们谈起美国时，用得更多的是 the States 或 America, 来代替 the USA. Which language do you speak at home, English or Polish? 选择疑问句，疑问词用 which，也可以说 What language(s) do you speak? 如果问话人知道你会讲多种不同外语，会用languages 来提问。Speak 讲（一种语言）。How many languages can he speak?

Used to do sth, 过去常常做某事。现在已经没有这习惯了。I used to smoke a lot. Work hard, 努力工作，认真工作。

Be good at sth. 在某方面很擅长，有某方面能力。She is good at languages. 她有语言天赋。

She still has a very slight accent, but you can hardly tell she's foreign. 她仍然有一点点口音，不过你几乎分辨不出她是外国人了。Accent 口音，腔调，someone with a different accent 不同口音的人。Slight微小的，轻微的。She's got a slight headache. 她有点（轻微的）头痛。Tell 区分，辨别。They look exactly the same – how can you tell which is which? 他们看起来一模一样，你怎么能分辨出哪个是哪个呢？动词 tell 当―区分、辨别‖讲时，一般用在 tell sb / sth from sb / sth 这样的结构中。如：Can you tell Jane from her twin sister? 你能把Jane 和她的双胞胎妹妹分辨开吗？Hardly 几乎不，几乎没有。I'm so tired I can hardly walk any further. 我太累了，几乎一步也走不动了。学习时需要注意这类含有否定意义的副词，在句子中使用时，避免双重否定。比如，刚才这句话就不能说成 I'm so tired I can not hardly walk any further. (错句)

Was either of your parents born in Poland? Yes, they both were. 你父母有谁是在波兰出生的吗？是的，他们都是。

Either of … 二者之一。后面常常接两个方面、两件事情或两个人，相关的动词往往用单数。Either of the two phrases is acceptable. 两个短语哪个都可以接受。

Either … or… 常常连用，表示―二者之中任选其一‖。He must be either mad or drunk.

第 16 页 共 79 页

他不是疯了，就是醉了。I was expecting you (to come) either today or tomorrow. 我希望你要么今天要么明天来。

He hasn't spoken it since my grandparents died. 自从我的祖父母去世后他就没再讲过。注意这句话里的现在完成时和一般过去时结合使用时的典型用法。表示―自从……（可以是某件事或某个时间点）以来……一直（没）做某事‖的时间关系时，一般用 since 将主从句连接起来，主句一般用现在完成时，since 后的从句部分用一般过去时或者用表示时间点的名词（短语）。如：I haven't heard from him since he left here last year. 自从去年他离开这里我没有收到他的信。John has been in this country since he was ten. 从十岁开始John 就住在这个国家了。

Fluently 流利地，指语言或讲话口齿很流利。Fluent 流利的，形容词。She speaks fluent English. She speaks English fluently. 她讲英语很流利。 Unfortunately, 不幸地。Unfortunate 不幸的。说话人为了表示马上要说的内容很不幸，或很遗憾，常常用unfortunately / unlucky来带出即将要说的话。如：Unfortunately, he didn't pass the end-of-term examination. 不幸的是，他没有通过期末考试。

As soon as, 一……就……，表示两件事情紧接着连续发生，既可以用于谈论未来的事情也可以用于谈论过去。如：As soon as we get the tickets we'll send them to you. 我们一拿到票就给你送过来。As soon as she got out of bed the telephone stopped ringing. 她一下床电话铃就断了。

Lesson 27 I guess my mind was somewhere else

Laura and Chuck are having something to eat after seeing a movie. They talk about Chuck's job interview.

Answers to the Focus Questions

1. Where do you think the dialogue takes place? Most probably in a restaurant.

2. Why was Chuck's mind somewhere else? He was thinking about the interview. 3. Why was Chuck anxious?

he was anxious to know the interview result, and of course he wanted to get the job.

Language points in the dialogue

You were thinking about the interview again, weren't you? Think about, 考虑，思考。We have to think about whether we should buy the car.我们得认真考虑一下买不买车。I'm thinking about the plan for our tour.我在考虑我们的旅行计划。这句话里的Weren't you？是个附加疑问句。在这样的句子里，一般来说，前面需要有个陈述句。如果陈述句用肯定句，附加疑问句就用否定式疑问句。如果陈述句用否定句，附加疑问句就用肯定式疑问句。如： You've been to the Great Wall, haven't you? He's not going to the party, is he?

但是，有时也有例外。如：

She telephoned her brother, did she?（用来表示惊讶、确认等。） 使用附加疑问句时，不仅要注意前后肯定与否定的关系，还要注意助动词和时态的一致性问题。比如，如果前边的句子用现在完成时，附加疑问句就需要用 have 或 haven't；如果前边的句子用带有 will 的一般将来时，附加疑问句就需要用 will 或 won't 等等。 Get sth out of one's mind 摆脱思想中的困扰。如：

He was terribly lost in that experience for quite some time, and finally he got it out of

第 17 页 共 79 页

his mind when he moved to a new place. 他很长时间一直沉浸在那次可怕的经历中不能自拔，直到后来搬到一个新地方后才得以摆脱出来。

Figure out 理解，弄清楚，解决。 She hasn't figured out what she's going to do next. 她还没有弄清楚接下来她将做什么。 He has figured out all the possibilities before he does it. 他事前已经弄清楚了所有的可能性。

Anxious to do sth 迫不及待想做某事。 She is so anxious to visit Beijing next week because it is her first visit there.

Make a / the decision 做出决定，确定。 Who made the decision to go there? 是谁决定去那儿的？ I think I've made a wrong decision to buy this big house. 我想我决定买这座大房子是错误的。

Relax 放松，松弛。 Let's stop working and relax for an hour. 别干了，我们休息一小时吧。

Lesson 29 The first Americans 1．Why did Columbus call people already living in America ―Indians‖ when he landed there? 2. How did the ancestors of these people come to America?

3. What technique do scientists use to decide the age of the remains of the ancient bodies or artifacts?

3. What are causing excitement and controversy among experts? 5. What did scientists find in Chili?

6. What is the most controversial finding in Brazil?

Language points in the reading text

Scientists disagree on the date. 科学家在日期上没有达成一致。Agree / disagree on sth 在某方面意见（不）一致，（不）同意。介词用on. Finally we agreed on the route for climbing the hill. 最后我们就爬山路线达成了一致意见。学习时注意这个短语跟 agree / disagree with sb / sth 的区别。Agree / disagree with sb / sth（不）同意某人说的话或者看法；与某人意见不一致。I disagree with much of what he says. 我不同意他说的很多话。My brother agrees with me in most of the issues we discuss. 在讨论问题时，我弟弟大多同意我的看法。

Original 原有的，原始的，初始的；新颖的，有创造性的。It is said no one can remember the original state of the building. 据说，没有人能回忆起那座楼本来的样子了。This is the most original story I've ever read. 这是我读过的最新颖的故事了。Arrive in 到达某一地方、城市（比较大的地方），如：It was raining when we arrived in Guangzhou. 而arrive at 的意思是―到达一个具体的小的地点‖，如： He arrived at his hotel soon after midnight. Arrive at 还表示经过努力达成协议、决定、或达到某种程度。It took us several hours to arrive at a decision. 我们花费了好几个小时才终于达成决议。

在 When Columbus ―discovered‖ America in 1392, he found people already living there.这句话里，discover 用了引号，原因是什么呢？discover 这个词的意思是，发现原来没有被人所知道或了解的事情或情况。Discover 不同于 find, 后者的意思是，找到，发现，是一般意义上的看见或找到，被找到的东西本来就是存在的。在哥伦布发现新的时候美洲这块已经是存在的，而且有人居住，所以并不是他第一个发现这个地方的。Find sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事。When I entered the room, I found him watching TV. 我进入房间的时候，看见他正在看电视。

第 18 页 共 79 页

Thinking he had landed in the East Indies, he called these people ―Indians‖. 前半句话Thinking he had landed in the East Indies 是个 –ing 分词短语，做he called these people ―Indians‖ 的原因状语。

Stretching from the top of North America to the tip of South America were many different groups…是个倒装句，动词谓语是 were, 主语是 many different groups. 用来强调―不同的种族部落由北到南散布在美洲‖的这个事实。

Migrate 迁移，移往。Migrate from one place to another 从一个地方迁移到另一个地方。如：They had to migrate to this new land because of the terrible flood in the fifties. 由于五十年代的那场可怕的洪水他们被迫迁移到了这片土地。

The northern half of the earth was covered in ice. 北半球被冰雪覆盖。有时，我们也用 be covered with 来表示―长有很多，覆盖着很多……‖如：The next morning when I woke up, I found the trees were all covered with beautiful snow. 早上醒来的时候，我发现树上挂满了美丽的雪。

Experts believe that people from Siberia followed the animals that they hunted and traveled to Alaska over land that is now a 50-mile body of water called the Bering Strait. 这句话里有两个 that 引导的定语从句，分别修饰前面的the animals 和 land 这两个名词。过去分词短语called the Bering Strait 作 body of water 的定语，body 在这里指大面积的水域。在上万年前，亚洲和美洲之间是相连的，白令海峡是后来才逐渐形成的。所以这些远古时代的西伯利亚人才能追赶着他们的猎物跑到美洲。

Look for 寻找，探询，查找。– What are you doing? – I'm looking for my keys.

Remain 做动词时意思是―遗留；继续，保持‖，而做名词时只有 remains 复数形式，意思是―遗留物；遗迹；残骸‖。The remains of a meal 残羹剩饭。

Along with bones from humans and animals, they uncover pieces of pottery, tools, and even the remains of campfires. 这里，along with 是什么意思呢？这句话的意思是，他们发现人和动物遗骨的同时，还发现了瓷器、工具，甚至篝火的的残迹。Along with 与……一起，同时，表示两件事情同时发生，或跟别的事物一起存在。

Date 做名词时意思是―日期；年代‖，如：What's the date today? 还可以做动词，意思是―加日期于；鉴定古物等的年代‖，如：Don't forget to date your letters. 别忘记给你的信加日期。课文里的radiocarbon dating 指放射性碳元素确定年代技术。这篇文章稍后还有 date back 这个短语，意思是―追溯到某个时候‖，如：This is a long story. It dates back to 26 years ago. 这是一个比较久远的故事了，还得追溯到26年前。 Figure out = work out 美语非正式语体，理解、弄清楚、确定、解决。She hasn't figured out what she is going to do about it. 她还没有弄清楚自己该怎么办呢。

These discoveries are causing a lot of excitement and controversy among experts. 这句话是什么意思呢？Excitement 兴奋，激动。Controversy 长期的争论、争议。Controversial 是形容词形式，有争议的，引起争议的。你看这句话这样翻译好吗？这些发现引起了专家们浓厚的兴趣和激烈的争议。Cause, （动词）引起，引发。What do you think caused the problem? 做名词时cause 的意思是―原因‖，如：They are trying to find out the cause of the power cut.他们在争取找出停电的原因。

Well-preserved 保存完好的，指什么东西存放时保护得比较好。These paintings have been well-preserved, and they still look so vivid and lively. 这些绘画保存得非常好，看上去还是那么形象生动。英语中经常有这种有一个副词和一个过去分词构成的复合形容词，如：

第 19 页 共 79 页

newly-married 新婚的，newly-arrived新来的，新到货的，well-meant 善意的，well-organized结构合理的。

Similar to 与……相似的。This story is quite similar to the movie we saw last week. Estimate 估计，估算，预测。It is estimated that the total value of the bookshop will be about 500,000 dollars. 据估算，这个书店的总价值大约五十万美元。

文章提到考古学家Guidon defends her finds and even comes up with a new idea … 在这句话里 defend 的意思是―为……辩护‖，如：The minister defended himself in the House of Commons. 在下议院里为他自己做了辩护。He was determined to have his own lawyers to defend him. 他决心用自己的律师来为他做辩护。刚才这句话里的 be determined to do sth, 意思是―下定决心做某事‖。当表示―提/想出一个主意、计划或方案‖的时候，英语中经常用到一个词组 come up with, 如：It took him about a week to come up with this detailed plan, and he did a wonderful job. 他用了一个星期的时间提出这个细致的计划，干得真不错。

They may have traveled directly from Asia to South America in boats. 这句话里有情态动词 may + have done 这样的结构，这是表达什么含义呢？再举个例子：Look, there is ice everywhere! It must have been very cold last night. 这句话里也有个情态动词 must + have done 这样的结构。从这两句话里你也许已经能够看出，这是表示对过去事情推测或猜测的一种表达法。May have done sth 表示―有可能发生 / 做了某事‖，而must have done sth 表示―一定发生 / 做了某事‖。

Answers to the Focus Questions

1. Why did Columbus call people already living in America “Indians” when he landed there?

When Columbus first landed there, he found there were already people living there. He thought he had landed in the East Indies, so he named these people ―Indians‖. But actually they were in different groups, each with its own name.

2. How did many scientists believe the ancestors of the people living in America come to America?

They believed that the ancestors of these people were from Siberia. People followed the animals they hunted and traveled to Alaska over the land. Bering strait was in the ancient days land.

3. What technique do scientists use to decide the age of the remains of the ancient bodies or artifacts?

Radiocarbon dating.放射形碳元素确定年代技术。They can determine the age of these bodies or artifacts by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon in them.

4. What are causing excitement and controversy among experts?

Archeologist Guidon has discovered clues at digs in both North and South America that lead her to believe that humans first migrated to the New World not 11,500 years ago, but much earlier – 20,000 or even 50,000 years ago. These discoveries are causing a lot of excitement and controversy among experts 5. What did scientists find in Chili?

They found well-preserved artifacts (stone tools, wooden bowls), a human print, and the

第 20 页 共 79 页

remains of a dwelling.

6. What is the most controversial finding in Brazil?

Archeologist Guidon found cave paintings dating back 12,000 years. She also uncovered charcoal from old campfires and stone tools that she believes are at least 30,000 and maybe more than 50,000 years old.

短语或词组：

stand for, 代表 be good at, 擅长……

as soon as, 一……就…… figure out, 计算出；弄明白

be anxious to do, 迫切地希望做某事 make a decision, 决定

disagree on, 在某方面持不同意见 arrive in / at, 到达（in表示比较大的地方，at 表示比较小的地点） migrate from … to …, 从一个地方搬迁（移民）到另一个地方 be covered in / with, 被……覆盖 date back, 追溯到（过去某时期） at least, 至少 come up with, 想出，提到，提出

第 21 页 共 79 页

Unit five

Learning objectives

How to ask for advice 如何征求建议

How to ask for directions 如何询问方向

How to talk about directions 如何谈论方位或方向

Lesson 30 You can't miss it

Kathy and George are touring in Toronto. They are looking for a place to have lunch. A man in the street gave them some advice and also showed them directions.

Focus Questions

1．What kind of restaurant are the two looking for?

2．Where does the man suggest? And why does he suggest the place?

3．Can you list some of the words the man uses when he shows them the directions?

4．How far is the Art Gallery of Ontario? How are the two going there? in the street gave them some advice and also showed them directions.

Answers to the Focus Questions

1. What kind of restaurant are Kathy and George looking for?

They are looking for a restaurant with reasonable price and good food. 2. Where did the man suggest? And why did he suggest the place?

The man suggests Toby's ―Good Eats‖. Because people say the food is good, and the price is reasonable.

3. Can you list some of the words the man used when he showed them the

第 22 页 共 79 页

directions?

He uses quite a few different words or phrases, like get, turn left / right, go, block, stay on, right across the street, etc.

4. How far is the Art Gallery of Ontario? How are Kathy and George going there? It is about a thirty-minute walk. They prefer to take the subway. Language points in the dialogue

Excuse me，常用短语，有求于人或者向别人表示歉意的时候使用。如：在跟朋友聚餐时，你可以说 Excuse me, could you pass me the salt, please? 在课堂上你也可以说 Excuse me, can you repeat that, please? 等等。 Know of, 知道，了解。后面接名词。

Do you have anything special in mind? 你头脑里有什么想法吗？想吃什么特殊的饭菜吗？形容词修饰不定代词的时候往往放在这些由 some- (something, somewhere, etc.), any- (anything, anywhere, etc), no- (nothing, nowhere, etc) 等构成的不定代词的后面，如：Did you do anything interesting last weekend? No, nothing particularly interesting. 以及someplace reasonable with good food 都是形容词做后置定语。

Reasonable, （行为或事情）合乎道理的；适度的，公道的，不多不少的。如：There was no reasonable explanation for her decision. 她做这么决定没有合理的解释。The tickets will cost a very reasonable $ 30. 票价30美圆，比较合理。

单音节形容词和少数双音节形容词在构成比较级和最高级时，一般的变化规则是在词尾加 -er, -est. 而有些双音节词和两个音节以上的形容词在构成比较级和最高级的时候在其前面加征求意见或询问问题时的常用句型。

Do you know of / where / how …? 你知道……? Can you recommend …? 你能推荐……?

Could you tell us how to …? 你能告诉我如何……?

What's the best way to get to ... ? 去……最好的路线怎么走？ How far is it? 有多远？

Recommend 推荐，介绍。John was successfully recommended for a job as a computer engineer in the company. John 被成功地推荐做了那家公司的计算机工程师。Recommend sb to do sth. 推荐（建议）某人做某事。Although Richard and his wife have five children, they do not recommend other couples to have a big family. 虽然 Richard 和妻子有五个孩子，他们并不建议别的夫妻有很大的家庭。more 或 the most, 如：This story is more interesting than the other one. The most reasonable excuse for her being late is......

