negate v. deny or disprove the existence of (sb/sth) 否定 network n. complex system of roads, etc crossingeach other 网状物(系统)；广播(电视)网；网络
neutral adj. not supporting or helping either side in a dispute, contest,war, etc; impartial 中立的，不偏不倚的；中性的
nevertheless adv, conj in spite of this; however; still 仍然，然而，不过 nonetheless adv. nevertheless; however 尽管如此，依然，然而 norm n. standard or pattern that is typical (of a group, etc) 标准，规范[ pl.]准则
normal adj. in accordance with what is typical, usual or regular 正常的，平常的；正规的，规范的
notion n. ~ idea or belief; concept 概念，观念；意图，想法，(怪)念头
notwithstanding prep. (can also follow the n to which it refers ) without being affected by (sth); in spite of 尽管
nuclear adj. of a nucleus, esp of an atom 核子的，核能的，核武器的；核心的
objective adj. not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; unbiased; fair 客观的，不带偏见的
obtain v. ~ sth et sth; come to own or possess sth (by buying, borrowing, taking, etc) vt.获得，得到 vi.通用，流行，存在
obvious adj. easily seen, recognized or understood; clear 显然的，明显的
occupy v. live in or have possession of (a house, land, etc) 占，占用，占领；使忙碌，使从事
occur v. come into being as an event or a process; happen 发生，出现，存在(to)被想起(到)
odd adj. strange; unusual; peculiar 奇特的；临时的；奇数的 offset v. ~ sth (by sth/doing sth) compensate for sth; balance sth 补偿，抵消
ongoing adj. continuing to exist or progress 继续的
option n. power or freedom of choosing; choice 选择(权)；可选择的事物(或人)，选课
orient n. the Orient countries of the (Far) East (eg Japan, China) 东方，远东，东半球
outcome n. effect or result (of an event, circumstances, etc) 结果 output n. quantity of goods, etc produced 产量；输出，输出功率 overall adj. including everything; total 全面(部)的
overlap v. partly cover (sth) by extending over its edge .(与…)部分重叠(相同)
overseas adj. across the sea; foreign .(在，向)海(国)外(的)
panel n. separate, usu rectangular, part of the surface of a door, wall, ceiling, etc, usu raisedaboveor sunk below the surrounding area 面，板；专门小组；控制板，仪表盘
paradigm n. set of all the different forms of a word 示例 paragraph n. distinct section of a written or printed text, usu consisting of several sentences dealingwith a single theme and starting on a new line 段落
parallel adj. (of two or more lines) having the same distance between each other at every point 平行的；类似的
parameter n. quantity that does not vary in a particular case but does vary in other cases .[常 pl.]界限，范围；参数
participate v. ~ take part or become involved (in an activity) 参与，参加
partner n. person who takes part in an activity with another or others, esp one of several owners of a business 配偶，搭档；伙伴，合伙人
passive adj. not active; submissive被动的，消极的
perceive v. become aware of (sb/sth); notice; observe 感知，感觉，察觉；意识到，理解
percent n. 百分比, 百分数
period n. length or portion of time (一段)时间，时期；课时；句号 persist v. ~ continue to do sth, esp in an obstinate and determined way and in spite of opposition, argument or failure (in)坚持不懈，执意；持续
perspective n. art of drawing solid objects on a flat surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth and position in relation to each other 视角，观点；远景；透视画法，透视图
phase n. stage in a process of change or development 阶段；方面；相位
phenomenon n. fact or occurrence, esp in nature or society, that can be perceived by the senses 现象，迹象；非凡的人，特殊的事物
philosophy n. search for knowledge and understanding of the nature and meaning of the universe and of human life 哲学；哲理，人生哲学，见解
physical adj. of or concerning material things 身体的；物理(学)的；物质的
plus prep with the addition of 加(上)
policy n. ~ plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed or adopted by a government, politicalparty, business, etc 政策，方针；保险单
portion n. part or share into which sth is divided 一部分，一份 pose v. ~ (for sb) sit or stand in a particular position in order to be painted, drawn or photographed vt.造成；陈述 vi.摆姿势；装腔作势
positive adj. with no possibility of doubt; clear and definite 确实的；积极的，肯定的；正的，阳性的
potential adj. that can or may come into existence; possible 潜在的，可能的
practitioner n. person who practises a skill or an art 开业者(尤指医师、律师等)
precede v. come or go before in time, order, rank, etc 在…之前，先于
precise adj. stated clearly andaccurately 精确的，准确的；严谨的
predict v. say in advance that will happen; forecast 预言，预测，预告
predominant adj. having more power or influence than others 占主导地位的，显著的
preliminary adj. ~ coming before a more important action or event; preparatory 预备的，初步的
presume v. suppose to be true; take (sth) for granted vt.假定；擅(做)；认定 vi.擅自行事
previous adj. coming before in time or order 先，前，以前的；(to)在…之前
primary adj. earliest in time or order of development 首要的，主要的，基本的；最初(级)的
