大学英语四级分类模拟题333 (总分100, 做题时间90分钟) Reading Comprehension
Using the Mind to Fight Diseases
A. Psychology has a new application in the field of medicine. Many doctors, together with their patients, are looking for alternative methods of treatment of physical problems. In large hospitals and research centers, modern methods of therapy seem to focus on the physical disease without considering the patients\" mental state. Patients may feel that they are being treated impersonally, like
broken machines. Some doctors have recognized this as a problem. They are now using psychological therapy with patients to use their own minds to fight their diseases. Because the patient is working with the medicine and the doctors against the disease, his or her attitude changes. The patient does not wait for the medicine and treatment to cure him or her, but instead the patient joins in the fight. Mental therapy
B. The doctor knows that a disease affects a patient\"s body
physically. The body of the patient (in this case, a man) changes because of the disease. He is not only physically affected, but as the physician knows, he also has an emotional response to the disease. Because his mind is affected, his attitude and behavior change. The medical treatment might cure the patient\"s physical problems, but the patient\"s mind must fight the emotional ones. C. For example, the studies of one doctor, Carl Simonton, M.D., have shown that a typical cancer patient (in this case, a woman) has predictable attitudes. She typically feels depressed, upset, and angry. Her self-image is poor and she feels self-pity. As a result, her behavior changes. Because of her constant depression, she acts unfriendly toward her family, friends, doctors, and nurses. Such attitudes and behaviors prevent the patient from getting well. Therefore, a doctor\"s treatment must help the patient change her attitudes. Simonton\"s method emphasizes treatment of the whole patient by treating both the body and the mind.
D. The attitude of a cancer patient who is receiving radiation
therapy, an X-ray treatment, can become more positive. The physician who is following Simonton\"s psychological treatment plan suggests that the patient imagine that he or she can see the tumor (肿瘤)in the body. In the mental picture, the patient \"sees\" a powerful beam of radiation like a million bullets of energy. The patient imagines the beam hitting the tumor cells and causing them to shrink. For
another cancer patient, Dr. Simonton might make another suggestion. This patient, with a different kind of cancer, needs to take capsules and pills several times a day. The doctor asks the patient to imagine the medicine going from the stomach into the bloodstream and to the cancer cells. The patient imagines that the medicine is like an army fighting the diseased cells and sees the cancer cells gradually
dying. His or her blood carries away the dead cells. Both the medical therapy and the patient\"s positive attitude fight the disease. E. Doctors are not certain why this mental therapy works. However, this use of psychology does help some patients because their
attitudes about themselves change. They become more confident because they use the power within their own minds to help stop the disease. Suggestion therapy
F. Another application of using the mind to help cure disease is the use of suggestion therapy. Before making the suggestion, the doctor helps the patient to concentrate deeply. The patient (in this case, a man) thinks only about one thing. He becomes so unaware of other things around him that he seems to be asleep. He is said to be in a trance (催眠状态). Then the physician makes \"a suggestion\" to the patient about the medical problem. The patient\"s mind responds to the suggestion even after the patient is no longer in the trance. In this way, the patient uses his mind to help his body respond to treatment. Suggestion therapy helpful for both adults and children
G. Doctors have learned that this use of psychology is helpful for both adults and children. For example, physicians have used
suggestion to help adults deal with the strong pain of some disease. Furthermore, sometimes the adult patient worries (in this case, a woman) about her illness so much that the anxiety keeps her from getting well. The right suggestions may help the patient to stop
being anxious. Such treatment may help the patient with a chronic (慢性的) diseases. Asthma (哮喘) is an example of a chronic disorder. Asthma is a disease that causes the patient to have difficulty in breathing. The patient starts to cough and sometimes has to fight to get the air that he or she needs. Psychology can help relieve the symptoms of this disorder. After suggestion therapy, the asthma patient breathes more easily.
H. Physicians have learned that the psychological method is very useful in treating children. Children respond quickly to the
treatment because they are fascinated by it. For example, Dr. Basil R. Collison has worked with 121 asthmatic children in Sydney, Australia, and had good results. Twenty-five of the children had excellent results. They were able to breathe more easily, and they did not need medication. Another forty-three were also helped. The symptoms of the asthma occurred less frequently, and when they did,
they were not as strong. Most of the children also felt better about themselves. Doctors have also used suggestion to change habits like nail-biting, thumb-sucking, and sleep-related problems. Response from the medical world
I. Many professional medical groups have accepted the medical use of psychology because they recognize its value. Nobody knows how
suggestion works; however, doctors have learned that psychology has important applications in medicine. SSS_FILL1. Suggestion therapy means physician makes \"a suggestion\" to a patient who is in a trance. SSS_FILL 2. Asthma can cause difficulty in breathing, and patient has to cough to get enough air. SSS_FILL 3. Many professional medical groups have recognized the value of use of psychology in medicine. SSS_FILL 4.