Be supposed to be 据说，一般来说。It is supposed to be the best restaurant around here. 据说是这个地区最好的饭店。 Serve工作，服务；提供，上（菜等）。For over thirty years, he has served the company loyally and well. 三十多年来他鞠躬尽瘁地为公司服务着。Loyal 忠实的，忠诚的。Loyally 副词。She believes that we have been poorly served by the education system. 她认为我们的教育体系没有为我们提供很好的服务。She walked around serving drinks and talking to friends. 她四处走动着，给大家倒饮料，并和朋友们说话。 go one more block, 继续走一个街区。

stay on … street, 继续沿着……街道。 right across the street, 就在街道对面。 go along, 沿着。

第 23 页 共 79 页

around the corner, 拐角处。

go down / up the street, 顺着街道往下（上）走。 What's the best way to get to somewhere?

Could / Can you tell / show me how to get somewhere? 去某个地方，怎样走最最方便？

Either…or… 要么 ...... 要么 …… 表示二者之中任选其一，两者中任何一个都可以。 We can either go watch a movie or stay at home, waiting for them to join us. 我们要么去看电影，要么就在家等他们来。 I was expecting you either today or tomorrow. 我希望你要么今天要么明天来。 Subway, （美语）地铁，英式英语中更多用 underground, the tube. 如： I need to catch the tube . Talk to you tomorrow.

My feet are killing me. Feet 我的脚痛死了！我的脚痛的要命 英语中一些含有数字的复合词当作一个形容词用的时候，数词后的名词往往用单数，而不是复数。数词与名词或其他词间要用连字符连接。如： A thirty-minute walk, 步行约三十分钟。 A two-hour drive, 两小时车程。

a two-meter-long table, 一张两米长的桌子。

a fifty-meter-tall building, 一座五十米高的建筑。Take the University subway south to St. Patrick 在University 站乘坐地铁往南到St. Patrick 站。Take the subway to … 乘坐地铁到某地。在介词 to 前可以直接加方向词语 south, north, eas Lesson 35 You can't keep them home anymore

Laura's mother, Mrs Enders, is shopping for a gift for Laura's sister at Lee's Housewares。t, west 来表示向哪个方向走。如：You can take the bus north to People's Square. 你可以坐公共汽车向北到人民广场。 You've been very helpful. 你帮了很大忙了。

Don't mention it. 不客气，没什么。一般用在别人对你表示谢意的时候。实际意义相当于 Never mind. You are welcome. 主要是对别人的谢意做一个客气的反应。

Lesson 35

Answers to the Focus Questions

1. What is Mrs Enders looking for? Why?

She is looking for something for her daughter, who just moved into a new flat.

2. Where is Mrs Enders going?

She is going to visit her daughter in Chicago.

3. How does Mrs Ender pay for it?

She pays by check. Because at the end of the conversation, she asks to whom she makes her check out.

Language Points in the dialogue

May I help you find something, or are you just looking? 我能为你做点什么？您需要帮助吗？从事服务行业的工作人员常用的句子。

Move 移动，活动。如：Move your chair nearer to the fire. It is too cold here. 把你的

第 24 页 共 79 页

椅子搬的近点，这里太冷了。Move in / out 搬家（搬进或者搬出）。如：We are moving out on Tuesday and the new couple are moving on Thursday. Apartment, 公寓，英式英语更多地用 flat。

Feel how heavy this one is. Feel 感觉，触摸。I was feeling hungry and sleepy when you called. 你挂电话的时候我正又饿又困。 He reached out and felt her cold hand. 他伸出手摸到了她冰凉的手。

I'm afraid 用来比较委婉客气地说出自己的看法。Shall we go a bit faster? I'm afraid it's going to rain.

Carry, 携带，拿。Can you carry the bag for me for a while? 你能帮我拿一会包吗？It is not allowed to carry a gun in this region. 这个地区不容许带支。

They also come in smaller sizes. 这些壶也有小一些的。这里的 come 没有确定的动作的含义，相当于 They are also available in smaller sizes. 尤其在商场里经常用 come 这个词来表示什么商品进货的时候是什么样子或多少数目的。如：These watches always come in couples. You have to take both of them if you like. 这几款手表总是以情侣表的形式包装的，你要是喜欢就得两个一起买。 I'll take this smaller one. 那我就拿这个小一点的。Take 拿走，带走；接受；承担。下文里的 Do you accept credit cards? 也可以说成 Do you take credit cards? 又比如：How many classes have you taken this semester? 这学期你上了几节课？

We take either cash or a check with ID. 我们接收现金和支票。A check with ID 英美等国家人们很习惯用个人支票，数额比较小的时候一般不用出示个人证件，如果数额比较大，有时会要求出示证件的，但是他们不象中国有身份证，只要是能够证明自己身份的证件就可以，如驾驶证或社会安全证件。

You can't keep them home any more. 你是没法把他们留在家里了。Not any more, 不再，相当于 no more. 如：I just wrote to apologize and thought no more about it. 我只是写信表示道歉，然后就不再去想它了。John doesn't want to mention it any more. John 再也不想提起那件事情了。

As a matter of fact, 事实上，实际上，其实。相当于 in reality. 一般用在人们说话中间，增加相关信息或者补充额外的不同于刚提到过的信息。如：

I like reading Shakespeare, too. As a matter of fact I bought a copy of Hamlet this afternoon. (增加相关信息。) Lesson 37 When in Japan… Answers to the Focus Questions

1. What does the proverb “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” mean?

It means that it is a good idea to learn the customs of a place you are visiting, and when you are actually in the place, you can behave in a similar way.

2. What is the first advice the author gives in the text about visiting Japan?

Get to know some Japanese customs about public behavior, dining out, tipping, and gifts before you go.

3. Is it OK to touch someone on the arm or give a pat on the shoulder in Japan? Why?

It is not good to do so because Japanese people value their personal space very much. 4. How do you get the attention of a waiter in Japan?

You put your hand in front of you, palm down, and wave it up and down. 5. How do people have soup in Japan?

第 25 页 共 79 页

People drink soup directly from the bowl, and don't finish the soup before eating other dishes. The soup should accompany the whole meal.

6. Why doesn't the host open the gift in front of you?

He wants to show that the act of giving is more important than the actual gift.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 到了罗马，罗马人怎么做你就怎么做。= 入乡随俗。

- Can we have a talk?

- I'd like to, but I've got to go out at once, as a matter of fact. (转折，表示原因。) Who do I make the check out to? 我把支票写给谁呢？用支票支付帐的时候，一般要手写支付给什么人或什么机构。

Language points in the reading text

Enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事。I English novels very much. 我很喜欢阅读英语小说。 There is a proverb that goes: When in Romenjoy readinge, do as the Romans do. Proverb, 谚语，格言。这句话也可以说成 There is a proverb that goes like this, 或者说 There is a proverb that says / runs…有句谚语是这么说的，俗语称……。 Behave in a similar fashion 用一样的方式行动。In a …fashion, 相当于 in a …way. 以某种方式。如：He greeted us warmly in his usual friendly fashion. 他以自己一贯的友好方式跟我们热情地打招呼。

Giving tips, 或者说 tipping 在英美国家是很普遍的现象。一般来说，人们对酒店或饭店服务员、出租车司机等都会给一定的小费，一般为10~15%的消费额。

Even though you may be familiar with pictures of people crowded into trains during rush hour, beware that people in Japan value their personal space. 这是一个结构比较复杂的句子。我们先来看其中的一些具体语言。 familiar with 与……熟悉，了解。Are you familiar with the other two people standing by the window? 你熟悉窗户旁边站着的那两个人吗？ familiar to = well known to 为……所熟知，熟悉。His name was not familiar to many people in the building. 他的名字这个楼里的很多人不熟悉。 Beware (= take care) .当心，小心。这个词只用于祈使句和不定式结构里，用来提请注意或警惕什么坏的事情。 Beware the man who speaks softly of love and marriage. 注意那个轻声细语地谈论爱情和婚姻的人。

We have to beware that it might snow then. 我们必须注意，那时可能要下雪。 People in Japan value their personal space. 日本人很重视人与人之间的距离。

value, 重视、尊重。Which do you value most – wealth or health? 健康与财富两者你更重视哪一个？

personal space, 人与人之间的距离，可以是实际距离，也可以是心理距离。

You greet a person by bowing or nodding, or sometimes by shaking hands. （在日本）人们打招呼时一般互相点头或鞠躬，有时也互相握手。 waving to a waiter, with your hand in front of you, palm down, waving your hand up and down手平举，手掌向下，上下晃动是用来招呼服务员的手势。

the gesture for ―No‖, waving your right hand back and forth in front of your face, with your palm facing left 右手手掌向左，在脸前来回晃动是表示―不‖的手势。

Be sure to wait until the older people at your table pick up their chopsticks before you begin eating. 先等老人们拿起筷子，然后你才可以开始吃。

Always alternate a bite of rice with a bite of side dishes. 总是把米饭和菜交替着吃。吃一口米饭，再吃一口菜。

第 26 页 共 79 页

Alternate 指很规律地在两者之间轮换，交替进行。常常用在 alternate … with…, alternate between (two things) 这样的句式中。He alternated kindness with criticism. 他一会很仁慈，一会又批评，总是这样。

Side dish附加菜、小菜。main course主菜、正菜。 treat 1. 对待，看待，视为。如：Don't treat me as a child. We'd better treat it as a joke. treat 2. 款待，招待，请客。如：I'll treat myself to a good weekend holiday. 我要好好地度个周末。It is my turn to treat all of us today. 今天该我请客了。当请客讲时，treat 还可以作名词。Don't worry. This is to be my treat. 别着急，今天我请客。

Avoid giving four of anything. 送任何东西都不要送四个。 Avoid doing sth 避免做某事。 You'd better avoid jumping into conflict with him. 你最好避免跟他发生冲突。

The act of giving is more important than the actual gift. 送礼的行为本身比实际礼品更重要

People always appreciate tourists who respect their customs. 人们总是喜欢尊重他们文化习惯的游客。 Appreciate 欣赏，喜欢。 Thank you very much for your help. I really appreciate it. 非常感谢你的帮助。我真的很感激。 Respect 既可以是名词，也可以是动词，尊敬，尊重。 Children should show respect for their teachers. 孩子需要尊重教师。 We must respect his wishes. 我们必须尊重他的意愿。 短语或词组：

look for, 寻找 know of, 知道，听说，了解 in town, 在市里 move into, 搬入 either… or…, 要么……要

……as a matter of fact, 事实上different from, 不同于 in a similar fashion, 以同样的方式 be familiar with, 与……熟悉 rush hour, （交通）高峰期 be ware, 注意，警惕 be used to, 习惯于

get the attention of, 吸引……的注意力 in front of, 在……前面

confuse… with…, 把……与……混淆 back and forth, 来回地

alternate… with…, 轮流出现，交替，交互发生similar to 与……相类似

第 27 页 共 79 页

Unit six

Learning objectives

How to ask for help or a favor 如何请求帮助

How to offer help 如何主动提供帮助

How to express an obligation 如何表示有义务做某事

How to leave a message with someone on the phone 如何电话留言

Lesson 38 Do you know what time it is?

Anne Jenkins is an administrative assistant. She's having a busy day at the office, making calls for her boss, answering calls and helping out an office worker.

Answers to the Focus Questions

1. Can you list three things Anne needs to do for her boss, Joan?

Anne needs to, 1. call Alex Post and tell him her boss is on the way; 2. tell Johnny to get ready at six and that his mom is going to pick him up; 3. ring Joan's husband and tell him that she is going to pick Johnny up.

2. When is her boss Joan going to be back? She will be back no later than three.

3. What message does Donald leave for Ms Clark, Anne's boss? He wants Ms Clark to call him, and he leaves his number, 555-4433. 4. What does Anne want to buy for her daughter? Why?

She wants to buy a robe for her daughter because Thursday is her birthday.

Language points in the dialogue

注意Do you know what time it is? 这个句子中的语序。本来what time is it?是个完整的疑问句，在这里，它充当句子的宾语即宾语从句，由于主句 Do you know …?是疑问句，这样what time is it用作宾语从句的时候就采用了陈述句语序what time it is。又如：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station? 而不能说 Could you tell me how can I get to the railway station.(这是错句) 英语时间表达法：

第 28 页 共 79 页

1．几点几分，最简单的办法可以直接说这两个数字，如：三点二十五分，three twenty five; 八点半，eight thirty; 十二点五十分，twelve fifty. 2．几点差几分和几点过几分：九点差十分，ten to nine; 十一点差二十分，twenty to eleven. 差几分，用介词 to 来表示，to 前是相差的多少分数，而 to 后是具体的几点。一般来说，英语里跟我们汉语的习惯是一样的，说―差多少分几点‖一般不超过半个小时，不能说―九点差三十分钟‖否则就该用―过多少分‖了，也就是―八点三十分‖或―八点半‖。如：四点过一刻，a quarter past four; 七点过二十分，twenty past seven. 过多少分，用介词 past 来表示，past 前是超过的多少分数，而 past 后是具体的几点。

人们在谈话过程中为了提请注意或强调的时候经常会用到象 listen, say, well 等词。这种情况下，这些词没有什么具体的含义，更多是在谈话过程中强调或引起注意而说的，这种用法一般在非常熟悉的人们间用得多一些。

Favor, 帮忙。一般用在 ask a favor of somebody / ask somebody a favor 请某人帮个忙； do someone a favor / do a favor for someone 给某人帮个忙。 May I ask a favor of you? 可以请你帮个帮吗？ Do me a favor and turn the radio down a bit while I'm on the phone, will you? 劳驾，我在打电话，把收音机的音量调小点，可以吗？

On one's way (to) 在去某地的路上。 On one's way home 回家的路上， home 是个副词，所以前面不能用介词 to ，因为介词后只跟名词。 James is probably on his way to the theater. James 很可能在去往剧院的路上。

To be ready, to get ready, 准备好，做好准备。后边常常跟 for, 表示为某事做好准备。如： He is trying to get ready for the new teachers' welcome party. 他在为新教师们欢迎会做着准备工作。

Pick up, 开车接某人。He picked up a hitch-hiker on his way to the Summer Palace. 在开车前往颐和园的路上，他让一个搭便车的人上了车。在英美等国家，在郊外的路上，偶尔能看到有人竖起大拇指，握着其他手指，举起胳膊，站在公路边。他们是想搭便车的人，叫 hitch-hiker。

Count on 信赖，依赖。We can count on the two hundred workers to finish the project. 我们可以依赖这200名工人来完成这个项目。

Be off 离开某地。如：Where are you off to? 你离开这里是要去哪儿？ I should be back no later than three. 我最晚不超过三点赶回来。No later than 不晚于，不迟于。The report will be finished no later than seven in the evening. 报告不超过晚上七点能够完成。类似的用法: no more than 不超过 no less than 不低于，不少于。 语里接听电话的时候，首先要自报家门，或者直接说出自己的姓名或机构名称，或者说 This is … (speaking)，不能说I'm …。询问对方是谁，说：Who's that? 或者 Is that XXX? 一般不说 Are you XXX? 如果想找某人说话，可以说 May / Can I speak to …? Can I talk to …? 等。

询问挂电话的人是否想留言，Would you like to leave a message?

Could you show me how to work the photocopier? 这里， work 的意思是 operate, run. 工作，使用，操作。如： Mary does not know how to work the washing machine I'm not sure where to put the paper. I'm not sure 意思是我不知道，在这里她不知道什么呢？ where to put the paper. 这里的意思是把纸放哪儿。英语里这样的―疑问词 + 不定式‖的用法是很多的。比如： He's wondering how to get that heavy box onto the high table. 他们在琢磨怎么样才能把那个沉重的箱子搬到那张很高的桌子上， how to do ，如何做，怎样做。 Have you worked out what to say to the teacher? 你想出跟老师说什么了吗？ what to do 做什么。

第 29 页 共 79 页

Get sb sth 给某人买个什么东西，相当于 buy sb sth 或者 buy sth for sb. 这里的 somebody 一般是宾格代词，如 me, you, her, him, them 等等。 Could you get / buy me a copy of that dictionary next time you go to the bookstore? 下次你去书店的时候可以为我买一本这样的词典吗？

The stores are closing in fifteen minutes. 那些商店十五分钟后就关门了。这里用了现在进行时 are closing 来表示即将、马上的概念。介词 in 跟时间短语一起用时表示某段时间之后，如：in two months, 两个月后；He said he should be able to finish the project in five weeks. 他说五个星期之后他就能完成这个项目了。

I guess I lost track of time. 我想我是忘记时间了。Lose track of sb / sth 跟不上……的进展或发展；与失去联系。又如：I've lost track of many of my old school friends. 我已经跟很多中学同系不上了。（回顾在第一单元里学习的 keep track of，保持联系。）

Lesson 43 I was starting to worry

Doug is finishing dinner with his family in Seattle, Washington. He's happy because he got the job in Chicago. Now he has to give up his apartment in Seattle and pack his things to go to Chicago. Chuck, on the other hand, is depressed. He wants Laura to give him a ring. Answers to the Focus Questions 1. Why does Doug say he should be going?

Because Doug has got an appointment. Someone's supposed to come over at eight to look at the apartment.

