literature review

Globalization has brought many challenges and opportunities for business activity. Having a comprehensive view of different contextual influences of cultural factors on global leadership, management, justice and international obligations will help a lot for corporations in wining globe business games. Global Justice and International Business written by Arnold explored the relationship between international business and global justice, showing the power of global legitimacy on international business. Management Articles of the Year published in June 2012 gives an analysis of the five articles in the aspect of command and control management to against economic tyranny. Hofstede focused on the management skills from the global perspective in his work Cultural Constraints in Management Theories.Also, In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from Project GLOBE written by Mansour, Peter, Mary and Roberti involved the cross cultural case study of different countries from the view of global leadership capabilities. These four articles extend their researches on the basis of case study, which shows the importance of the leadership, management,justice and international obligations for the survival and strength of business cooperation. The four articles lay some degree of basis for the further study and analysis of business activity both theoretically and practically. Paper 1:

Global Justice and International Business

This article focus on the influences of global justice and business ethics on international business activities. The arguments includes four parts. It firstly calmed that corporations can serve as agents of justice. The second argument differentiated two domains of normative legitimacy in the field of international business. The third argument pointed out the mistakes of proponent of a Rawlsian on global justice and corporate social responsibility(CSR) may not prove to be persuasive in theoretical obligations of corporations. The last argument defended the alternative ethical views on CSR in using cosmopolitanism for human rights. It is seeking for the suitable theoretical frame work of obligations for transnational companies and business organizations in maintaining global institutional justice and order.

The key notions reflected in this article include BoP strategies, poverty, cosmopolitanism, Rawls, political CSR, ethical CSR and business ethics. It begins with the base of global economic pyramid(BoP) strategies, which do efforts to allivate poverty and make profits. Despite the fact that economic globalization has helped many people escape from poverty, the global poverty increases rapidly and is still one of the serious problems attracting global attention. The economy of the world has been interdependent and an view of cosmopolitanism is important in business games. Political CSR can be explained as the governmental model of business corporations in the aspect of offering public goods and regulating global justice, while ethical CSR distinguishes itself from political CSR and instrumental CSR, providing a comprehensive manner. Rawlsian perspective worth attention for the reason of cooperate obligations concerning global justice and is important for people holding the view that political CSR is useful and viable. Important obligations and duty of the business cooperation to BoP populations have been discussed in the article, which shows the functions of international ethics, political CSR, ethical CSR and business ethics in the development global economy and harmonious society.

Both strength and weakness have been showed in this article. It proposes many new and logical assumptions from previous study. It elaborate on finding out theoretical solutions from different

perspectives. From the analysis of political CSR, ethical CSR and business ethics and also the Rawlsian perspective on global justice, more duties and obligations will appeal to be fulfilled by business corporations. However, most of explanations have discussed in theoretical level and it is lacking enough evidence and practical data that serve as basis for business study.

The premise is seeking out theoretical basis that obligations corporations and business enterprises can be applied for people living at the base of global economic pyramid. Discussions of business ethics, global justice, legitimacy, Rawls, Cosmopolitanism are all reflected and linked to this premise, which makes the demonstrations develop in logical ways. Part 2:

Management Articles of the Year

Collections of the five articles are presented in the Management Articles of the Year. It is well known that leadership, change and communication are interrelated together in management literature and Alimo-Metcalfe’s article argues that an approach of leadership is successful by helping people do more with less without morale and well-being damage, which will create a culture for positive change. The second article written by Hesketh discussed the leadership styles during change and crisis and also options that managers should choose. Butler, Crundwell and Sweeney as the author of Rethinking change argues the importance of downsizing and site closures management. In the fourth article, Smith and Juwah values the innovative approach from the importance of story-telling for small business and enterprises. The fifth article provides a treatise by criticizing user of PowerPoint and right presentation of the lectures.

Key notions in this collection of articles include engagement, changing notions of leadership, transformational, transactional leadership, process management model and PowerPoint debate. Engagement can be defined as a positive attitude that employees employ to organization and values. It relates closely to active efforts of the employees. The notions of leadership change itself from heroic models to post-heroic models, which views leadership as a process of social interaction. Culture and leadership can interact with each other. Transformational leadership should consider idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual into consideration, while transactional leadership values the two elements of constructive contingent reward and corrective factors. The process management model includes the importance of brand name, communications, closure, emotions and continuity of operations in the development of the business process. PowerPoint is useful in education, but sometimes it in-enviably brings some disadvantages. It may produce a lot of benefits at the beginning of appearance, but it may lead to tighter knowledge management. We should treat it in right and beneficial way in business management.

Good aspects reflected in this collection may lie in the detail elaborations of the five articles. Besides, each article shows its findings in a brief way after detail analysis on the basis of case study or chart and picture descriptions, which makes the research and explanation clear and logical. There still exists some shortcomings in this collection for lack of persuasive evidence to support author’s idea.

The premise of this collection is management research conducted to improve the leadership of managers and performance of the employees. In my opinion, the previous four articles can be said to link closely to this premise, while the fifth part to some degree deflected the main premise because it focus more attention on education fields. Part 3:

Cultural Constraints in Management Theories

Geert Hofsted has grasped the various contextual factors in management. He explores different management models from different national cultures. Based on the experience of management theorist and the observation of the author, this article shows the central argument that management theories also travels from one country to another and theoretical and practical interaction with countries all over the world will enrich management diversity by foreign influences.