Psychological method is very useful in treating children. SSS_FILL 5. Dr. Simonton has helped cancer patients establish positive attitude to fight disease. SSS_FILL 6. The use of mental therapy does help some patient change their attitudes about their diseases. SSS_FILL
7.
Modern methods of therapy always focus on the physical disease and neglect the mental state. SSS_FILL8. Some negative attitudes and behaviors should be avoided with doctor\"s help for the patient getting well. SSS_FILL 9. Adult patients\" worries can sometimes prevent him from getting well. SSS_FILL 10.
If a person is ill, he has both physical and emotional response to the disease. The Purchase of Alaska, a Real Deal
A. Alaska is the largest state of the United States of America by
area; it is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. As of 2007, Alaska remains the least densely populated state, with a population of 683,478.
B. The area that became Alaska was purchased from the Russian Empire after Western Union discontinued construction of its first electric telegraph line which ran from California, up the coast of North
America, across the Bering Strait, continuing to Moscow and into the European telegraph network. Despite $3 million in U.S. investment for the Russian-American telegraph expedition, work ceased upon **pletion of **peting transatlantic telegraph cable. The U.S. realized the potential of continuing the line to Moscow and sent Secretary of State William H. Seward to negotiate with the Russian Ambassador to fund the remaining phases of the telegraph line. Russia did not see the potential in funding, so Alaska was offered in exchange for the value of the Russian-American telegraph. The Russians feared that if they did not sell Russian North America, it would be taken from them by the westward expansion of the United States and Canada. They tried
to play one potential purchaser off against the other to start a bidding war, but this was largely unsuccessful.
C. The U.S. Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million at 2 cents per acre, about 5 cents per hectare. When adjusted for inflation, the total sum paid equates to approximately $111 million in today\"s dollars. The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an
organized territory on May 11, 1912 and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959. The name \"Alaska\" was already introduced in the
Russian colonial time, when it was only used for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning \"the mainland\literally, \"the object towards which the action of the sea is
directed\". It is also known as Alyeska, the \"great land\word derived from the same root.
D. The first European contact with Alaska occurred in the year 1741, when Virus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navy aboard the St. Peter. After his crew returned to Russia bearing the finest fur in the world, small associations of fur traders began to sail from the shores of Siberia towards the Aleutian Islands. The first
permanent European settlement was founded in 1784, and the Russian-American Company carried out an expanded colonization program during the early to mid-1800s. New Archangel on Kodiak Island was Alaska\"s first capital, but for a century under both Russia and the U.S. Sitka was the capital. The Russians never fully colonized Alaska, and the colony was never very profitable. William H. Seward, the U.S.
Secretary of State, negotiated the Alaskan purchase in 1867 for $7.2 million. Alaska was loosely governed by the military for years, and was unofficially a territory of the United States from 1884 on.
E. In the 1890s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was
granted official territorial status in 1912. At this time the capital was moved to Juneau.
F. During World War II, the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on the three outer Aleutian Islands—Attu, Agattu and Kiska—that were
invaded by Japanese troops and occupied between June 1942 and August 1943. Unalaska Harbor became a significant base for the U.S. Army Air Corps and Navy submariners.
G. The U.S. Lend-Lease program involved flying American warplanes through Canada to Fairbanks and thence Nome; Russian pilots took possession of these aircraft, ferrying them to fight the German
invasion of Russia. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities.
H. Statehood was approved in 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959. In 1964, the massive \"Good Friday
Earthquake\" killed 131 people and destroyed several villages, many by the resultant tsunamis. It was the second most powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was 100 times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. Luckily, the center of the earthquake was in an unpopulated area or thousands more would have been killed.
I. The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling over 11 million US gallons of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,600km) of
coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
J. The 2005 gross state product of Alaska was $39.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per-capita GSP for 2006 was $43,748, 7th in the
nation. The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state\"s revenues derived from petroleum
extraction. Alaska\"s main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod and crab. Agriculture represents only a fraction of the Alaskan economy.
K. Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and includes dairy products, vegetables, and livestock. Manufacturing is limited, with most foodstuffs and general goods imported from elsewhere. Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and
transportation. Military bases are a **ponent of the economy in both Fairbanks and Anchorage. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector.
Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging. SSS_FILL 11. When adjusted for inflation, the total price of Alaska paid by the U.S. is about $111 million today. SSS_FILL12. By supporting local lodging, tourists have made a contribution to Alaska\"s economy.
SSS_FILL 13. Oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge has caused a contentious debate between philosophies of development and conservation. SSS_FILL 14. Russia was offered to America for the value of the Russian-American telegraph. SSS_FILL 15. The capital of Alaska was moved to Juneau in 1912. SSS_FILL 16. Alaska has the smallest population of 683,478 in U.S.. SSS_FILL 17.
During June 1942 and August 1943, Attu, Agattu and Kiska were occupied by Japanese. SSS_FILL18. The Russians tried to play as a purchaser to get a higher price, but in vain. SSS_FILL 19. Petroleum extraction has played the main role in the Alaskan economy. SSS_FILL 20. Because of construction of military bases, population of some Alaskan cities grows larger.
Promote Learning Skills for Young People and Adults
A. This goal places the emphasis on the learning needs of young people and adults in the context of lifelong learning. It calls for fair access to learning programs that are appropriate, and mentions life skills particularly.
B. Education is about giving people the opportunity to develop their potential, their personality and their strengths. This does not
merely mean acquiring new knowledge, but also developing abilities to make the most of life. These are called life skills—including the inner capacities and the practical skills we need.
C. Many of the inner capacities—often known as psycho-social skills—cannot be taught as subjects. They are not the same as academic or technical learning. They must rather be modeled and promoted as part of learning, and in particular by teachers. These skills have to do with the way we behave—towards other people,
towards ourselves, towards the challenges and problems of life. They include skills in communicating, in making decisions and solving problems, in negotiating and expressing ourselves, in thinking critically and understanding our feelings.
D. More practical life skills are the kinds of manual skills we need for the physical tasks we face. Some would include vocational skills under the heading of life skills—the ability to lay bricks, sew clothes, catch fish or repair a motorbike. These are skills by which people may earn their livelihood and which are often available to young people leaving school. In fact, very often young people learn psycho-social skills as they learn more practical skills. Learning vocational skills can be a strategy for acquiring both practical and psycho-social skills.
E. We need to increase our life skills at every stage of life, so learning them may be part of early childhood education, of primary and secondary education and of adult learning groups. Life skills can be put into the categories that the Jacques Delors report suggested; it spoke of four pillars of education, which correspond to certain kinds of life skills—Learning to know: thinking abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, decision making, understanding consequences. Learning to be: personal abilities such as managing stress and feelings, self awareness, self-confidence. Learning to live together: social abilities such as communication, negotiation, teamwork. Learning to do: manual skills: practicing know-how required for work and tasks.
F. In today\"s world all these skills are necessary in order to face
rapid change in society. This means that it is important to know how to go on learning as we require new skills for life and work. In addition, we need to know how to cope with the flood of information and turn it in to useful knowledge. We also need to learn how to handle change in society and in our own lives.
G. Life skills are both concrete and abstract—practical skills can be learned directly as a subject. For example, a learner can take a course in laying bricks and learn that skill. Other life skills, such as self-confidence, self-esteem, and skills for relating to others or thinking critically cannot be taught in such direct ways. They should be part of any learning process, where teachers or instructors are concerned that learners should not just learn about subjects, but learn how to cope with life and make the most of their potential. H. So these life skills may be learnt when pepple are learning other things. For example, Learning literacy may have a big impact on self-esteem, on critical thinking or on communication skills ;learning practical skills such as driving, healthcare or tailoring may
increase self-confidence, teach problem-solving processes or help in understanding consequences.
I. Whether this is true depends on the way of teaching—what kinds of thinking, relationship building **munication the teacher or
facilitator models themselves and promotes among the learners. It would require to measure the individual and collective progress in making the most of learning and of life, or assessing how far human potential is being realized, or estimating how well people cope with change. It is easier to measure the development of practical skills, for instance by counting the number of students who register for vocational skills courses. However, this still may not tell us how effectively these skills are being used.
J. The psycho-social skills cannot easily be measured by tests and scores, but become visible in changed behavior. Progress in this area has often been noted by teachers on reports which they make to the parents of their pupils. The teacher\"s experience of life, of
teaching and of what can be expected from education in the broadest sense serve as a standard by which the growth and development of individuals can be assessed to some extent. This kind of assessment is individual and may never appear in international tables and charts.