2. Why did Dad make the cake?

Doug has got a new job, so the family wants to congratulate him. 3. What does Doug ask Ricky to do?

He asks Ricky and his friends to help him pack his things.

Language points in the dialogue

Does anyone know what time it is? 注意这句话里的语序， what time it is ，而不是 what time is it. 这部分是做整个句子的宾语从句，我们在第 38 课里学习过这个句型。 Exactly, 准确地，确切地，恰好地。 It is said that John is exactly 100 kilograms. 据说 John 正好一百公斤。

I'd better get going soon. 我得马上走了。 Would better do something 最好做某事 。 Get doing sth 开始做某事。 Get moving , you guys We'd better hurry up. 你们大伙动作起来，我们得加快速度了。

You can't leave before you have a piece of this cake Dad made. 吃点爸爸做的蛋糕后再走。

It's in honor of your new job. In honor of sth / sb, 纪念；祝贺；尊重。The party was held in honor of our teacher's birthday. 晚会是为祝贺老师的生日举行的。这个短语也可以说成 in sb's / sth's honor. This event is organized in Mr Lee's honor. 这次活动是为Mr Lee 组织的。 I was starting to worry when two weeks went by with no news. 两周悄无声息地过去了，没有任何消息，我都开始着急了。 go by, 时间流逝，过去。 As time went by , they began to get on well with each other. . 日子久了，他们彼此变得十分融洽。 get on well with sb. 与某人相处融洽。词组 go by sth 还有另外一个意思，“遵照，依照”。如： I shall go entirely by what you said to me. 我应该完全按照你说的去做。 No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。

第 30 页 共 79 页

这是一句谚语，经常用来安慰为什么事而着急的人。

Do sb a favor 帮某人忙，给某人一个面子。He did me a great favor yesterday. 昨天他帮了我一个大忙。

Give sb a hand doing sth, 帮忙做某事。Can I give you a hand getting it down? 我帮你拿下来吗？

Call sb back 给某人回电话。Right away, at once, immediately. 立刻，马上。

Depressed 过去分词，心情压抑的，心情不好的。在学习这些表示情感、心情和感觉一类的形容词的时候，要注意区别 –ing 形式和 –ed 形式的不同含义。如：interesting, interested; moving, moved; depressing, depressed; surprising, surprised; frightening, frightened. 动词的ing 形式都表示事物具有这样那样的性质，而 –ed 形式一般表示某人被感动（吸引、压抑、惊吓等等）。如：

This is a very interesting story. I was greatly interested in the story.

It was a frightening experience to be in a traffic accident. I was frightened by the traffic accident. Get off the phone 挂完电话。 Have sb do sth让某人做某事。

You sound kind of depressed. Sound, 这里是动词，听起来。Kind of 有点儿。英语口语中常常用到，类似于 sort of.人们在口语交流过程中为了缓和口气或给自己留有考虑的时间，经常用 kind of, sort of, somewhat, a bit 等插入话语中，起弱化所要说的内容的作用。 Lesson 45 Know what you are worth before you seek a raise

Have you ever asked for a pay raise in your work unit? Did you get it or not? Why do you think you got it or why not?

Answers to the Focus Questions

1. Why does the author say if you want a pay raise, you need to ask for it? In today's corporate climate, most regular salary hikes have shrunk or disappeared. 2. Why don't many people go (to) ask for a pay raise according to the text? Feeling that they'll be denied a raise, many people never request one. 3. What does “do your homework” mean?

You must get to know the industry standard for your job and where you fall on the salary scale at your company.

language points in the reading text

4. What do you focus yourself on when you talk to your boss for a pay raise? Focus on your career growth.

5. Can you make a brief list of the strategies given in the text? 答案略，见文章内容。

Know what you're worth before you seek a raise. be worth some money 相当于 ……

第 31 页 共 79 页

的价值；值。 Worth 后常常跟一些表示钱数的词语、数字等。如： I paid only 10,000 yuan for this used car, and everyone says it is worth much more. 我花了一万元买了这辆二手车，大家都说 应该值更多 。 a (pay) raise / rise 涨工资。英式英语用 a rise 或 a pay rise, 美式英语中用 a (pay) raise.

课文两个标题 Know what you're worth before you seek a raise. be worth some money. 和 Do you think you deserve a raise? Then ask for it. 点出了这篇文章的核心内容。首先，打算争取单位给你涨工资前，一定要清楚自己究竟实力如何，单位值不值得给你涨工资。而一旦确定了自己具有充分的实力，单位值得给自己涨工资，就要去合理地争取。

In today's corporate climate, most regular salary hikes have shrunk or disappeared. 这句话里的 hike 原义是“远足、徒步旅行”，动词、名词。而这里的 salary hike 指工资突然提高，涨工资。在今天的公司运作环境里，大多数定期涨工资的做法已经缩小范围甚至取消了。那么希望涨工资的人们该怎么办呢？You'll have to ask if you want a pay boost. A pay boost 跟 a pay rise / raise 意思一样。Boost 上升，举起，推起。想涨工资，只要自己去争取了。

Fight for 据理力争，为„„而战斗。

It's part of your job to make your case. 证明你自己是你工作的一部分。Make one's case 或者 make the case for something. 以事实，说理、论证来证明某事。Anyone of these stories is strong enough to make my case. 这些故事中的任何一个都足以证明我的看法。Make (out) a case (for / against) 据理说明支持或反对某事。They made out a case for more arms control. 他们充分地论证了需要加强武器控制。下文的 make a strong case 有力地证明，充分地证明。

No one will really know your brilliance unless you tell them. 除非你告诉他们，没有人知道你真的很出色。这句话相当于 Nobody will really know your brilliance until you tell them. Unless = if not. 连词 unless除非 和 until直到什么时候 经常用来引起表示将来意义的条件状语从句或时间状语从句。主句里经常用到表示否定意义的概念。

Feeling that they'll be denied a raise, many people never request one. 感觉可能会被拒绝，很多人从来不去争取加薪。Feeling 分词短语做主句的原因状语。Deny sth or doing sth, 否认，否定。He denied doing anything illegal. 他否认干了任何违法的事情。deny someone something, 或者 deny something to somebody 拒绝给予某人某物，阻止某人获得某物。He sometimes gave to his friends what he denied to his family.有时他宁可给予朋友也不给予家里人。

Deliver it in a professional manner. 这里指―要求加薪的时候一定要阐述得非常专业‖。In a …manner, 以……的方式。

第 32 页 共 79 页

对于如何增加自己加薪的机会，文章里提出了一系列具体的建议。首先，作者说 Do your homework. 这里是什么意思呢？原来，作者指要求加薪前一定要做好充分的调查研究工作。研究什么呢？Industry standard for your job and where you fall on the salary scale at your company. 各行各业人员都有个相对一致的工资水平，你当然要了解了。还有就是你在公司整体结构中大概属于什么阶层，也要弄清楚。 Time （名词）时间；（动词）选择时机，安排时间。If you want to talk to your boss about your salary, it is very important to choose the right time to talk to him or her. Timing is very important. Take advantage of = Make use of. 利用。Make a contribution 做出贡献。

Quantify your accomplishments. 量化你的成绩，用数字来证明你的业绩。Demonstrate, 证明。Contribute to … 对……做出贡献。

Keep it career-focused. 话题要集中在职业发展上。Whine, (为小事) 埋怨，抱怨。如：What is that child whining about? 那个孩子在抱怨什么呢？

Steer the discussion to your contributions over the past year and your desire for career growth. 把谈话引导到你这一年来对公司的贡献和你追求职业发展的理想上。Steer 驾驶，操纵方向。引申为―引导，控制局势‖steer… to / towards … 引导到，转移到。He managed to steer the discussion away from the subject of money to the internal administration of the company. 他想办法把讨论的话题从钱转移到公司的内容管理。

Give me more money, or I'll quit. 这样的话显然是在威胁老板，有哪个老板会喜欢不涨工资就辞职的下属呢？连词 or 在这里相当于 or else, otherwise, 否则。Hurry up or (else) you'll be late.

More often than not. 相当于Most likely.最有可能。

I wish you good luck. 那就祝你好运吧。显然你已经被炒鱿鱼了。 Rehearse. 要预先演习一下如何跟老板讨价还价。而且交流的过程中要体现出 serious and prepared（语气诚恳，有备而来）的样子，而不是随随便便说说。Outline (名词和动词) （描述）大纲、概要。Practice doing sth 练习（操练）做某事。

Know what you want. 只有明确目标，才能做到有的放矢。It is crucial to specify either a percentage increase or salary figure that should be in line with your market value and accomplishments. 确定一个与你的市场价值和贡献相符合的涨幅比例或工资数额至关重要。In line with sth 与……相符合、相一致。Turn down 拒绝。I was invited, but I turned it down. 我被邀请了，不过我拒绝了邀请。 Regardless of 不管，不去计较或考虑。paying no attention to any difficult factor (normally). 如：They are planning to visit Europe regardless of the expenses. 他们不管费用多少还是在计划去欧洲旅行。

Courtesy will keep it on track. 保持礼貌客气会使你的职业顺利发展。Keep sth on track 保持正常进行。On the right / wrong track 方向（思路）正确/方向错误。

OK, we have covered the main ideas of the reading text. I'm sure tomorrow morning or next week if you go to your boss and ask for a pay raise, you must have a lot of ideas as to how to talk to him or her. 还记得刚才给你的第五个问题吗？You can make a list by yourself and check with the text to see if you have got all the main points. 短语或词组：

do sb a favor, 帮某人忙

on one's way to, 在去……的路上 count on, 依赖，依靠 as soon as, 一……就……

第 33 页 共 79 页

figure out, 解决；弄明白

lose track of, 赶不上……的进程或发展；失去联系 in honor of, 为纪念……;以……名义 go by, 经过，（时间）流逝

give sb a hand doing sth, 帮某人做某事 disappear, 消失 fight for, 争取

make one's / a case, 以事实，说理、论证来证明某事 deny, 否认

deliver, 投递，递送

in a … manner, 以 …… 方式 take advantage of, 利用 make a contribution, 做贡献 demonstrate, 证明；演示

contribute to, 对 …… 做（有）贡献

whine about, 抱怨，埋怨 come across, 遇到，碰到

Unit seven

Learning objectives

How to talk about exercise, likes and dislikes, weight and height 如何谈论体育活动、好恶、身高体重等

How to invite someone 如何主动提供帮助

How to ask where to get something 如何询问方位

How to talk about one's family 如何谈论家庭

Lesson 46 You're in great shape!

第 34 页 共 79 页

Karen and Dennis run into a friend, Mike, while they're taking a walk. Mike looks healthy because he's recently lost weight by exercising a bit. He invites Karen and Dennis to join him and his friend on a biking trip. He also talks about his twin sister.

1. How much does Mike weigh now?

160 pounds. Do you know how much a pound is? 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds.

2. Why did Mike lose a lot of weight? He gets a lot of exercise. B

3. What does Dennis like doing? He likes biking.

4.What is Mike going to do next weekend?

He is biking to Lake Walden next weekend with friends.

5. What does Mike suggest to Karen?

He says to Karen that she can borrow his sister's bike. C

6. Can you describe Mike's sister in your own words?

Twin sister. Different from him. Get along well with him. (You need to use your own words.)

Language points in the dialogue

You've lost a lot of weight. 你减肥了（你瘦了）。 Lose weight, 减肥。 Go on a diet. 节食。可以说： Be on a diet ，正在减肥。

You're in great shape. 你体形真好。 I get a lot of exercise. 我经常进行体育锻炼。这里，要注意一下 exercise 这个词。泛指体育锻炼时，一般是不可数的；而当作练习或具体的体育项目活动时，是可数的。

I really ought to start doing something. 我真该做点什么活动了。 Ought to do sth 应该做某事。这里， Dennis 所说的 something 指一些体育锻炼。 potbelly, 啤酒肚，大腹便便。

Regularly 经常性地，有规律地。 Hate running. 不喜欢跑步（注意 hate 后跟 –ing 分词）。 I enjoy biking. 我喜欢骑车运动。 Go on long bike trips, 参加一些远途的自行车旅行。 Lately 最近，近来，注意与 late （迟，晚）的区别。意思不一样。都可以用做副词。late还可以用做形容词。

Here's your big chance. 相当于 This is a good opportunity for you. 是你的一个很好的机会。

Sounds good.=It sounds good. 这个听起来不错。这里省略了主语 It. Come on 经常用来鼓励或催促听话的人，可以翻译成―得了吧，算了吧。‖ Bicycle shop 自行车店。Bike = bicycle.

在对话中，Mike 忽然想到他妹妹有两辆自行车，就说 Say, how tall are you? 这里的 say 没有什么具体的含义，只是说话时用来提醒注意，或引出新的话题，相当于Listen或

第 35 页 共 79 页

者You know what。为什么要问 Karen 的身高呢？原来他是想看看他妹妹的自行车 Karen 是不是合适。

Twin sister, 双胞胎姐妹，twin brother, 双胞胎兄弟。We don't have much in common. 我们之间没有什么共同点。Have something / nothing in common 有 / 没有共同点。Get along really well, 相处得很融洽。

Did you use to get along when you were younger? 你们小时候关系好吗？used to do sth, 过去常常做某事。当used to 用在疑问句里的时候，要用助动词 did 来帮助构成，Did you use to …?

Lesson 50 A little exercise will do you good

Ricky and Sarah are helping Doug move out of his apartment, the three of them are packing and moving boxes that contain Doug's personal belongings. Answers to the Focus Questions

1. What kind of exercise does Ricky do?

Ricky plays basketball everyday. (get plenty of exercise)

2. Who is going to pay for the pizza? Doug. (we can order out pizza. I'll treat.)

3. What kind of exercise does Sarah do? Sarah lifts weights. ( 举重 )

4. Who's Ruth Joans? And what kind of exercise does Ruth do? Ruth is Sarah's sister, who is tall (about five nine). She plays tennis. Language points in the dialogue

It weighs a ton. 它够一吨重。这里是夸张的说法，形容那个箱子很沉，类似的说法有：I've got hundreds of things to do. 我有成堆的事情要做。

Stop complaining. 别抱怨了。这是个祈使句。Stop doing sth, 停止正在做的事情，如：Mike stopped watching TV when Sarah asked him to finish his homework. 注意Stop doing sth.与 stop to do sth（停下来做别的事情）的区别。如： He stopped smoking. 他戒烟了。

He stopped to smoke. 他停下来抽烟。

A little exercise will do you good. 进行点体育锻炼对你是有好处的。Do somebody some good 或 do good to somebody 对某人有好处，这里do后面可以接双宾语，类似的接双宾语动词有bring, offer, ask, tell等。

Plenty of exercise 足够的锻炼。Plenty of eggs, money, time 都可以用。Plenty of既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词。

We're almost finished. 我们几乎干完了。Be finished 完成了，结束了，经常用于 be finished with sth. 如：He won't be finished for at least half an hour. 他起码半小时内结束不了。 Mary is not finished with Paul yet. Mary 和 Paul还没有分手。 I guess I have more stuff than I thought. 名词 stuff 常常用于口语中，相当于汉语里的―东西、物质、玩意儿‖，有时也指拥有的所有东西，如：I guess I have more stuff than I thought.

第 36 页 共 79 页

也可以用来指抽象的概念。如：It was a boring lecture. It was all stuff I'd heard before. 讲座很无聊，都是些我听过的内容。

We can order out for pizza. I'll treat. Order out 定外卖，定餐送到家里来吃。Pizza, 比萨饼，意大利风味食品。Treat 1. 对待，看待；治疗。2. 可以做名词和动词，款待，招待，请客。常用于Treat sb to sth 结构。如：She offered to treat them to dinner. This is my treat. = I'll treat. = I'll pay.

I'm so hungry I could eat a horse. 跟汉语里形容饿极了，能够吃掉一头牛的说法极其相似。

在这段小对话结尾的时候，Doug 说 I used to be a lot stronger. Sarah 接着说 You mean when you were young? 也许只是句玩笑的话。不过 Doug 还是不太高兴，半开玩笑半认真地说了一句： Funny. I thought I still was. 相等于 It is funny. I thought I was still young.

She's about five nine. 五英尺九英寸高。省略了长度单位Foot (feet) 英尺, inch 英寸。由于有具体特定的语境，人们经常在谈话中省略度量单位。如：A: How much is that jacket? B: It's eighty ninety. 80英镑90便士（对话如果发生在美国，80美元90美分）。英美国家的人们日常生活中仍然喜欢使用传统的英制度量单位。1 foot =30.48 cm接近中国过去的一尺. 1 foot = 12 inches.

Lesson 52 An exercise program for the traveler

Have you ever sat in your seat for a very long time, like a whole morning? Or have you ever taken a very long flight, say, for 10 hours? How do you think it will feel like sitting in your seat either in your office, at the theater, or in a flight for a very long time? 你有过一个姿势坐在那里一动不动保持很长时间吗？ Do you think doing some exercise will help?

In this lesson, I won't give you any focus questions. Instead, I will ask you to work through the exercises one by one. Try to follow the movements as written in the text. Language points in the reading text

注意学习祈使语气句子的用法。

Jogging on the spot. 原地踏步运动。 Jog, 慢跑；缓慢不稳地行进。这里由于是飞机上不可能跑步了，这是一项热身运动 a warm-up activity. 相当于老师上课之前一般要求大家做的预备活动。

Lift your heels as high as possible, one foot at a time. 脚跟尽量抬起，每次一只脚。 As…as possible 尽可能怎么样 , as soon as possible 越快越好。

At the same time, lift your arms in a bent position and move forward and backward as if you were walking. 胳膊呈弯曲的姿势，就象走路那样前后摆动。Continue for 1~3 minutes. 持续一到三分钟。

Shoulder rolling. 转动肩膀。这项运动的目的是锻炼肩关节和肩部肌肉。For shoulder joints and muscles.