Management, Management transfer, theory of culture in management, five dimensions of culture, and idiosyncrasies of American management theories are the key notions in this article. Management which can be originated from Latin manus, in American sense refers to both the process and the managers as a certain class of people who do not own a business but represent the owners and do not produce goods personally but are related to others motivation in production. Management is transferring itself to poor countries as four-fifths of the world population live in poor countries. Western-style management,advocating free market capitalism seems to be effective to countries like Russia. Five dimensions including power distance,Indivadualisma and collectivism, masculinity and femininity, uncertainty avoidance have played an important role in cross cultural communication as well as management. Besides, Idiosyncrasies of American Management theories are reflected only in American culture consists of three aspects: laying more stress on market process, paying much attention to individual and focusing on managers rather than workers.

Good points in this article can be seen in several aspects. It introduced the basic definition of management from historical view, which kept the readers’ interests and led the direction of topic develop from simple and superficial to difficult and deep discussions. Besides, the research is based on the real experience of the management theorist and the observation of the author, which makes the review and analysis of the study incredible. Moreover, the author in this article combined theoretical analysis with real experience. Shortcomings may reflect the limitation of the investigation. Because the samples the author used were only taken from several countries, and these samples were not enough to offer a general application throughout the world.

Different cultural factors will exert various influences on management theory is the basic premise of this article. In a textual perspective, the discussion of Management, Management transfer, theory of culture in management, five dimensions of culture, and idiosyncrasies of American management are all closely related to this premise and these correlated introductions have made great contributions to scientific and correct business research. Part 4:

In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from Project GLOBE,

This article shows the differences of worldwide leadership by producing findings from both importance of global leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness(GLOBE) research program. This research is based on a hypothetical case of an American executive who conducts teams from different countries to explore the implications dominating the actions and behaviors of the American executive. In the end, the article discussed the challenge that global executives are facing and leadership capability that executives should to improves in the fierce competitions. The key notions emphasized in this article can be reflected as follows: Globalization, common cultural dimensions, CLT leadership profiles, attributes of global leaders. Globalization has exert great influence on international business, and global managers are incredibly required to cross cultural trade and communications. Common cultural dimensions are important for the cultivation

and development of a global leader. Nine cultural attributes make up these common cultural dimensions including per-formative orientation, assertiveness, future orientation, human orientation, institutional collectivism, In-Group collectivism, gender egalitarianism,power distance,uncertainty avoidance. CLT leadership profiles (Culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory) developed for unique cultural clusters. It includes six dimensions: Charismatic, Team-Oriented, Human-Oriented, Autonomous, Self-Protective. These dimensions will influence the characteristics and behaviors of executive implicitly. And the last is the attributes of global leaders. which dimensions dominating the attributes of global leaders is decided by various cultural factors, which will influence the management activity of executives to a large degree. Some good aspects should be emphases in this article. It develop its research on the basis of Global Leadership and Organization worldwide Effectivess(GLOBE) research program, thus leading the research in scientific perspective. Besides, the article is seeking out the general and common ground of theories in applying to general countries rather than specific filed. Also, at the end of the paper, it put forward some challenges and ways for global leaders to improve their capabilities, and this connect the academic study with real life, thus making the research profound and meaningful. Shortcomings may be reflected in the absence of the accurate data and detail and comprehensive analysis of the influence of various cultural factors in global leadership.

The premise of this article is that different cultural factors will influence the form of global leadership in various degree. The research is developed from this premise, and the author is devoting himself to find out general cultural factors in helping global leaders improve their management ability. From this perspective, these research and arguments are related and reflect this basic premise.

Analysis of the four readings

The research and analysis of the four readings are laying to some degree a foundation to a scientific and correct study of business management and cross cultural communications. The Global Justice and International Business gives a overall direction of duties and obligations for business corporations and transnational companies, and the maintenance of the good business ethics will contributes a lot to global justice and the stability of the society, which will help those people living at the base of global economic pyramid(BoP) get rid of poverty as soon as possible. Collections in the Management Articles of the Year reveals necessity of the wise management strategy in global business challenges, and discussion in the notions of transformational, transactional leadership, process management model reflect the changed process and current wise strategy requirements of leadership in modern times, which serves some clues of management strategy for managers and employees. Cultural Constraints in Management Theories is doing great efforts to find out the theoretical cultural constrains in the process of business management. Based on the history of management and five dimensions of culture, it conducts its research from American business management strategy, which makes the spread and apply of scientific strategy develop toward more wide and reasonable ways. In the article of In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from Project GLOBE, cross cultural view and management strategy are reflected in the experience of American executives. From the project of GLOBE, it can be seen that contextual factors are exerting great influences on the management and leadership strategies in different countries possessing different cultural backgrounds. This research will promote a further cross-dailiness study between business and cross cultural communications research.

However, some disadvantages and shortcomings still exists in the process of the research, analysis

of the results and evaluation of the standard. More adequate evidence and practical data are required in the first article in supporting the business research. The second article needs more persuasive evidence and concrete samples in making the results of the research more scientific and accurate. Samples that conducted in the third article are not sufficient enough in supporting a general results of the research and it need wide and concrete samples to make the research more persuasive. The absence of the accurate data and detail and comprehensive analysis of the influence of various cultural factors in global leadership are reflected in the forth article.

In general, the four readings can serve as the basis for a scientific study of the management and leadership strategy regardless of its limitations and shortcomings. The results fond in the research and analysis of the findings will help the business and cultural research develop toward more persuasive and scientific ways.