K. The current challenges relate to these difficulties: We need to recognize the importance of life skills—both practical and psycho-social—as part of education which leads to the full development of human potential and to the development of society. The links between psycho—social skills and practical skills must be more clearly spelled out, so that educators can promote both together and find
effective ways to do this. Since life skills are taught as part of a wide range of subjects, teachers need to have training in how to put them across and how to monitor learners\" growth in these areas. In designing curricula and syllabuses for academic subjects, there must be a balance between content teaching and attention to the
accompanying life skills. A more conscious and deliberate effort to promote life skills will enable learners to become more active citizens in the life of society.
L. Governments should recognize and actively advocate for the
transformational role of education in realizing human potential and in socio-economic development. Ensure that curricula and syllabuses address life skills and give learners the opportunity to make real-life applications of knowledge, skills and attitudes. Show how life skills of all kinds apply in the world of work, for example,
negotiating **munication skills, as well practical skills. Through initial and in-service teacher training, increase the use of active and participatory learning/teaching approaches. Examine and adapt the processes and content of education so that there is a balance between academic input and life skills development. Make sure that education inspectors look not only for academic progress through teaching and learning, but also progress in **munication, modeling and application of life skills. Advocate for the links between primary and (early) secondary education because learning life skills needs eight or nine years and recognize that the prospect of effective secondary
education is an incentive to children, and their parents, to complete primary education successfully.
M. Funding agencies should support research, exchange and debate nationally and regionally on ways of strengthening life skills
education. Support innovative teacher training in order to combine life skills promotion into subjects across the curriculum and as a fundamental part of what school and education are about. Recognize the links between primary and secondary education in ensuring that children develop strong life skills. Support, therefore, the early years of secondary education as part basic education. N. As support to governments and in cooperation with other
international agencies, UNESCO works to define life skills better and clarify what it means to teach and learn them. Assists education policy makers and teachers to develop and use a life skills approach to education. Advocates for the links between a life skills approach to education and broader society and human development. SSS_FILL21. The recognition of importance of life skills as part of education will promote the development of human potential and society.
SSS_FILL22. Education does not merely mean to aquire new knowledge, but also to develop abilities including the inner capacities and the practical skills. SSS_FILL 23. The funding agencies should link primary education and secondary education to make sure that children develop strong life skills. SSS_FILL 24. Governments should examine and adapt the processes and content of education so as to balance the academic input and life skills development. SSS_FILL 25. The progress in psycho-social skills can be measured by changed behavior. SSS_FILL26. The abilities to practice know-how required for work and tasks are manual skills. SSS_FILL 27. One function of UNESCO is to help educational policy makers and teachers to develop and use a life skills approach to education. SSS_FILL 28.
According to Jacques Delors, four pillars of education include learning to know, learning to be, learning to live together and learning to do. SSS_FILL29. Learning literacy may exert an influence on self-esteem, critical thinking **munication skills. SSS_FILL 30. Manual skills by which young people leaving school may earn their livelihood. It Isn\"t Easy Being Green
Green stories of hotels
A. Over the summer, I stayed at four hotels in the United States. They were all owned by **panies, but they had one thing in common: A little card on the bathroom counter telling me that the establishment was very concerned about the environment, and appealing to me to do my part to help them save the earth by hanging up my wet towels and using them again the next day. Two of the hotels also placed a card next to the bed informing me that housekeeping would not change the sheets unless I left the card on the pillow.
B. It is true that keeping all those towels clean requires an
enormous amount of electricity and water and soap, and that cutting down on the number of loads of laundry would be more eco-friendly than my insisting on a new towel each day. But am I a heartless cynic for doubting that a collective environmental anxiety has seized the hotel industry?
C. Here is an alternative explanation: All that water, soap, and
electricity costs a lot of money and eats into the hotel\"s profits. A little card on the counter telling customers that they won\"t get new towels because the hotel doesn\"t want to pay for laundry wouldn\"t go over very well. But by couching it as a green campaign, the hotels actually get credit for providing less service to their customers, while pocketing the difference.
D. Industry groups that advise hotels on becoming more
environmentally friendly tend to stress the money they\"ll save just as much as the benefits to the planet. \"Why should hotels be green?\"
asks the Green Hotels Association\"s Web site. \"Haven\"t you heard? Being green goes directly to your bottom line.\" The site explains that by getting guests to recycle towels and sheets, hotels can save 5 percent on utility bills. \"Some days, housekeeping workers, who usually clean 15 rooms a day, don\"t change a single bed,\" said one satisfied hotel owner, who estimates that \"70 percent of people staying more than one night participate in the program.\" Another member reports that far fewer guests ask for new towels.