Move your shoulders gently in large circles in both forward and backward directions. 缓缓地做肩部由前向后或由后向前的圆周运动。Repeat 6 times in each direction. 每个方向重复六次。

Forward bending with stomach in. 收腹前躬。这项运动的目的是锻炼小腹部肌肉。For

第 37 页 共 79 页

your stomach muscles.

Pull in your stomach. 收腹。Bend forward while lifting your toes high. 身体前躬，脚尖抬起。Put your toes back on the floor, relax your stomach, and sit up again. 脚尖恢复原地，放松腹部，坐直。Repeat 30 times. 重复三十次。Sit up, 坐起来，坐直。Sit down, 坐下

Head turning and nodding. 转头点头。这项运动的目的是锻炼颈部和脊椎。For your neck and spine.

Turn your head all the way to the right. 将头转到最右边。All the way (to), 一直（到）…… Nod a few times. 点几下头。Do the same to the left. 然后转到最左边，再点几下。Repeat 6 times on each side. 每边重复六次。

Hand turning.转手运动。这项运动的目的是锻炼腕部。For your wrists. Turn your hands over and open your fingers. 将双手翻过来，伸展手指。Return your hands to their first position and relax them. 将双手恢复原处，放松。Repeat 15 times. 重复十五次。 Knees and elbows. 膝肘运动。这项运动的目的是促进血液循环。For blood circulation. Raise your right knee to your left elbow. 将右膝抬高至于左肘处。Then raise your left knee to your right elbow. 将左膝抬高至于右肘处。Repeat 10 times. 重复十次。 词语或短语

lose weight, 减肥

in great shape, 体型好；完好无损 hate doing sth, 不喜欢（讨厌）做某事 enjoy doing sth, 喜欢做某事

to tell you the truth, 实话告诉你，跟你说实话

have sth / much / nothing in common, （没）有共同点 get along, 相处 used to, 过去常常

do sb good / do good to sb, 对某人有好处 be finished, 完了，结束 order out, 定外卖

treat, 招待；对待；付钱请客 as… as possible, 尽可能地 at the same time, 同时

in … direction, 向（沿着） ...... 方向 all the way to … 一直到 ……

第 38 页 共 79 页

Unit Eight

Learning objectives

How to ask if someone has plans 如何询问别人是否已有计划或安排

How to invite someone 如何邀请别人

How to check plans with someone 如何与别人确定计划

How to talk about plans 如何谈论计划

Lesson 53 Let me check with In Sook.

Nancy gets a phone call from Ed. At an earlier time, Ed wrote a letter to Nancy, telling her he's got married

Answers to the Focus Questions 1. Why does Ed call Nancy?

Because Ed would like Nancy and her roommate to have dinner with him. 2. What's wrong with Nancy's roommate, In Sook? In Sook wasn't feeling well and went to bed early. 3. When and where does Ed ask Nancy to come? Ed asks them to come at seven at his parents' house. 4. Are Nancy and In Sook coming or not?

No, because they are going to the theater with Mike and Chris.

Language points in the dialogue I'm sorry to call so late.

I'm sorry后跟动词不定式 (to do something)，表示―很抱歉在某个不恰当的时间做某事‖。如：(1) I'm sorry to wake you up. 很抱歉吵醒你。(2) I'm sorry to call at lunchtime. 很抱歉在午饭时间给你打电话。 I hope I didn't wake you up.

wake的含义：1、叫醒或吵醒别人；2、自己醒来。如：(1) I'm sorry to wake you up. 很抱歉把你吵醒。(2) I woke up to discover that he had gone. 我醒来时发现他已经走了 I was just watching TV.

过去进行时：was doing something 或 were doing something如：I was making breakfast. 我正在做早餐。Just在这里意为―此时，刚好‖，常与进行时连用。注意just的位

第 39 页 共 79 页

置，要放在助动词be和动词的现在分词doing中间。 Are you doing anything on Saturday evening?

这里用现在进行时表示将来时，表示 ― 计划做某事 ‖ ，可用来询问别人是否已经有了计划或者有了安排。如： Are you doing anything tonight? 你今晚有什么安排吗？

泛指―在晚上‖，一般用介词in，即in the evening。但如果具体到―周几晚上‖，用介词on，如on Saturday evening。表示―这天晚上‖用this evening。this evening本身就是一个完整的时间状语，前面不加介词。试比较：(1) What do you do in the evening? (2) Are you doing anything this evening? (3) Are you free on Saturday evening? I don't think I am.

这句话完整地说就是：I don't think I am doing anything on Saturday evening. Nancy省略了从句中与Ed的话重复的内容。表达自己的观点或感想，可以用I think加从句。如：I think the tie fits me well. 我觉得这条领带很适合我。如果要表示否定，应该在主句I think那里否定，从句保持肯定陈述句形式。如：(1) I don't think the tie fits me. 我觉得这条领带不适合我。(2) I think I've seen the film before. 我想我以前看过这部电影。(3) I don't think I've seen the film before. 我想我以前没看过这部电影。 How about coming over for dinner?

邀请别人参与自己的计划，可以用这个句型：how about doing something 或 what about doing something。但如果你所邀请的人和你不熟，或在比较正式的场合，最好用以下这个句型：would you like to do something，如：Would you like to come over for dinner? 过来吃晚饭吗？

What time do you want us to come?

to want somebody to do something ―想让某人做某事‖，如：(1) What do you want me to do? 你想让我做点什么？(2) Where do you want him to go? 你想让他去哪？像这种宾语后紧跟动词不定式的句型很常见，如：to invite somebody to do something ―邀请某人做某事‖，to ask somebody to do something―请求某人做某事‖，to tell somebody to do something―叫某人做某事‖，would like somebody to do something―建议某人做某事‖。 You've been to my parents' house, haven't you? 这是一个附加疑问句（tag question），由一个陈述句加上一个简略疑问句构成，意为―……，不是吗？‖附加疑问句前部分为陈述句，后部分由系动词、助动词或情态动词加主语构成，后部分的主语必须用代词。如果前部分为肯定形式，那么后部分一般为否定形式；如果前部分为否定形式，那么后部分一般为肯定形式。如：

(1) He is an adult learner, isn't he? 他是一个成人学生，不是吗？

(2) Richards studies very hard, doesn't he? 他学习很刻苦，不是吗？ (3) He can't quit smoking, can he? 他没法戒烟，是吗？

附加疑问句可以用来与别人确认已经制定好的计划。如：We have theater tickets for Saturday, don't we? 我们买了周六的戏票，不是吗？附加疑问句的回答和一般疑问句一样，用yes或no回答。

He's the one who just got married. the one加定语从句，用来确认某人身份。如：She is the one who sat next to me when I was in the kindergarten. 她是我幼儿园的同桌。

Oh, I completely forgot! I'd better call him back right now. 建议他人做某事，或表达自己需要做某事，常常会用到这个句型：would better do something。如：(1) You'd better pick up your passport as soon as possible. 你最好赶快去领取你的护照。(2) I'd better leave. My wife is waiting for me. 我得走了，我太太在等着我。 小结53课：

第 40 页 共 79 页

1. I'm sorry to call so late. 2. I was watching TV.

3. Are you doing anything on Saturday evening?

4. I don't think I am doing anything on Saturday evening. 5. How about coming over for dinner? 6. What time do you want us to come?

7. You've been to my parents' home, haven't you? 8. He's the one who just got married. 9. I'd better call him back right now.

Lesson 56 I was in the neighborhood

Kate and Doug both work at the community Services Agency. Kate stops by to see Doug at the recreation center.

Answers to the Focus Questions

1. What does Kate ask Doug to do?

She invites him to an office party for Gloria, who is leaving the agency. 2. When should Doug arrive?

He should arrive at about a quarter to five. 3. What is Doug looking for? He's looking for an apartment. Language points in the dialogue

What brings you here? ―你怎么来啦？‖或―什么风把你吹到这儿来了？‖或―为什么你会来这儿？‖

in the neighborhood表示―在附近‖，这里Kate是说她在附近的居住区里刚刚办完事情。如果要表达自己住在这一带的居住区里，可以说：I live in the neighborhood.

You've met Gloria, haven't you? 这是附加疑问句，由一个陈述句和一个简略疑问句组成。这句话中前半句用了现在完成时，后半句要用助动词have和主语构成一个简略疑问句。 Is she the one who sits by the window?

the one加定语从句，用来确定某人身份。介词by的两种用法。一是―在旁边‖、―在附近‖，如：a house by the river 河边的房子。二是―到什么时候为止‖、―不迟于‖，如：I was very tired by the evening. 到晚上的时候，我已经很累了。 the one后面可以加同位语从句，也可以加介词短语，如：That's right – the one with the long red hair. 就是她，留着红色长发的那位。这句话相当于：That's right – the one who has long red hair.

Mr. Dow wanted me to tell you to be sure and come. want somebody to do something，即宾语后加动词不定式，这是一种常见的句型。

Be sure and come.―一定要来啊‖，这是常用的口语表达，是为了敦促别人参加活动。 I'll definitely try to make it.

to try to do something―尽量做某事‖。make it ―确保做某事‖，结合上下文，这里指―赴宴‖。 A good friend of mine, Terry Enders, just moved into a new building.

第 41 页 共 79 页

a good friend of mine表示―我众多好友中的一位‖。在这种结构下，介词of后面的代词必须用名词性物主代词。 名词性物主代词表

mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs 我的 你的 他/她/它的 我们的 你们的 他们的 他们的从用法上来看，名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的区别在于：前者可以使用，而后者必须跟它所修饰的中心词搭配使用。―她的一位学生‖可以说成one of her students，也可以说成a student of hers。又如： My book is on the desk. Yours is in the bag. 我的书在桌上，你的书在书包里。

ring a bell意为―听起来有点耳熟‖，表示有点熟悉，却又不能确切地回忆起来。

Lesson 58 If you've just arrived in the United States Answers to the Focus Questions

1. What should you do as soon as you enter the host's house? I should take off my hat and coat.

2. If you refuse something for the first time it is served, will the host or the hostess offer it again?

No, the host or hostess won't do so.

3. What should you do when you leave? I should thank my host or hostess. Language Points in the Reading

Arrive five to ten minutes late.以谓语动词直接开头的句子叫祈使句，用来表达驱使、命令、请求等语气。如：Open the window, right now! 赶紧把窗打开！

a visitor to the United States 这个句型表示到某国或某地旅游的游客，介词用to，后面加国家或地点。

学习take off的两个含义：(1) 摘下，脱下，如：Take off your hat and coat. 脱下你的衣帽。(2) 起飞，如：The plane took off. 飞机起飞了。 feel free to do something意为―做某事不要感到拘束‖。

helping有两个意思，一是―帮助‖，二是―（食物的）一份‖，当取第二个意思时可以用作量词，a second helping of something意思是―再添点菜‖，如文中：If you'd like a second helping of something, you should go ahead and accept the first time it is offered. 如果你还想添点什么菜，在主人第一次劝你吃这道菜的时候就接受它。

学习go ahead的三个意思：(1) ―先走‖，如：You go ahead and tell him that we're coming. 你先走一步，告诉他我们就来。(2) ―进行‖，意为不用考虑太多就可以去做，如：If you really like him, go ahead and tell him. 如果你真的喜欢他，那就去告诉他。(3) ―接着说‖，鼓励别人把话说完，如：Go ahead. We're listening. 说吧，我们都听着呢。 课文里有三句与文化有关的表达：

1. Feel free to politely refuse food that you don't want.

2. If you'd like a second helping of something, you should go ahead and accept the first time it is offered.

3. Remember to thank your host or hostess when you leave. You should also telephone the next day to say thank you again. 在美国人家里做客的时候，你可以礼貌地拒绝主人推荐的菜，不必觉得辜负了主人的好

第 42 页 共 79 页

意。但如果你真的想吃这道菜，千万不要因为客气而推托，因为一旦你推托了，主人就不会再次劝你。一般来说，在去美国人家里做客后，你应当在当天晚上离开的时候表示感谢，并在第二天通过打电话或者发电子邮件的方式，再次表达你的感谢。 2. Phrases and Expressions

to wake up 叫醒，唤醒 to check with somebody 与某人商量

to get married 结婚 to call back 回电话 right now 现在，立刻 in the neighborhood 在附近

to hear of 听说，知道

to move into (a building) 搬进（大楼） to ring a bell 听起来耳熟

Unit Nine

Learning objectives

How to talk about a vacation 如何谈论假期

How to talk about places 如何谈论地方

How to talk about location 如何谈论方位

Lesson 59 Tell us about trip.

Molly and Jack have just returned from a vacation trip to the Grand Canyon. They're invited Sue and Ken over for dinner. After dinner, Molly and Jack talk about their trip.

第 43 页 共 79 页

Answers to the Focus Questions

1．What does Molly offer to drink? Molly offers coffee and tea.

2．How does Molly fell about her vacation?

She thinks it was the nicest vacation she's ever taken. 3．What are Jack and Molly interested? They are very interested in wildlife.

Language points in the dialogue

Help youself.

这句话常常用在招待客人的时候书说，表示―不要客气、随便用餐‖。 You 've gong to so much trouble.

真麻烦你了。用来回答Help youself。trouble，―麻烦‖，是一个不可数名词，因此―太多麻烦‖用so much而不用so many来修饰。 Would anyone care for coffee or tea?

care for somthing―喜欢或想要某物‖，用来建议别人做某事。接受建议可以用I'll have something 的句型，如：―I'll have a cup of coffee,please.请给我一杯咖啡。Make that two.相当于I'll have a cup of coffee,too.我也要一杯咖啡。拒绝建议可以用I don't care for 的句型，如：I don't care for anything right now.我现在什么也不要。right now 意为―此刻，现在‖。

keep somebody in suspense

―让某人保持清醒‖，这个词用介词in。如：Don't keep me in suspense.Just tell me what's going on. 别吊我胃口，快说怎么了。

I'd say it was the nicest vacation we're ever taken,wouldn't you,Jack? １．I'd say 是 I would say 的缩写，意思相当于 I think，“我认为”。

２．It was the nicest vacation we're ever taken. 这是我们度过的最好的一个假期。（one of + ）形容词最高级 + 名词复数 + 定语从句（完成时），表示“曾经做过的最......（之一）的事情”。如：This is the best novel I've ever read.这是我读过的最棒的小说之一。 to take a vacation度假 summer vacation暑假 winter vacation寒假 You really ought to go.

ought to do something = should do something 应该做某事 You won't be disappointed

disappointed，在此是 disappointed 的过去分词用作形容词。动词的现在分词和过去分词都可以用作形容词，来表示状态和特点。如:Things are still a little confusing,or should I say,I'm a little consufed.这儿的事情还有点头绪，或者说，我还有点搞不清楚。 confusing,“令人迷惑的，头绪不清的”，是 confuse 的现在分词，在这里用作形容词，表示“令别人感到迷惑不解”； confused，“迷惑的，迷茫的”，是 confuse 的过去分词，在这里用作形容词，表示“自己觉得迷惑”。这段对话中还出现的几个分词用作形容词的例子有： （1）You won't be disappointed. 你们不会感到失望的。

（2）The animal life was fascinating. 看看动物的生活也挺有意思。

（3）Jack and I are very interested in wildlife. Jack和我对野生动物很感兴趣。

（4）To tell you the truth,the restaurants were a little disappointing. 说实话，饭店有点令人失望。

（5）That soubds exciting! 听起来真棒！

Would you like to see our slides? = How about looking at our slides?

第 44 页 共 79 页

It might be a little late for ... 完整的是：It might be a little late for us to look at your slides. 现在看幻灯片也许有点晚了。

would love to do something = would like to do something 前者语气更强烈

Did you have all your meals in it? We usually ate out at least once every day.

1．eat out，“下管子，出去吃”，如：Would you like to eat out tonight?（ = How about eating out tonight?）今晚一起出去吃饭好吗? 2．at least 至少；at most 至多 3．once very day 频度时间状语，用来表示每天（周／月／年）几次，结构是：基数词 + time + every／a day。如：（1）I call three times every day. 我一天打三次电话。（2）I do exercise three times a month. 每月我要锻炼三次。但有两个例外：once every day（每一次），twice every day（每天两次）

Sure 用来回答问题，可表示确定，也可用于接受请求。如： - Do you remrmber where to go? - Sure

- 你记得路吗？ - 当然记得。

Would you like to have dinner with me? - Sure.

- 跟我一起吃晚饭吧。 - 没问题。

There are 50 national parks in the U.S., where Grand Canyon Park is one of the most popular ones. It is also one of the most spectacular canyons in the world. 1 mile = 1600 kilometers

方位词: east东；south南；west西；north北；northeast东北；西南southwest

在方位表达中，介词in表示两者包含关系，介词to 表示彼此关系。试比较：Beijing is in the northeast part of China. 北京位于中国东北部。Russia is to the northern part of China. 俄罗斯位于中国北边。

来看对话中出现的三个句子：

(1) Who's the woman who's standing behind Jack? (2) She's just someone we met at the park. (3) She's the one we had dinner with.