prime adj. most important; chief; fundamental 首要的；最好的 principal adj. first in rank or importance; chief; main 最重要的 principle n. basic general truth that underlies sth 原则，原理，道义；基本信念，信条
prior adj. coming before in time, order or importance 优先的，在前的
priority n. ~ (state of) being more important (in rank) 优先(权)，重点；优先考虑的事
proceed v. ~ (to sth) go to a further or the next stage; go on 进行下去；(沿特定路线，方向)前进
process n. series of actions or operations performed in order to do, make or achieve sth 过程，进程；工序；(法律)程序
professional adj. of or belonging to a profession 职业的，专业的 prohibit v. ~ sth/sb (from doing sth) forbid sth or sb from doing sth esp by laws, rules or regulations 禁止，不准
project n. scheme or undertaking 方案；项目；工程
promote to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHER vt. 促进，增进，发扬；提升；宣传，推销
proportion n. comparative part or share of a whole; fraction 比例；部分，份儿；均衡，相称
prospect n. (dated ) wide view of a landscape, etc 前景；景象；有希望的候选人
protocol n. system of rules governing formal occasions, eg meetings between governments, diplomats, etc; official etiquette 外交礼节，协议
psychology n. science or study of the mind and how it functions 心理学
publication n. action of making a book or periodical, available to the public 出版，发行；出版；公布，发表
publish v. prepare, have printed and distribute to the public (a book, periodical, etc) 出版，刊印；公布，发表
purchase n. (action of) buying sth 购买，购买的物品
pursue v. follow (sb/sth), esp in order to catch or kill; chase , 继续，从事；追赶，追踪；追求
qualitative adj. of or concerned with quality .(性)质的，定性的 quote v. ~ (from sb/sth) repeat in speech or writing (words previously said or written by anotherperson) 引用，援引
radical adj. of or from the root or base; fundamental 根(基)本的；激进(派)的
random adj. done, chosen, etc without method or conscious choice; haphazard 任意的，随机的
range n. connected line or row of mountains, hills, etc 一系列；幅度
ratio n. relation between two amounts determined by the number of times one contains the other 比，比率
rational adj. able to reason 理性的，理智的；合理的
react v. ~ behave differently or change as a result of sth; respond (作出)反应；反对；起化学反应(作用)
recover v. ~ sth find again (sth stolen, lost, etc); regain possession of sth vi.恢复，痊愈 vt.收复；使复原；挽回
refine v. remove impurities from (sth); purify 精炼，精制，提纯；使优美，使完善
regime n. method or system of government 政治制度，政权 region n. part of a surface or bodyor space with or without definite boundaries or characteristicfeatures 地区，地带，区域；范围，幅度
register n. official list or record of names, items, attendances, etc 登记(表)，注册(簿)；表示；挂号
regulate v. control or direct by means of rules and restrictions 管理，控制；调整，调节
reinforce v. make stronger by adding material, etc 增强，加强，增援
reject v. refuse to accept拒绝；退回，摈弃
relax v. (make sth) become less tight, stiff, etc 放松，(使)松弛；放宽，缓和
release v. ~ sb/sth (from sth) allow (a person or an animal) to go; set free or liberate sb/sth ; 释(排)放；解脱；放开；发布(行)
relevant adj. ~ (to sth/sb)connected with what is being discussed, what is happening,what is being done, etc 有关的，切题的
reluctance Unwillingness. 不愿；勉强
rely v. (pt, pp relied) ~ on/upon sb/sth (to do sth) count or depend on sb/sth (on)依靠，依赖；信赖，指望
remove v. ~ sth/sb (from sth) take sth/sb away from one place to another 移开；脱下；去掉；把…免职，开除
require v. depend on (sb/sth) for success, fulfilment, etc; need 需要；要求，规定
research n. ~ (on sb) careful study or investigation, esp in order to discover new facts or information 研究，调查
reside v. ~ (in/at...) have one's home (in a certain place); live 居住，定居；(in)(性质等)存在，在于
resolve v. ~ on/upon/against sth/doing sth decide firmly; determine 解决(答)；决定；分解
resource n. supply of raw materials, etc which bring a country, person, etc wealth [ pl.]资源，财力；应付办法，谋略
respond v. ~ (with sth) give a verbal or written answer 回答，答复；(to)作出反应，响应
restore v. ~ sth (fml ) give back (sth lost, etc) to its owner 恢复，使回复；修复，整修；归还
restrain v. ~ sb/sthhold back sb/sth from movementor action; keep sb/sth under control or in check 阻止，控制；抑制，遏制
restrict v. ~ sb/sth (to sth) put a limit on sb/sth 限制，约束，限定 retain v. keep (sth) in one's possession or use 保留，保持 reveal v. ~ sth make (facts, etc) known 揭露，泄露；展现，显示 revenue n. income, esp the total annual income of the State from taxes, etc (大宗的)收入(益)；税收，岁入
reverse adj. ~ contrary or opposite to what is expected 反向的
revise v. re-examine (sth), esp in order to correct or improve it vt.修订，修改；复习 vi.复习
revolution n. overthrow of a system of government, esp by force 革命，大变革；旋转
rigid adj. stiff; not bending or yielding 严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的
role n. actor's part in a play 作用，职责；角色
route n. way taken or planned to get from one place to another 路线，路程
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