E. So let\"s review: We give up a nice luxury to save the hotel money; the hotel congratulates itself on being green for peer pressuring us into giving up the luxury under the excuse of environmental
consciousness; the hotel keeps the money. Nice work. After all, even if profit is the motive, the net result is a reduction in the hotel\"s \"carbon footprint\". But here\"s what gets me: the hotels I stayed in this summer didn\"t seem all that interested in being green when it came to other things. The lobby of the big resort was air conditioned to meet locker temperatures. All day long, that frosty air rushed out the vast double doors, which were left open in the July heat. The resort also had a fleet of big, gas guzzling (耗油) vans idling at the curb to transport guests around the grounds. Green stories of companies
F. Hotels are not the only offenders in this kind of green fakery. **panies have embraced conservation for real. They build headquarters with solar panels and rainwater collection systems; they think of the environmental impact of every aspect of their businesses and actually change the way they do things to reduce waste. But this is labor intensive, often expensive, and **mitment. Faced with that, many corporations take a different approach: They don\"t do much of
anything to change the way they do business, but make a big show of their contribution to Mother Earth.
G. It\"s usually easy to spot **panies: They make their customers do the work, and then take the credit, in the name of saving the planet, my cable TV operator keeps asking for permission to stop sending paper statements in the mail each month. Instead, FM staff supposed to check my statement online. The real reason, of course, is that doing so would save them paper, printing and postage. This is a perfectly reasonable reason for them to want me to switch. But when they pretend that it\"s all about the environment, it just makes me hate my **pany even more than I already do. Green stories of ad campaigns
H. Sometimes a good ad campaign does a better job of enhancing a company\"s green reputation than going through the expense and difficulty of adopting actual environmentally sound practices. Billboards in Washington appeal to me to join the cause. \"I will
unplug stuff more,\" reads one. Another says, \"I will at least consider buying a hybrid (合成物).\" These ads are the work of Chevron, the giant **pany, whose \"Will You Join Us?\" ads try to convince people that saving the planet is at the top of their fist. You might think that if Chevron was really worried about problems like global warming, they would spend some of those dollars lobbying Congress to adopt stricter gas mileage (英里数) requirements for automobiles. They do not do this. Instead, firms apparently supposed to praise them as environmental heroes because they tell me to unplug my toaster and think about getting a Toyota Prius.
I. Yet, ad campaigns like these work. Chevron lands at No. 371 out of 500 companies on Newsweek\"s green ranks. But it claims the No. 62 spot when it comes to green reputation thanks in part to those
pretty, polished ads. Green marketing has also helped Wal-Mart appear kinder and gentler in recent years. To be fair, the retailing giant has done more than redesign its logo. **pany, which ranks 59th on Newsweek\"s list, has embraced a series of in-house green initiatives and is demanding its suppliers do the same. The result: Wal-Mart scores first place in our reputation survey.
J. Given the power of positive marketing, it\"s easy to see why those little towel cards are so popular-enough so that there are now a lot of companies that market them to hotels, along with all manner of products intended to make customers feel good about themselves while helping the hotels feel good about their bank balances. I suppose it is time that I step up and do my part. On behalf of the planet I will dutifully sleep on day-old sheets. But please, for the love of all that is good and right, keep the **ing. SSS_FILL31. **panies actually change the way they do things to reduce waste, while others are just green fakeries. SSS_FILL 32. Cutting down the number of loads of laundry can save a large amount of electricity for the hotels. SSS_FILL 33. Industry groups tend to emphasize the money hotels can save along with the benefits to the environment.
SSS_FILL34. Some green **panies make its customers do the work, and takes benefit themselves. SSS_FILL 35. Ad campaigns **panies raise their ranks of green reputation. SSS_FILL 36.
In America, it is common for hotels to appeal to customers to recycle towels. SSS_FILL 37. It is estimated that 70% of the hotel guests are willing to participate in the green program and ask for fewer SSS_FILL38. It does better to set up an ad campaign with eco-friendly slogans to enhance a company\"s green reputation than do some actual practices. SSS_FILL 39. While name the activities as a green campaign, the hotels save money for providing less service to their customers. SSS_FILL 40. All day long, frosty air rushed out the vast double doors of the lobby in the July heat
1
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容