三处划红线的部分用来修饰他们前面的中心词，叫做定语从句。定语从句一般需要关系代词引导，关系代词做主语时不能省略，如例句(1)，作宾语时通常可以省略，如例句(2)和例句(3)，这两句也可以写成：

(2)* She's just someone (who/that/which) we met at the park. (3)* She's the one (who/that/which) we had dinner with. 小结59课： 1. Help yourself.

2. You've got to so much trouble.

第 45 页 共 79 页

3. Would anyone care for coffee or tea? 4. I'll have a cup of coffee, please. 5. Don't keep us in suspense. 6. Would you like to see our slides? 7. We'd love to see them.

8. We usually ate out at least once every day. 9. Where exactly is the Grand Canyon?

10. It's in the northwestern part of Arizona, about 200 miles north of Phoenix. 11. Who's the woman who's standing behind Jack?

Lesson 63 He hasn't been himself.

Mr. and Mrs. Enders are visiting their daughters, Laura and Terry, who live in Chicago. They're touring the museums of Science and Industry. Laura tells her father about her husband Chuck's job possibilities. Answers to the Focus Questions 1. Why hasn't Chuck been himself lately? Chuck is depressed for he lost his job.

2. Why Laura isn't too exited about Chuck's new job?

Because it's in Los Angeles, which is far away from New York where Laura lives now. 3. Will Chuck get the job?

We don't know, but Laura doesn't think he'll get the job.

Language points in the dialogue

This is one of the finest museums I've ever been to. (one of) + 形容词最高级 + 定语从句（现在完成时），表示―曾经做过的最……的事情（之一）‖。

It's a shame Chuck couldn't make it. a shame表示―遗憾‖，如：What a shame you didn't win. 你没赢，真是太遗憾了。

Well, he hasn't been himself lately. 1. to be oneself 成为自己，保持常态

2. lately―最近‖，常常出现在完成时的句子里，如：Have you seen her lately? 你最近见过她没有？

Is he still upset about the job?

to be upset about something 对某事感到烦躁不安 He was really disappointed.

这里really相当于very，是一个程度副词。副词在修饰形容词的时候，放在它所修饰的形容

第 46 页 共 79 页

词前，如：(1) She runs quite fast. 她跑得很快。(2) Beijing is rather cold now.北京现在挺冷的。

He can't go on being depressed forever. He has to start looking for something else.

1. go on doing something继续做某事

2. have to do something = must do something必须做某事

3. start doing something = start to do something 开始做某事 比较：start with something以某事开始 4. look for something寻找某事物

It's a great job – very similar to the one he didn't get. 1. A is similar to B A与B相像 A is different from B A与B不像 2. the one + 定语从句，用来确定所说的人或的事物

Does it look promising? look 在此叫半系动词，后面直接加形容词，类似用法的半系动词还有：seem, sound, feel, become等。如：That sounds exiting! You look great today. I really don't think he'll get it, and well, but in a way I'm relieved. 1. 表达否定的观点，一般用：I don't think + 肯定陈述句

2. relieved过去分词作形容词，意为―放心的，宽慰的‖。relieve one's feeling 发泄感情 3. in a way 从某种意义上来说

Lesson 65 Ancient Greece.

Language points in the dialogue

1. What is the Acropolis?

It's a rocky hill in the center of Athens, Greece. 2. In honor of whom was the Parthenon built? It was built in honor of the goddess Athena. 3. When was the Parthenon built? It was built between 447 and 432 B.C.

(1) A rocky hill in the center of Athens, Greece, on which … = Acropolis is a rocky hill in the center of Athens, Greece, on which …

(2) An ancient Greek temple in Athens, built between 447 and 432 B.C. … = Parthenon is an ancient Greek temple in Athens, built between 447 and 432 B.C. …

(3) An ancient Athenian who became leader of the government in 460 B.C. … = Pericles is an ancient Athenian who became leader of the government in 460 B.C.

第 47 页 共 79 页

A rocky hill in the center of Athens, Greece, on which many other temples and important buildings were built.

1. in the center of “在……”，如：The city is built in the center of the island. 城市建立在岛。

2. on which many other temples and important buildings were built是一个定语从句，介词on与中心词a rocky hill搭配。One of these constructions, the Parthenon, was built in honor of the goddess Athena, for whom the city of Athens was named.

1. in honor of “为纪念……”，如：I ate out with my wife in honor of my 30th birthday. 为纪念我三十岁的生日，我和我太太出去吃饭。 2. to name A for B “以B的名义为A命名”，如：He named his restaurant for his mother's name.他以他母亲的名字为他的餐厅命名。

3. Athena，雅典娜，是希腊或罗马神话中的女神，象征智慧、技艺与战争。 under the leadership of “在……的领导下”，如：Under the leadership of the Communist Party, China is becoming stronger and stronger. 在党的领导下，中国变得日益强大。 between 447 and 432 B.C.

1. between … and … “在……与……之间”，如：The supermarket is open between 8 a.m. and 7 p.m. 超市从早上八点到晚上七点都开门。 2. B.C. 公元前 A.D. 公元后

to be dedicated to the goddess Athena dedicate 献身，致力于，供奉 goddess 女神 god 神

… which over time served as a church and a mosque …

1. over time “曾经”，如：The economic development zone was over time a national park. 这个经济开发区曾经是一个国家公园。 2. even though = even if 即使，虽然

Age of Pericles “佩雷克里时代”，佩雷克里是公元前五世纪希腊的统治者，在他的统治下，希腊达到了空前的繁荣和鼎盛。 2. Phrases and Expressions

Help yourself with …；随便吃点…… to care for；关心，要（饮食）

right now；马上，立刻 to keep somebody in suspense；使某人保持悬念 to take a vacation；度假 to be interested in；对……有兴趣 to eat out；出去吃，下馆子 To tell you the truth …；说实话 to have dinner with somebody；与某人共进晚餐 to be oneself；正常

to be upset about；为……感到难过，不安 to be excited about；对……感到高兴 similar to；相同 under the leadership of；在……的领导下 in honor of；为了纪念……

第 48 页 共 79 页

Unit ten

Learning objectives

How to talk about the size of an apartment 如何谈寓大小

How to ask about apartments 如何询问公寓情况

How to talk about transportation 如何谈论交通

How to talk about location 如何谈论方位

Lesson 66 Is it still available?

Debbie is looking for an apartment. Her friend Hiro is helping her.

Language points in the dialogue

Answers to the Focus Questions A：

1. What is the apartment, which Hiro finds in the newspaper, like? It is a sunny one-bedroom near transportation, centrally located. 2. Why doesn't Debbie want the apartment?

It's $850 a month and Debbie can't afford to pay that much. 3. Where is the one-bedroom for $650 a month? It's off Washington, near the park. How does this sound?

1. “这个听起来怎样？”一般来说这句话是个引子，好让对方注意自己接下来要说的话。人们有时也会说Listen作为开场白。

2. sound在这里是一个半系动词，后面接表语，如：It sounds great to me. 对表语提问的时候要用how。如：How are you feeling now? I feel better. Sunny one-bedroom near transportation, centrally located … 1. Sunny, 晴朗的，能晒到太阳，朝阳的

2. one-bedroom一居室（一间卧室加一间客厅，有厕所和厨房） 3. near transportation 交通方便

4. centrally “中心地”，这里表示市中心。

第 49 页 共 79 页

It's just what I'm looking for.

句中what I'm looking for做表语，相当于the one that I'm looking for，这里的关系代词that可以省略。

to look for“寻找”，区别于find“找到”。 It's $850 a month including utilities.

Including utilities means that the cost of services such as water and electricity are included in the amount charged for the rent. 水电等设施的费用已包含在房租内了。 Does it say how much it is?

这个句型是第十单元的语法重点，叫做embedded questions，嵌入式问句。这个句子中，特殊疑问句how much is it被嵌在另一个疑问句does it say中。这个时候被嵌入的问句需要用陈述句形式表达出来，也就是说how much is it放在does it say后面应该变为how much it is。本课的两段对话中还出现了下列嵌入式疑问句：

(In Dialogue A) (1) Does it say how much it is? (2) Do you have any idea where that is? (In Dialogue B) (3) Do you happen to know how often it runs during rush hour? (rush hour = peak hour高峰期)

学习一个常用句型：Do you know + 嵌入式疑问句。以上三句话可变成： (1) Do you know how much it is? (2) Do you know where that is?

(3) Do you know how often it runs during rush hour?

I can't afford to pay that much.

1. to afford to do something 有经济能力去做某事 2. that much意思是such a large sum of money。 Maybe you should look for a roommate.

1. 给他人提建议，经常会用should，you should do something这样的结构，如果前面加上maybe听起来会更委婉一些。如：Maybe you should find someone who can help. 也许你应该找个人帮忙。

2. roommate 室友。后缀–mate 表示“同伴”。如：schoolmate 同学 classmate 同班同学。 No, I'd rather have my own place.

I'd rather do something, 宁愿做某事 I'd = I would 表达自己的喜好；宁可不做某事 I'd rather not do something。对话中用到would rather 的句子有： (In Dialogue A) - Maybe you should look for a roommate. - No, I'd rather have my own place.

(In Dialogue B) (1) - Do you have a car? - Yes, but I'd rather not drive to work. (drive to work 开车上班) (2) I'd rather not live on the first floor. Now here is a one-bedroom for $650 a month on Oak Street. Do you have any idea where that is?

在具体的某某街道用介词on，泛指在街上用介词in，即in the street。

第 50 页 共 79 页

It's off Washington, near the park.

off = near，指不在华盛顿，而是在华盛顿附近，如：We're staying in a hotel

off the airport expressway. 我们住在离机场高速公路很近的一个宾馆里 B：

1. What's more about the one-bedroom apartment for $650 a month?

There are three rooms and a bath. The living room's pretty large – about eighteen by twenty-three feet. The bedroom and kitchen are smaller. There's parking available. 2. How is the public transportation? The Number 1 bus stops a block away.

3. Will Debbie accept the studio apartment? Why or why not?

No, because it is not available until November 1st and Debbie can't wait that long. B

I'm calling about the apartment you advertised. Is it still available?

1. call, 打电话, 可以作及物动词, 也可以作不及物动词。I called you yesterday. 昨天我给你打了电话。 I'll call again later. 稍后再给你打电话。to call + about something 打电话询问某事。

2. available: (1) that can be used or obtained 可用的，可以得到的；(2) free to be seen, talked to, etc. 有空的，可会见的，可与之交谈的。如：I'm available in the afternoon. 我下午有空。 Could you tell me more about it?

用could you tell me来询问信息，口头交流和书面文中都很常见。用could不用can，很委婉的说法。tell somebody about something, 告诉某人某事。 sure回答请求，表示没问题。

The living room's pretty large – about eighteen by twenty-three feet. 1. there be 句型表示“存在”，与have有区别。have表示拥有，归属。如：(1) There is a wood bridge over the river. 河面上有一座木桥。(2) I have a brother who works in Finland. 我有一个哥哥，在芬兰工作。There be中be动词根据后面名词的单复数而变化。

2. Bath 浴室，洗澡。如：I took a bath after doing exercise. 锻炼后我洗个了澡。 3. living room 起居室。

4. pretty: adv. fairly, moderately, 相当，颇为。pretty much, almost, 几乎，差不多。如：The car is pretty much new. 这辆车几乎是全新的。

5. eighteen by twenty-three， 18 X 23, 注意介词by来表示长乘以宽。 6. Foot，“英尺”，复数是feet。 1英尺 = 30.48厘米。

How close is it to public transportation? The Number 1 bus stops a block away. 1. public transportation 公共交通 2. Stop 停站，靠站

3. a block away 一街区以外（说明交通比较方便）。 完整地说，这句话是： The Number 1 bus stops a block away from your apartment.

Do you happen to know how often it runs during rush hour? 1. Do you happen to know…是一种委婉的询问方式。

2. happen to “偶然，碰巧”，如：I happened to find a love letter in the novel he lent to me. 我偶然在他借我的小说里找到一封情书。

3. to lend something to somebody 把……借给某人 4. how often表示频率，即“多久一次”。

第 51 页 共 79 页

5. rush hour高峰期 6. or so 大约，左右

It sounds perfect. What floor is it on?

1. Perfect, ―完美‖，这里表示令人满意，没什么可挑剔的。 2. The first floor, （英式英语）第二层；（美式英语）第一层。英国与美国对first floor的概念不一样。美国的first floor相当于英国的ground floor，地面层。英国的first floor其实是在第二层，相当于美国的second floor。我们国家的用法跟美国是一致的。―在几层楼‖ 用介词on。

本课里学习了几个 ―how + adj 或adv‖ 提问的句子： How much is the apartment?

How close is the building to public transportation? How often the bus runs during rush hour? How soon will the apartment be available? 注意区别这些以 How 开始的疑问句的含义。

在请求别人帮忙但别人最终没能帮上忙的时候，为了表示你的感激之情，可以说thanks anyway，无论如何还是要谢谢你。 小结66课：

1. How does this sound? 2. It's just what I'm looking for. 3. Does it say how much it is? 4. I can't afford to pay that much. 5. I'd rather have my own place. 6. Could you tell me more about it? 7. How close is it to public transportation?

8. Do you happen to know how often it runs during rush hour? 9. How soon will it be available? 10. Thanks anyway.

Lesson 70 It's not Quite What I Had in Mind.

Doug is talking with Dan and Gloria at Gloria's going-away party. He is telling them about his new apartment.

Answers to the Focus Questions

1. What's Doug's new apartment like?

It's a studio – one big room with a kitchenette. 2. What kind of place would Doug rather live in? He'd rather live in a less modern building.

Language points in the dialogue As a matter of fact 事实上，实际上

A friend of hers = one of her friends, 前者用名词性物主代词，后者用形容词性物主代词。后

第 52 页 共 79 页

者稍有强调“一位”的意思。

It's a studio – one big room with a kitchenette. 它是一间单间公寓，带小厨房。Kitchenette, 小厨房

I'd rather have a one-bedroom, but at the prices they're asking, I can't afford it, at least not for the time being.

1. would rather do something, 宁可做某事，表示喜好。 2. at the price, 以什么样的价格提供，注意介词用 at。

3. to afford to do something，有能力做某事，afford还能加something，也表示有能力做某事。如：I can try on the fur, but I definitely can't afford it. 我能试一下这件毛皮大衣，但我肯定买不起。

4. for the time being = at this time, 暂时，此刻。 Apartments cost an arm and a leg these days.

cost an arm and a leg形象地形容某个东西非常昂贵，代价过高。如：Renting a car will cost me an arm and a leg. 租辆汽车得花我好多钱。

in pretty good shape, 处于良好状态。如：My team is in good shape. 我队竞技状态良好。pretty = fairly, 较为，颇为。In bad shape，状态不佳。at least, 至少。其反义词 at most 至多。 Actually, it's not quite what I had in mind. to have something in mind, 意思是早有打算，认定某事物。如：Who do you have in mind for the job? 你认为谁是这个工作的合适人选？ have it in mind to do something = plan to do something, 打算做某事。如：I have it in mind to ask her advice when I see her. 我打算好，见到她时向她征求意见。

I'd rather have something less modern, but I'm lucky to have found this. 1. would rather do something 宁可做某事

2. something modern，形容词修饰不定代词时，置于不定代词后面。如：Let's do something interesting. 让我们做点有趣的事情。

3. I'm lucky to have found this. 句中用现在完成时，表示已经做过的事情。 – Are you all moved in and settled? – For the most part. 1. move in搬入 move out 搬出

2. to be settled “安顿下来”，也可以说to settle down。 3. for the most part 基本上，大体上。注意介词用for 。 The walls are kind of bare, though.

kind of = slightly, to some extent, sort of 稍微，有点儿。如：I'm not sure why, but I feel kind of crush on him.

– Does either of you know where I can get some posters around here? – Not offhand. 1. either of ―两者中的一个‖。either单独使用表示―也‖。either … or … 或者…或者… ，两者之中的任意一个。在Unit 1 和 Unit 5 里学习过这个用法。

2. offhand可以作形容词或副词，意为―即兴，随意，不假思索，未经准备‖。如：Offhand, I can think of three examples. 让我当场随口说，我能想到三个例子。 Listen in

1. How soon will Gloria leave for New York? （Leave for somewhere动身前往） 2. Has John found a job yet?

Be going to do something 打算，计划做某事，将要发生某事

第 53 页 共 79 页

Don't worry. 别担心。 Plan to do something 计划做某事 Get settled .安定下来

Lesson 72 Homelessness – What Can Be Done？ 这个单元的话题与住所有关，Debbie打电话问租房中心，却没能租到合适的房子。Doug把租金形容成cost an arm and a leg。事实上，在美国乃至全世界各地，都有许多无家可归、流浪街头的人，也许他们连想都没想过要花上一大笔钱去拥有一个家。家到底是什么？美国著名诗人Robert Frost是这样说的：

Home is the place where, when you have to go there, They have to take you in.家就是，当你不得不去那儿的时候，不得不收留你的地方。 Answers to the Focus Questions

1. Why is it difficult to ignore the homeless today?

Because today homeless people are everywhere – in large and small cities, all over the world.

2. What are some of the causes of homelessness discussed in the article?

A lack of affordable housing, unemployment, problems with drugs or alcohol, mentally illness, etc.

3. What are some suggested solutions to the problem of homelessness?

Building low-cost housing, special places for the mentally ill to live in and for people with addictions, job training, etc.

Language points in the dialogue

At one time there was a romantic vision of homeless wonderers who lived carefree lives and answered to no one.

1. at one time = at some period in the past, “从前，一度”。这里是说，曾经人们对无家可归的流浪者抱以浪漫的想象。在这里暗示人们现在不再那么想了。

2. to answer to somebody = to be responsible to somebody，“听候某人差遣，向某人负责”。如：Who do you answer to in your new job? 你的新工作要向谁负责？(谁负责监督你的新工作？) to answer to something与to answer to somebody 的意思不一样。to answer to something = to be controlled by something “被什么东西控制住”，如：The plane answered smoothly to the controls. 这架飞机的操纵很平稳。注意用主动态，不用被动态。 They are everywhere – in large and small cities, all over the world.

学习几个不定副词：everywhere到处，nowhere到处都没有，somewhere某个地方。 all over the world全世界，世界各地。 试比较一下两句话：

(1) In places like abandoned buildings, shelters, bus and train stations, subways, and city streets. (2) Large cities such as New York, London and Bombay can barely cope with the large numbers of people living on the streets. 在这两句话中，like和such as后面一般引出例子（名词），表示“比如说”的意思。如：Next term I will have several subjects like English, math, history, music and P.E.

Large cities such as New York, London and Bombay can barely cope with the large numbers of people living on the streets.

1. barely, 几乎不，是一个表示否定的副词，类似于hardly。

2. to cope with = to deal with something difficult，应付麻烦。to cope with problems, difficulties, or misfortune, ―应对问题、困难或不幸‖。

第 页 共 79 页

3. the large numbers of 大量的，不胜其数的

4. people living on the streets = people who live on the streets 街道上生活的人们 It is impossible to do something, ―做某事是不可能的‖。如：It is impossible to recognize the voice. 要听出这是谁的声音，几乎是不可能的。如果要说某人做某事不可能，可以加一个for somebody，变为：It is impossible for somebody to do something. 类似的表达还有：it is important (for somebody) to do something, 做某事很重要，it is difficult (for somebody) to do something，做某事很困难，it is not easy (for somebody) to do something，做某事不容易。

It is not easy to count them. Nor is it easy to describe a typical homeless person … nor表示也不……，当nor放在句首的时候，后面主谓要倒装。e.g. – You are either mad or drunk. – I am not mad. Nor am I drunk.

For some, it is simply a lack of affordable housing. 1. affordable是afford的形容词，表示有支付能力的。

2. (a) lack of 缺乏，短缺，lack这个词或者当一个不可数名词，或者用作单数前面加a，没有复数形式。

Others are mentally ill, discharged from hospitals with nowhere to go. 1. discharge，“放出，释放，准许离开”，如：He was discharged from hospital last week. 他上星期出院了。

2. nowhere to go，无处可去，不定副词或不定代词后接动词不定式，类似的表达法有：something to say 有话要说；nobody to care for 谁也不关心。 The most promising suggestions are those that will attack the problems that made people homeless in the first place.

1. to attack a problem, “着手解决一个问题”。如：How would you attack the unemployment problem? 你将如何大力解决失业问题呢？

2. to make people homeless, “使人无家可归”。to make somebody/something + adj.，“使某人或某事物变得如何”。如：I'll make you happy. 我会让你幸福。 英语里连字符可以帮助生成一些复合词语，如：low-cost, white-collar, blue-collar, high-efficiency, etc。

But all of these suggestions cost money, which cities are hard pressed to come up with as they try to cope with new waves of homelessness. 1. to be hard pressed处境窘迫的，为难 2. to come up with 提供，拿出 3. to try to do sth 尽力做某事 4. to cope with 应付（困难），处理

第 55 页 共 79 页

Is there an end to this problem in sight? Not anytime soon. 1. an end to something 某事情的结局 2. in sight 在视线里，看得到，期望得到 2. Phrases and Expressions

to look for；寻找 $850 a month；每月850美圆

to afford to do sth；没有金钱、时间或精力做某事 rush hour；（交通）高峰期 on the first floor；第一层（美国）；第二层（英国） for the time being；暂时，目前 at the price；以某种价格 to move in／out；搬迁入（出） either of；两者之一 to plan to do sth；计划做某事 to get settled；安顿下来 all over the world；遍及世界各地

to cope with；处理，应付 because of；因为 on the street；在街道上 to have problems with；某方面有问题 to discharge from；释放；解除；使出（院） to turn to sb；向某人寻求帮助 to be hard pressed；处境窘迫的，为难 to come up with；提供，拿出 an end to the problem；某事情的结局 in sight；在视线里，看得到，期望得到

Unit Eleven

Learning objectives

How to talk about plans 如何谈论计划 How to make an offer 如何主动提供帮助 How to talk about a trip 如何谈论旅行

How to ask for clarification 如何要求说明、澄清 How to make a comparison 如何做比较 How to give an excuse 如何给出理由、借口 How to make a reservation 如何预定

Lesson 73 It depends...

Bob and Ann both live in Chicago and work in the same office. They are talking about their plans for the long holiday weekend.

第 56 页 共 79 页

Language points in the dialogue

A

Any plans for the long weekend?

1. 这句话是Do you have any plans for the long weekend? 的省略形式。口语中常常会省略主语和谓语，如：Any news? = Is there any news? = What's new? 2. plans for … 后面可以加节假日，表示日期的词汇，庆祝典礼等。如：Do you have any plans for your 40th birthday? 你的四十大庆有安排吗？

3. long weekend 这里指正常的周末（周六和周日）再加上作为法定假日的周五或者周一。比如：英国的 Bank Holidays（法定公假日）一般都在周一，这样正好连在一起就可以叫做 long weekend了。

It depends on the weather.

to depend on“取决于”，口语中也常说it depends，“看情况，不一定”。如：- Do you go to work at 9 every day? - Well, it depends. 如果要明确说明取决于什么原因，用to depend on something。

If it's nice, I'll probably go camping. go camping，“野营”，进行体育或娱乐活动的词组还有：go shopping, go hunting, go swimming, go skiing。

But if it isn't, maybe I'll just stay home and clean my apartment. It could certainly use it.

在It could certainly use it.这句话里，前一个it指staying at home and cleaning my apartment，后一个it指long weekend，也就是说呆在家里打扫卫生这件事肯定会花掉整个周末的时间。 本单元的一个语法重点是条件句（conditional sentences）。假设一个复合句是由A、B两个分句组成，条件句的结构可以这样表示：If A, B. 如果发生A这件事，就会发生B这件事。这里面A是从句B是主句。真实条件句，就是用来计划将来要做的事情，也可以描述现在的真实状况。从句A是一般现在时，主句B用现在将来时。我们来看对话中出现的条件句： I'm going to Toronto. 这里用现在进行时表示将来时态，动词go, come, arrive, leave （等类似的非延续性动词即瞬时动词）都可以这样用。

问某人是哪国人或哪个地方的人，可以用这个问句：Where are you from? 回答：I'm from China. = I'm Chinese. 我是中国人。I'm from Beijing. 我是北京人 to grow up―生长‖，一般说―在哪里长大‖，用grow的过去式grew。 Ottawa渥太华，是加拿大的首都。

1. Ann在阐述自己的周末计划的时候说：If it's nice, I'll probably go camping. But if it isn't, maybe I'll just stay home and clean my apartment. 2. 在Ann问Bob打算怎么去多伦多时，Bob说：I'm thinking of flying, but it depends on how much it costs. 我正在考虑要不要坐飞机，但也得看要花多少钱。If it's too expensive, I'll take the bus. 如果飞机票太贵，我就坐汽车去。think of (doing) sth考虑做某事。fly，搭乘飞机。depend on sth.取决于某事。

3. Ann听说Bob可能要坐飞机，说：If you need a ride to the airport, let me know. 如果你需要搭车去飞机场，告诉我一声。这里，Let me know的潜台词 是：I'll do that. 我来送你。单词ride可以做名词也可以作动词，作名词时，表 示乘坐，搭乘的意思。如give me a ride，载我一程。作动词表示骑，搭乘， 如ride a pony骑小马，ride on a train 坐火车。

4. I'll be happy to drive you, if I'm around. = I'll be happy to drive my car and

第 57 页 共 79 页

take you to the airport.如果我在的话，我很乐意送你。Drive如果不接宾语， 做不及物动词使用的时候，是开车的意思；如果后接宾语，drive somebody = give somebody a ride。around 是副词，不远，附近。

Answers to the Focus Questions A

1. What's Ann's plan for the weekend?

If it's nice, I'll probably go camping. But if it isn't, maybe I'll just stay home and clean my apartment.

2. Is Bob from Toronto? No, he is from Ottawa. 3. Will Bob fly to Toronto?

It depends. If it's too expensive, he will take the bus. B

As we know from Conversation A, Bob plans to visit his parents in Toronto. Later he calls his father to tell him about his travel plans. Bob! We've been expecting your call. expect = wait for 等待，期待 Find out when he's coming.

1. find out“经过研究或询问获知某事”。如：Please find out how soon the plane is taking off. 请去搞清楚飞机多久起飞。区别：find“意外发现或经过搜寻找到”。

2. … he's coming. 现在进行时表示将来时态。表示位置、状态改变的动词go, come, arrive, leave等都可以用在现在进行时中表示将来。

在几点钟用介词at. 如：at seven o'clock, at nine in the morning, etc. Not until four? How come?

1. 问句 Not until four?省略了He's …。Not … until意为“直到……才……”。

2. How come? 怎么回事？怎么搞的？相当于Why？在这段对话里，也可以理解成：Why are you arriving so late?

I couldn't get an earlier flight.

1. 用couldn't对自己的行为给与解释，别人邀请你参加一个聚会，自己很想去但是安排了事情，如：I'd like to come, but I couldn't cancel the appointment with my dentist. 2. early的比较级earlier，更早的。 3. flight 飞行，飞翔，航班。

- Have you heard from Carol? - Have I heard what?

1. hear from somebody收到某人的来信，有某人的消息

2. 当没听清别人的话的时候，可以这样说：Pardon？或Excuse me？或I'm sorry? 但如果只是几个字没听清，可以用what 来代替没听清的那部分，好让对方在重复的时候强调该部分。如：

– You've won the lottery. – I've won the what? – Lottery.

She can't come until Saturday night. She couldn't get the day off from the hospital. 1. not … until 直到……才

2. get the day off 休假，请假。

第 58 页 共 79 页

I can hardly hear what you're saying. Could you speak a little louder?

1. 否定副词hardly 跟第十单元学习的barely，都表示“几乎不”的意思。

2. loud是一个副词，大声地，修饰动词speak。表示“再大声一些”用louder，即副词的比较级。作为副词时，Loud 只用来修饰 talk, speak, laugh 等词。其他的声音嘈杂、喧闹、大声用 loudly。和形容词比较级变位一样，大部分单音节副词的比较级在后面加er，大部分两个或两个以上音节的副词比较级用more + 副词。还有一些不规则变化，比如well的比较级为better。Badly的比较级为worse。

Listen, this is a bad connection. It must be this phone. 1. bad connection线路连接差

2. 情态动词must 在这里不是必须做某事的意思，而是用来表示比较确切的猜测或推断。I must have you in the last Christmas party because you worn the same dress. 我一定在去年的圣诞晚会上见过你，你当时也穿着这条裙子。

Give my love to Mom and I'll see you both on Saturday.

to give my love to … 这个短语经常被美国人放在嘴边，用来表示对别人的问候或感情。类似的用法还有give my regards to，give my best wishes to …remember me to… 向某人转达我的问候，给某人送去我最诚挚的祝福，等等。写信的时候在结尾敬辞处也可以加上：Best regards. 表示最诚挚的问候。 B

1. When is Bob coming to his parents' home? Why?

He's arriving on Saturday at four. He couldn't get an earlier flight. 2. Why can't Carol come until Saturday night? Carol couldn't get the day off from the hospital.

Lesson 78 Have we met somewhere before?

Doug lives in the apartment just below Terry. He's cooking when Terry knocks at his door to introduce herself and to find out if Doug knows Kate's telephone number.

Language points in the dialogue

Terry和Doug初次见面，Terry用 Hi 打招呼是一种比较随意的方式；比较正式、客气的方式是：How do you do?介绍自己的名字可以说my name is … 或者 I'm … 最后介绍一下双方都认识的朋友，I'm Kate's friend. 简单大方的自我介绍就完成了。 You live upstairs, right? = you live in the apartment above mine, right?

1. upstairs副词，意为―在楼上，往楼上‖。to go upstairs―上楼‖；to go downstairs―下楼‖。 2. Right =Is it right? ―对吗？是吗？‖语气比较肯定。 Something smells delicious. Are you cooking? smell + adj. 闻起来怎么怎么样。

It depends on what you call cooking. = It depends on what you mean by cooking. ―这取决于你说的做菜是什么意思。‖这是谦虚的说法。

I'm just making some chicken … very basic. 我只是做了点鸡肉，简单弄了点。 做饭做菜可以用make这个动词，to make some soup 做点汤

I was just wondering if you knew Kate's new phone number. I can't seem to find it. 1. I was just wondering if …常见的请求，非常客气委婉的说法，用的是过去进行时。一般来说请求别人做某事，用could，would等过去时比现在时更加礼貌客气。

第 59 页 共 79 页

2. I can't seem to find it. = It seems that I can't find it. seem―似乎，好象‖。

Oh, no, I don't. But if you call the old number, there'll probably be a recording telling you the new one.

1. 这里有一个真实条件句，if后的从句用一般现在时，主句用现在将来时。

2. a recording telling you the new one = a recording which can tell you the new one，这里用tell的现在分词短语，作recording的口头禅you know用于提醒别人，在思考的时候为延长时间使用，或者用以表达自己的看法。It's funny …在对话中，不是说对方说话滑稽或者可笑，而是说―真有意思，你别不相信‖。

You are probably confusing me with my sister. She's pretty well known.

1. confuse A with B ―把A和B混淆，混为一谈‖。也可以用做：confuse A and B. 如：Don't confuse Austria and Australia. = Don't confuse Austria with Australia. 2. pretty = fairly颇为，比较，而不是漂亮的意思。

3. 由be well known生成复合形容词well-known，出名的，有名的。

Doug还想跟Terry聊一会儿,说：Oh, really? 此处really有两个含义，既表示轻微的惊讶，同时，也有让对方再说说的暗示。Terry却急着要走：Listen, I'd better run back upstairs. I'm expecting a phone call. 动词listen是为了引起对方注意的口头禅，没有实意，可以当作―是这样的‖来理解。had better do最好做某事。expect 期待，期望，等待。 Listen in

1.Why does Terry sound out of breath? 2.Where's Chuck now?

3.Will Laura and Chuck come over for dinner tomorrow? out of breath； 呼吸困难，上气不接下气 to get back； 返回 in time； 及时 to move into； 搬入

to come over for dinner； 过来吃晚饭 to be able to； 能够（有能力）做某事 to decide to do sth； 决定做某事 an extra day； 多一天，额外的一天 to get a flight back； 飞回来 to be over； 过去

Lesson 80 What do you like to do on the weekend?

在80课里，六个年轻人分别谈了谈他们平时在周末做的事情。他们有的喜欢去跳蚤市场挑选物美价廉的东西，有的喜欢骑车或打球锻炼，有的喜欢散步、野营或是读小说。你周末喜欢做什么呢？也许学习完这篇文章，你也能写篇小作文，谈谈你平时是怎样度过周末的。

Language Points in the Reading

Like to do something = like doing something 喜欢做某事。 Flea market 跳蚤市场 = second-hand market，二手货市场。

第 60 页 共 79 页

garage sales 摆在车库的旧货买卖，和跳蚤市场一样都是出售廉价的二手货。car boot sale 英美人经常在自己家的汽车后备箱里摆放着一些旧物品卖。

My parents have an antique shop, and I'm always looking out for bargains for them. antique shop 古董店，古玩店。to look out for something 留意某物。bargain 卖的或买的便宜的货物。 Dan在说到他常买一些旧桌子旧椅子的时候，用了一个词组来形容这些旧货: walk right past 意思是“视而不见”，说他喜欢的这些东西也许是别人视而不见的东西。如：He just walked right past without seeing me at all. 他径直走过去，没看我一眼。

I stay home and refinish it, turning it into a beautiful piece of furniture. 我呆在家里修理一下，把它改造成一件漂亮的家具。to turn A into B 把A变成B。

to go doing something“去做某事”。如：to go camping 野营；to go swimming 游泳。

Two years ago I got an exercise bike to lose weight. 两年前我买了辆健身自行车来减肥。exercise bike 一种健身用的自行车，只有前轮没有后轮，前轮很沉，悬空，锻炼的人可以根据音乐节奏原地骑车锻炼。used bike二手自行车。to lose weight减肥。 Get bored with doing something = be fed up with something对某事感到厌倦。

Now I plan day trips in my neighborhood … I'd much rather go sightseeing by bike. 现在，我计划在附近进行骑车旅行。比起开车，我宁可骑自行车观光旅游。in one's neighborhood 在附近。go sightseeing 观光旅行。 to play golf, “打高尔夫球”。其他常见球类用play搭配的有：to play basketball，打篮球；to play tennis, 打网球；to play football, 踢足球；to play baseball, 打棒球。a group of (people), 一群（人）。

一些与高尔夫球运动有关的词语： (at) the golf course （在）高尔夫球场；golf bag 高尔夫球袋。golf cart 高尔夫球车。 clubhouse俱乐部会所（高尔夫球爱好者，会员等活动形式）。 My favorite thing to do on the weekend is to go to the beach. 我在周末最爱做的事情是去海边。favorite形容词，“最喜欢的”；名词，“最喜欢的人或事物”。如：Juan Pablo Montoya is my favorite F1 driver. 或 The driver is my favorite. 美语拼作favorite； 英语拼作 favourite。 The beach is beautiful all through the year. 海滩全年都很漂亮。all through the year 全年，一年四季。

If the weather is cold, I put on some warm clothes and go for long walks on the shore with my dog. 如果天气冷了，我会穿几件保暖大衣，带着我的狗在海边长时间地散步。put on 穿上； take off 脱下； go for a long walk 长时间地散步。on the shore在海边，介词on。 When the weather is hot, I enjoy swimming or just lying in the sun. 当天气炎热的时候，我会游泳或晒太阳。enjoy doing something 享受做某事。结构类似的有：like/love/hate doing something。

Catch up sb or with sb 赶上某人。Catch up on sth 赶上拉下的事情或弥补没有来得及做的事情。如：I was just catching up on my sleep, that's all.

Then I'll stop off at the bookstore on my way home and take a look around. 我在回家路上会去书店转转。stop off，make a short break during a journey 中途短暂停留。on one's way to somewhere 在去某地的路上。on my way home 在回家的路上。 e.g. On my way home I came across an old friend. 回家路上，我碰到一个老朋友。take a look around 四处转转。

第 61 页 共 79 页

in one's opinion, ―在某人看来，某人认为‖。意思相当于 I think, I believe. relaxing是relax的现在分词, 用作形容词，表示―令人感到放松‖；relaxed过去分词，作形容词，表示―放松的，轻松的‖。as … as 和……一样。如as busy as bees. to go hiking 远足。

We live near some beautiful mountains with many different trails to choose from. 我们住在漂亮的山边，山上有许多不同的小路供选择。trail = path，小路。如： a trail through the forest 穿过森林的小路。to choose something from … 常指从三个或三个以上的事物中选择。如：I'd rather choose A from the four answers. 四个答案中，我选A项。to camp out overnight露营过夜。 to cook dinner over a campfire, 架起篝火做饭。to spend a night under the stars, 在夜空下看繁星点点。 2. Phrases and Expressions

to depend on； 依靠，依赖 to go camping； 去野营 to grow up； 成长，长大 to find out； 发现，找到 to hear from； 接到来信 to get the day off； 休假一天

to give one's love to …； 代问某人好 to confuse A with/and B； 把……与……混淆 out of breath； 气喘吁吁，上气不接下气 to get back； 返回 in time； 及时

to move into； 搬（迁）入 to look out for； 注意，警惕

to walk right past； 视而不见；从旁边走过而没注意到 to turn … into； 把……变成…… to lose weight； 减肥

to get bored with； 对……感到厌倦 to run errands； 跑差事

in one's/the neighborhood； 在附近 to play golf； 打高尔夫球 to get up； 起床

on the weekend； 在周末

第 62 页 共 79 页

Unit twelve

Learning objectives

1. How to decide what to order in a restaurant 在饭店里如何点菜 2. How to ask for something 如何询求得到某物

3. How to talk about how things taste 如何谈论味道怎样 4. How to ask for permission 如何征求他人允许

Lesson 81 This must be a great place!

Four friends are trying a new restaurant. Answer to the Focus Questions A What will Joe, Janet, Meg and Mike have?

Joe and Meg will have lobster in champagne-vinegar sauce. Janet will have the chef's salad. Mike will have steak. B 1. Why does Janet ask for another glass? Because this one has lipstick on it.

2. Does Mick finally smoke in the restaurant?

No, because Janet would rather him not smoke. Language points in the dialogue

A Look at that crowd! This must be a great place to eat! 1. a great place to eat 这里是在宾语后加不定式（to do）。a good/great place to do something，做某事的好去处。

2. 本单元的一个重点句型就是：用情态动词must来表示颇有把握的猜测，意为“一定发生了某事”。如：I saw your number in my phone. It must be you who called. 我在我的电话上看见你的号码，给我打电话的一定就是你。 It's a good thing we made a reservation.

1. it's a good thing（后加从句）意为“幸好，真不错”，从句一般用过去时或现在完成时，用来对已经做过的事情给与评价。如：It's a good thing you have quitted smoking. 你戒烟了，真不错。

2. to make a reservation 预定。除了指在饭店订座位，也常用于指在宾馆订房。

lobster in champagne-vinegar sauce香槟酒醋汁蘸虾。

Mmm, that sounds good. You know, I think I might have that too. 谈论什么东西听起来怎样，看起来怎样，吃起来味道怎样，我们常常用这个句型：

第 63 页 共 79 页

it sounds/looks/tastes + adj. 这些动词被称作半系动词，后面一般加形容词。本课中出现的一些例子有：

(In Dialogue A) That sounds good. (In Dialogue B) (1) Everything looks delicious! (2) It tastes kind of funny. (In Dialogue C) (1) It sounds familiar. (2) It smells awful.

Do you know what you're getting, Mike? 点菜的时候可以用动词get。

can't make up my mind. I can't decide between the lobster and the steak. 1. to make up one's mind意为“下定决心”，to make up one's mind to do something相当于decide to do something，意为“决定做某事”。如：I make up my mind to study harder. 我决定更加努力地学习。

2. 学习between „ and „的两种用法：1. 可以用于时间状语，如：There are three coaches available between 4:30 and 5:30. 四点半到五点半之间会发三辆长途车。2. 可以用于方位状语，如：A village was located between the river and the mountain. 小河与山之间坐落着一个村庄。 Are you ready to order? 1. to be ready to do something 准备做某事，相当于：be ready for something。 2. order在餐饮用语中作动词，既可以用作不及物动词，也可以用作及物动词，to order something相当于to get something，意为“点菜”。如：I ordered steak. = I got steak. 我点了些牛排。

Yes, I'll have the pasta primavera please. 1. pasta primavera，蔬菜面（解释）

2. 可以用作“点菜”的动词除了刚才说的get，order，还可以用have。如：I'll have some salad. 我要点些沙拉。

I'm sorry, there's no more pasta. We just ran out of it „ 1. no more 再也没有什么

2. run out of something 用完，耗尽 Oh, then I'll have the chef's salad.

then是一个语气词，意为“那么，这样的话”。

the chef's salad “厨师推荐的沙拉”，相当于餐厅的特色菜。 B Uh, this isn't mine. I ordered steak – well done. This isn't mine. = This isn't my steak. well – done 全熟 medium 八分熟 rare三分熟 Do you mind if we start? - Oh，no, please do.

Do you mind if „? 你介意„„吗？上面这句话的意思是：“你介意我们开始吃吗？”类似的询问和回答如下：

1) – Do you mind if we start? – Oh, no, please do. 如果不介意问话的人做某事，可以模仿这几种回答：No, please do. 不介意，请（做你想做的这件事）。No, not at all. Go right ahead. 不，我一点儿也不介意，你尽管做吧。 2) – Does anyone mind if I smoke? - Well „ actually, I'd rather you didn't. 如果介意问话的人做某事，可以模仿这几种回答：Actually, I'd rather you didn't. 说实话，我希望你不要（做这件事）。I'm sorry, but I do mind. 很抱歉，我真的介意。

3) - Oh, well, no problem. 如果你提出来的请求被别人拒绝了，你可以说：

第 页 共 79 页

No problem. 没问题（言下之意是：好吧，我不做这件事）。 在美国，在餐厅吸烟的现象越来越少见，美国有些州有明文规定要在餐厅里设立无烟区，有的州则规定禁止在任何室内公共场所吸烟。

Oh, waiter, could I have another glass, please? This one has lipstick on it.

Could„please?，这是一个委婉地表示请求的句子，对话中还有两个这样的句子：(1) Could I have another glass, please? 请给我换个杯子。(2) Could we have some more water, please? 请再给我们加点水。除了用could提出请求，也可以用I'd like something的句型，表示“请求要某物”。如上面的例句(2)可以说成：I'd like some more water, please.

Why don't you send it back and get something else?

1. to send something back在这里是“撤菜”的意思。在美国的餐厅里，如果你对某道菜的味道不太满意，通常来说可以退菜，餐厅或者会给你换一道更好的菜而不用加钱，或者从你的帐单里把这道菜的菜钱退还给你。

2. else别的，其他的，常常跟something，someone这样的不定代词搭配使用。 C It sounds familiar, but I don't remember what it's called. 如果你要询问某个人的名字，不妨试着用这个句型：She looks familiar, but I don't remember her name. What is it? It's Smoke Gets in Your Eyes.

Speaking of smoke, I smell smoke – don't you?

speak of“说起，谈起”，往往用在接话题的时候。如：Speaking of Matt, how is he recently?

C Where is the smoke from?

The smoke is from the kitchen.

Lesson 84 I've been thinking „

Laura goes to the airport to meet Chuck, who has just come back from a job interview in Los Angeles. Language points in the dialogue Are you glad to see me?

to be glad to do something常在见面或道别的时候用来寒暄，如：I'm so glad to meet you. I'm so glad to have talked to you. You seem much more relaxed.

more relaxed 更轻松 much more relaxed 轻松多了 It was nice to get away for a few days.

1. It's nice to do something做某事有益或有帮助 2. to get away 离开

So tell me about the interview. How did it go? 1. so在此是一个语气词，用来引出一个话题。这句话也可以变成：So, how was your interview?

第 65 页 共 79 页

2. go 进行，进展

They offered me the job.

offer“提供，给”，后接双宾语，即：to offer somebody something，相当于：to offer something to somebody。类似的动词有give, tell等。 You know how I feel about that.

feel + adj. + about something “对某事感受如何”。如：I feel sorry about that. 听到这个消息我很难过。

It sounds as if you've already made up your mind. 1. to make up one's mind 下定决心

2. as if “似乎”，引导名词从句，相当于引导词that，如：It seems as if we would never be closer. 我们似乎很难成为好朋友。 I've been thinking a lot these last few days.

1. 在此复习现在完成进行时的结构和用法。试比较：(1) I've already thought about it. Now let me give you my answer. 我已经考虑过这件事了，现在给你答复。 (2) I've been thinking about it. Now let me give you my answer. 我一直在考虑这件事，现在给你答复。这两句话用的都是完成时态，但例句(2)用了现在完成进行时，强调在此之前一直在做这件事情。

2. these last few days，在时间短语中用this/that/these/those，前面不用加介词可以直接作时间状语。

Do you mind if I sit down for a minute? 1. Do you mind if „ ？用来征求别人的同意。 2. to sit down 坐下

3. for a minute 一会儿，片刻

Lesson 86

Answers to the Focus Questions 1. How was Chuck's interview?

It went very well and they offered him the job. 2. What suggestion does Chuck offer to Laura? He asked Laura to marry him. Listen in

1. Is Laura herself today?

2. What did Peter give to Laura? by the way； 顺便说一句

to forget about something； 忘记某事 right away； 马上，立刻

Thanks for doing something； 感谢（某人）做某事

这一课介绍了美国的餐饮文化，介绍了一些有特色的小吃与主食。

第 66 页 共 79 页

Focus Questions

1. Which restaurant would you go to with a vegetarian? 2. Which restaurant would you go if you like beef? 3. Which restaurant do you think you would prefer? Language Points in the Reading

The attention to detail assures you that the setting and service are as perfect as your meal, whether it's a quiet dinner for two, a business lunch, or a small party. 1. to pay attention to something “注意某事物”，如：Pay attention to your writing habit, or your eyesight will be poorer. 注意你的写字习惯，否则你的视力会更糟。

2. as „ as “像什么一样”，如：Do as exactly as I tell you. 完全照着我的话去做。

3. whether „ or “无论„„还是„„”，在此引导组合结构。 4. business lunch “工作午餐”，利用午餐时间一边吃饭一边谈工作。 Located right on the waterfront, this busy seafood restaurant is a very popular spot.

located right on the waterfront是个非性定语从句，用来修饰the seafood restaurant。这句话也可以这么说：This busy seafood restaurant, which is located right on the water frond, is a very popular spot.

It's best to make reservations if you plan on dining while watching the sun set over the bay.

1. it's best to do something最好做某事 2. to make reservation 预定座位

3. to plan on doing something 计划做某事

4. while watching the sun set = while you watch the sun set 5. sun set 落日

The chef uses only the freshest ingredients and makes sure the dishes are high in tastes and low in fat. 1. ingredient 成份

2. high in taste“味道美”，low in fat“脂肪低”，类似的表达方式还有如：rich in experience“经验丰富”等。

There are many salads to choose from, as well as homemade soups and steamed vegetables over brown rice.

homemade means something made at home.

A is served with B “A作为辅菜与主菜B一起上桌”，如：Pickles are served with porridge.咸菜就稀饭一起上桌。

第 67 页 共 79 页

At California Pizza Plus you can satisfy your tastebuds by designing your own pizza pie.

by doing something“通过做什么事情（达成某个目的）”，如：He passed the exam by studying harder. 经过更加努力地学习，他通过了考试。 The restaurant is decorated with old movie posters and the staff is efficient and friendly.

1. to be decorated with something 以„„作为装饰

2. staff在这里是个集合名词，team, staff, class等集合名词既可以用单数谓语动词也可以用复数谓语动词搭配，作为整体时用单数谓语动词，而强调整体中的个体时用复数谓语动词。如：(1) The team is in a meeting. 团队正在开会。(2) The staff are in disagreement about whether or not to close the restaurant. 成员们在关闭饭店的问题上意见相左。

If you are in a hurry, you should be able to get a good, quick meal – but not here.

1. in a hurry 赶时间，匆忙 2. should 应该（做某事） 2. Phrases and Expressions

to make a reservation； 预订（座位，房间） to make up one's mind； 下定决心 to be ready to do something； 准备做某事 to run out of； 用光，耗尽 right away； 马上，立刻

to listen to； 听 to speak of； 说起，谈到 to come from； 来自 for a while； 片刻 to get away； 拿走，撤菜 as if； 仿佛 for a minute； 一会儿 by the way； 顺便说一句 to forget about； 忘记 thanks for doing something； 感谢做某事

Unit thirteen

Learning objectives

How to state a conclusion； 如何做总结

How to figure out where you left something； 如何猜测东西放在哪儿 How to talk about possibilities； 如何谈论可能出现的情况

第 68 页 共 79 页

How to talk about quantity； 如何谈论数量 How to make a request； 如何提出请求

How to ask where something is； 如何询问某物在哪儿 How to talk about location； 如何谈论位置

How to apologize for being late； 如何为迟到而道歉

Lesson 87 There are only a few left.

Anna and her husband, Victor, have just gotten home from work. Anna isn't feeling well.

Language points in the dialogue A

Sorry I'm late. I got caught in traffic. 1. 第一句话完整地说是：I'm sorry I'm late. 这句话相当于：Sorry for being late. “为某事感到抱歉”可以用这种表达方式：sorry for doing something. apologize for being late是本课一个重要的语言功能。 2. get caught in traffic 陷入交通堵塞 traffic jam交通堵塞

get caught in rain 遭雨淋 I just got home myself.

“回到家”说get home，而不说get to home。home是一个副词，前面不能加介词。类似的表达有：get here, get there。 I must be getting a cold. 1. get a cold 感冒

2. be doing 这里是进行时表示即将发生某事，如：It must be raining soon. 一定快下雨了。

3. must 在这里表示比较确定的猜测，如：The earth is wet, so it must have rained last night. 泥土很湿，昨晚一定下雨了。类似用来下结论的表达的例子有：

(Dialogue B) We must not have any more. (Dialogue B) It must be downstairs. (Dialogue D) We must be out of them.

I've had this terrible headache since I got up. And I've been sneezing all day.

1.现在完成时（have done）泛泛指出到现在为止做完某事，而现在完成进行时（have been doing）强调到现在为止一直在做某事。

2. 在现在完成时的时间状语中，since后加时间点，如具体的年、月、日期，for后加时间段，也就是持续的一段时间。

3. have headache 头痛 have toothache 牙痛 have stomachache 胃痛 4. get up 起床 go to bed 上床睡觉

Bless you. 西方看到别人打喷嚏时说的话，是一种礼节习惯。 I'll bring you some aspirin.

第 69 页 共 79 页

Bring somebody something 动词后接双宾语，类似的动词有ask, give, offer等。 B

We must not have any more. = We must have no more aspirin. not „ any more = no more 不再

There's only one left. left，剩下的。这里是过去分词用作形容词。类似表达有：

(Dialogue B) There are only a few left in the box.

(Dialogue D) If there are any left, they're up in front with the magazine. There are only a few left in the box. a few后面可以接名词，也可以使用。类似还有：a little, few, little, some, much, many, a lot, more等。如：I'm so thirsty, but there is little water left. Could I have more, please? 我很渴，剩的水不多了。能再给我一些吗？ We just ran out of tea bags. 1. Just 刚好，恰好

2. to run out of something 用光，耗尽。 如：I mostly ran out of strength when he gave me a hand. 我就快耗尽力气了，这时他帮了我一把。 Any special kind? = Do you want any special kind of tea bags? a kind of 一种。区别于：kind of 稍微。 Now what did I do with my car keys?

1. Now在此是一个语气词语，相当于well，在这里显示一种焦急的情绪。这句话意为：哎呀，我把我的车钥匙放哪了？ 2. Do with 处置，放置

3. Car key 车钥匙 door key 门钥匙 4. kitchen table 餐桌 coffee table 咖啡桌

Look on the kitchen table. 这里是look后接了一个介词词组on the kitchen table，而不是look on（旁观，看待）的固定搭配。

It might be on the coffee table in the living room. 这里might表达的可能性比may更小。B

1. What else does Anna ask Victor to get apart from some aspirin? Some tissues and some tea bags. 2. Where is Anna's bag probably?

If it is not on the kitchen table downstairs, it might be on the coffee

第 70 页 共 79 页

table in the living room. C

Could you tell me where the tissues are, please? 这里有个重要的语言功能：询问某物放在哪儿。可以用以下这个结构：Could you tell me where „., please?

All the way in the back, against the wall. 这里来学习一个重要的语言功能：谈论位置。常见的方位介词：in, on, above, under, between„and„, near/by, against等。

1. Against: in contact with sth/sb 倚靠，碰。举例说明：

Put the piano there, with its back against the wall. 把钢琴放在这里，琴背靠墙。

He was leaning against a tree. 他斜靠着树。 2. 对话中其他表达方位的句子有:

(Dialogue C) They're way up on the top. （on the top 在最高处） (Dialogue D) If there are any left, they're up in front with the magazine. （in front 在前面）

3. 常见的其他方位词组有：next to，across from，on the right，on the left等。 C

Where are the tissues?

They are all the way in the back, against the wall. D

Well, then we must be out of them. 区别两个词组：to run out of 用完，耗尽。这个词组强调动作。to be out of 没有了。这个词组强调状态。 D

Where is the newspaper normally put?

It is normally up in the front with the magazines. Lesson 91 I'm afraid we don't have many left.

Doug is shopping for a clock radio. Language points in the dialogue

Is there anything I can help you with, or are you just looking? 1. Can I help you? 不是询问是否要帮忙，而应该理解为：要买点什么？ 2. 学习与help有关的另一个词组，help sb with sth 帮某人做某事。如：Shall I help you with your work? 要我帮你干点活吗？

第 71 页 共 79 页

I'm afraid we don't have many left „ They were just on sale.

1. I'm afraid后面加句子，表示“恐怕怎样”。如：I'm afraid it's a misunderstanding. 恐怕这是个误会。

2. on sale 降价甩卖 Christmas sale 圣诞节甩卖 New Year sale 新年甩卖 Did you have a particular one in mind? have something in mind心里对某事已经有自己的想法。如：She's had someone else in mind. 她心里有了别人。 I was trying to get an idea of what there was. 1. to try to do sth 尝试

2. to get an idea of something 了解某事。如：Do you have any idea how the cowboy is like? 你知道牛仔是什么样的吗？

Does it come in another color? Come in: be available 有货

We must have sold the last one. must后接现在完成时，意为“一定做过某事”。must后接行为动词原形，意为“必须做某事”。

The red one's quite attractive, though. though在此是一个副词，意为“尽管如此，但是”。如：He promised to call. I heard nothing, though. 他说了要打电话，但却没打。

What about that one way up on top? Way up on top = displayed on top Would you like me to get it down for you?

1. would you like to do sth 意为“你愿意做某事吗”。 Would you like me to do sth 意为“要我做某事吗”。 2. to get something down 拿下来 Do you mind if I try it?

1. 征求别人允许，12单元学过。在此回答：No, not at all. 2. try 打开试一试

I'm your host, Laura Enders. 在这里host不是“女主人”，是“主持人”的意思。

I beg your pardon? 意为“您说什么？”有两种用法：一是没听清对方的话请求重复，二是请求对方进一步解释。 Lesson 93 Medical Advice

Language PAnswers to the Focus Questions

1. How many people would get cold normally at a given moment? One out of eight.

2. What is normally recommended to prevent colds? Vitamin C.

3. What is suggested if one gets cold in terms of eating and drinking? One should eat well, but not overeat. And one should also drink lots of

第 72 页 共 79 页

liquids, esp. fruit juices.

4. Briefly, what should one do if he or she gets cold?

One should try to protect other people. oints in the Reading I seem to get colds all the time. 1. to get colds 感冒 2. all the time = always

At any given moment, about one out of every eight people has a cold. 1. at any given moment，在任何给定时间，也就是“任何时候”的意思。 2. one out of every eight people 八个人里有一个；1:8或八分之一。“多少之一”后面接单数谓语。如：It is said that one out of 15 people take holidays traveling around in this city. 据说15里就有一个人在这个城市旅游度假。

Most people get colds by touching things that another person with a cold has used or touched.

1. to get cold = catch cold 患感冒 with a cold 正在感冒 2. by doing sth 通过做某事的方式

Soap does not kill cold viruses, but running water can carry them away. 1. virus病毒，可数。Cold virus感冒病毒 car key车钥匙 2. running water 流动水，水流 3. carry something away 带走

Many Doctors recommend vitamin C to prevent colds, and some doctors suggest that you take large amounts when you begin to get cold symptoms. 1. to recommend sth. to sb = to recommend sb. sth. 动词recommend后可以接双宾语，类似动词还有ask, tell, bring, offer等。

2. to take large amounts 在这里意为：take a large amount of Vitamin C。 3. to begin to do something 开始做某事

4. symptoms 症状

Also be sure to get enough rest and stay warm. If your body aches, you can take one to two aspirin every four hours.

1. to be sure to do something确保做某事。如：Be sure to call me when you are back. 回家后一定要给我打电话。

2. to stay warm stay是一个半系动词，后面接形容词。半系动词还有keep, remain等。

3. every four hours每隔四小时。试比较：every day 每天 every three days 每三天 four times every three days 每三天四次

Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. to cover A with B 用B盖上A，如：The policeman covered the body with a blanket. 用一条毛毯把尸体盖上。 学习一个相关词组，to be covered with/in „盖满，沾满，如：I was covered with mud by the passing car. 车开过，溅了我一身泥。

第 73 页 共 79 页

Put all your used tissues in a paper bag, and throw away the bag yourself so that no one else will have to touch it. 1. to throw away something 扔掉某物

2. so that后面加从句，意为“从而，这样的话就”。如：Give me a pair of reading glasses so that I can read the newspaper. 给我一副老花镜，这样我才能看报纸。

3. will have to do something 不得不做某事 2. Phrases and Expressions

to get caught in traffic； 陷入交通堵塞 to have headache； 头痛

not„any more； 不再 to run out of； 用光 to do with； 处理 on the top； 在顶端

to help somebody with something； 帮助某人做某事 to look for； 寻找

on sale； 出售 to have something in mind； 心中有数

to get an idea of something； 了解某事 to get something down； 把某物拿下来 one out of every eight； 八分之一 to carry away； 运走，消除 to recommend „ to „； 把„„推荐给„„ to get colds； 感冒 to cover„with „； 用„„盖上„„ to throw away； 扔掉

Unit fourteen

Learning objectives

How to greet someone after a long time； 如何在久别重逢时问候 How to talk about people you knew； 如何谈论共同认识的人 How to catch up on what someone has done； 如何了解某人近况 How to ask about duration； 如何询问时间长短 How to make a suggestion； 如何提出建议

How to accept or reject a suggestion； 如何接受或谢绝建议

Lesson 94 Catching up.

第 74 页 共 79 页

Nancy and Dennis, two old college friends from Harvard University, run into each other in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Language points in the dialogue

A

I don't believe it! “简直难以置信！”在这里表达惊喜之情。 You haven't changed a bit!

1. A bit = slightly一点，稍微。这句话可以理解为：You look the same as before. 2. 久别重逢后，可以这么说：

I haven't seen you in so long / ages. 好久不见。

You haven't changed a bit. / You have changed a lot. 你一点儿也没变。/ 你变了好多。 How have you been? 近来可好？ Neither have you!

当赞成一个肯定观点的时候用“so+简略倒装句”的结构。如： A: I was caught in the traffic. 我被堵在路上了。 B: So was I. 我也是。（我也被堵在路上了。）

当赞成一个否定观点的时候用“neither+简略倒装句”的结构，如：

A: Fortunately, I wasn't caught in the traffic. 我没被堵在路上，真幸运啊。 B: Neither was I. 我也没有。（我也没被堵在路上。） Oh, come on now. I used to have more hair, didn't I?

1. used to do sth. 过去常常怎样。如：She used to be a naughty girl, but now she is quiet and polite. 她过去很淘气，现在又安静又懂事。

2. 在此复习附加疑问句的结构，上面这句话是一个附加疑问句，由一个陈述句加上一个一般疑问句的简略形式组成。

Well, now that you mention it … 言下之意是：哦，你这样一说（我才注意到，好像你现在头发是少了）。

I'm here on vacation. You too? 1. on vacation 度假

2. You too? ―你也是吗？‖用简略形式替代了前面的话，相当于：Are you here on vacation, too? 类似的表达如：I graduated from BTVU. You too? 我毕业于北京电大，你也是吗？

You're kidding! 表示惊讶，不相信。也可以说：No kidding! 和别人开了玩笑，如果发现别人当真了，你可以说：Just kidding. Don't take it serious. 开玩笑而已，别当真。

For three years. 这是一个完成时态常出现的时间短语，这句话完整地说是：I've lived here for three years. 对话中还有两处完成时的句子：I've been teaching English since last fall. 我自从去年秋天以来就在教英语。How long have you been married? (We've been married) for five years. 你结婚多久了？（我结婚）五年了。在此复习一下完成时态的两个时间短语结构，一是―for + 一段时间‖，二是―since + 时间点（年月日You're not going to believe this – I'm still living in Cambridge. 你不会相信这个——我还住在剑桥。前一句话是为了铺垫自己后面的话有多么令人难以置信。

第 75 页 共 79 页

My husband's on the faculty at Harvard. 1. on the faculty 教员之一

2. at Harvard = at Harvard University 我们来学习几个用介词at搭配的地点状语：at university, at the airport, at the hotel等。如：He's back at the hotel, resting. 他回旅馆休息去了。 B

在这段对话中出现了几个现在完成时，这里列出来，让大家熟悉一下现在完成时的结构：

1. Gee, I haven't been back to Cambridge in years, not since we graduated … 2. Has it changed much?

3. I've really lost touch with everyone from back then. 4. Have you been to the Guadalajara Grill? 5. Well, I haven't been there in ages.

- I've really lost touch with everyone from back then. - So have I. 这里是赞成一个肯定的观点，所以用―so+倒装结构‖。

I've got to get going. = I have to go. ―我得走了。‖在要结束与别人的交谈的时候可以这么说，但最好再解释一下原因，这样比较礼貌。如：I teach at four. 我四点有课。 Why don't we go there? I'd love to. 这里有一个提建议的句型：why don't we/you … ? How about…? Shall we …? 回答的时候可以说：I'd love to. ―很愿意去。‖这句回答比I'd like to.听起来更心甘情愿地接受建议，也可以说：Sure. 好啊。 See you then. 到时候见。类似的结束语还有：See you later. 一会儿见。 See you tomorrow. 明天见。See you next time. 下次见。So long. 再见。 Lesson 97 Here we are again.

Laura and Terry are flying home to Seattle for the holidays Language points in the dialogue

Listen in

1. What does Laura plan to do?

2. Does Laura finally go off and get something to eat? Why or why not? I have a million things to do； 我有成堆的事情要做。 to get nervous； 激动

plenty of time； 充足的时间 in fact； 事实上 to go off； 离开

I got a letter from Chuck today.

to get a letter from … = to hear from … 收到某人来信

What did he have to say? 这里用have to的语气，意思是，平时Chuck可能并不写信，那么写信来一定有让他“不得不”说的事情。

第 76 页 共 79 页

Well, all in all, he seems pretty happy. 1. pretty = quite 十分，相当

2. seem在此是一个半系动词，后面跟形容词。 3. all in all 总而言之，概括说来

But I think I've made the right decision, at least for now. 1. to make the right/wrong decision 做出正确（错误）决定 2. at least 至少 at most 至多 3. for now = at this moment 此刻

Here comes the guy who lives downstairs from me. 这是一个倒装句。倒装句的出现有两种原因。一是主语有一个比较长的定语，如果放在前面会让整个句子头重脚轻，于是便倒装处理，把主语放在后面。二是为了强调这是一个怎样的人，把需要强调的信息放在后面，给人留下更深刻的印象。这句话可以这样理解：The guy comes here. He lives downstairs from me.

If it isn't the Enders sisters! Here we are again, Laura!

1. 这句话表示惊讶、怀疑，完整地说就是：It would be nobody else if it isn't the Enders sisters. 或Who else it could be if it is't the Enders sisters? 该不会是Enders姐妹吧？

2. Here we are again. 我们又见面了。 You do look awfully familiar.

1. do在此没有实意，起到强调的作用。

2. awfully = very非常，十分。类似的用法还有：I'm terribly sorry. 我真的很抱歉 3．look在这里是一个半系动词，表示―看起来怎样‖，后面接形容词。 On my first flight from Seattle to Chicago. 注意这句话中的三个介词。 1. on the flight

2. from … to … 和between…and…一样，可以用来表示时间和空间的概念。 Answers to the Focus Questions

1. Has Laura decided to stay in Chicago or leave for Los Angeles?

She has decided to stay, because she says she misses Chuck who works in Los Angeles, but she things she has made a right decision. 2. When did Doug meet Laura?

On his first flight from Seattle to Chicago.

Lesson 99 What does your handwriting say about you? Focus Questions

1. When was the first book on graphology written?

2. What do the letters which point backward tell about one's personality tendency?

第 77 页 共 79 页

Language Points in the Reading

People have been fascinated by handwriting for a long time. to be fascinated by … 对什么感到着迷，被什么打动，非常喜欢什么。如：Students are fascinated by his way of teaching. 学生们非常喜欢他的教学方式

The first book on graphology, the study of handwriting, was written in 132, and since that time hundreds of books have been published on the subject.

1. hundreds of books 成百上千本书 thousands of … 成千上万 millions of 上百万

2. on the subject―关于这个话题‖，在此是指笔迹与个性关系的话题。

以上两句话都用了被动句，复习一下被动句的句型：主语+be+动词过去式(+by…）。 3. What if the letters a or o are open?

Graphologists believe that you can learn a lot about people's personalities by looking at the way they write.

1. to learn about something 了解某事物 2. personality 个性，性格

3. by doing something 通过某种方式

As shown below, each of these characteristics can reveal different personality tendencies.

as shown below ―正如如下所示‖，课文随后就列出了一张图表来说明不同的笔迹呈现出不同的个性。类似指示性的表达有：as mentioned before （正如之前指出的），as said earlier （正如说过的）, 等等。

For example, if you slant your letters forward, you are probably an outgoing friendly person.

这是一个条件句，往往先假设一个条件，再阐述在这个条件下可能存在的事实。这句话的意思是：如果你写的字母向前倾，你就可能是一个外向的、友好的人。让我们再来看看课文中的这种条件句的几个例子：

If your letters are written up and down, you are probably a logical person. 如果你的字母竖直上下，你可能是一个条理性强的人。

If you press hard on the paper, you are probably a very emotional person. 如果你力度较重，你可能是个感情用事的人。

If you write the capital letter in a fancy way, you are probably a vain person. 如果你把大写字母写得花里胡哨，你可能是一个虚荣的人。

For this purpose they have divided the letters into three zones or areas. 1. For this purpose 为了这个目的

2. divide … into 把……分为……。如：The Foreign Languages Department is

第 78 页 共 79 页

divided into three branches. 外语部被分成三个教研室。

According to one graphologist, if the part of the letter in the upper zone is very large compared to the part in the middle zone, then the writer is probably idealistic. 1. according to 根据

2. compared to … 与……比较 A is compared to B 把A与B作比较

If the part in the lower zone is very large, it shows that the writer is very interested in money and success. to be interested in 对……有兴趣

Whether or not you close letters such as a or o also says something about your personality. whether or not + 陈述句，可以做主语从句或宾语从句，意为―是否……‖。如：Whether or not the UFO exists is still a mystery. 不明飞行物是否存在，还是一个谜。Mike had no idea whether or not he would pass the exam. 麦克不知道自己是否通过了考试。

Police have asked graphologists to help them solve crimes, and businesses have used handwriting samples to choose employees. 1. to help somebody do something 帮助某人做某事 2. to solve crimes 破案

3. 当business作可数名词的时候, 是―企业或公司‖的意思。

So the next time you sit down to write a letter, fill out a form, or even write your name – be careful.

1. the next time + 句子，意为―当下一次……的时候‖，用做时间状语从句。 2. fill out a form 填表格 2. Phrases and Expressions

used to； 过去常常 on vacation； 度假

on the faculty； 职员之一 to lose touch with somebody； 与某人失去联系 to keep in touch； 保持联系 in ages； 很久

all in all； 总之 to make the right/wrong decision； 做出正确/错误决定 at least； 至少 from…to； 从……到…… I have a million things to do； 我有成堆的事情要做

to get nervous； 紧张，激动 plenty of time； 大量时间 in fact； 事实上 to go off； 离开 hundreds of； 上百 on the subject； 就某个话题

第 79 页 共 79 页