2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案

第1题 完形填空 （每题0.5分，共20题，共10分） 下列每小题的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。1、根据以下材料，回答{TSE}题Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability tothink quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It 1 in young adulthood, levelsout for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age.But 3 aging isinevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with adecline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type ofdecline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligenceover a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 .It is hoped that future studies could 14 thesedifferences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you agein order to protect both your physical and mental 18 .The two highly recommended lifestyleapproaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.{TS}第1题答案是______.A 、 pausesB 、 returnsC 、 peaksD 、 fades2、第2题答案是____.A 、 alternativelyB 、 formallyC 、 accidentallyD 、 generally3、第3题答案是______.A 、 while B 、 since C 、 once D 、 until4、第4题答案是______.A 、 detectionB 、 accumulation1/21

C 、 consumptionD 、 separation5、第5题答案是_____.A 、 possibilityB 、 decisionC 、 goal D 、 requirement6、第6题答案是______.A 、 delay B 、 ensureC 、 seek D 、 utilize7、第7题答案是______.A 、 modifiedB 、 supportedC 、 includedD 、 predicted8、第8题答案是_____.A 、 devotedB 、 comparedC 、 convertedD 、 applied9、第9题答案是_____.A 、 with B 、 aboveC 、 by D 、 against10、第10题答案是_____.A 、 lived B 、 managedC 、 scoredD 、 played11、第11题答案是______.A 、 ran outB 、 set offC 、 drew inD 、 went by12、第12题答案是_____.A 、 superiorB 、 attributableC 、 parallel2/21

D 、 resistant13、第13题答案是_____.A 、 restoredB 、 isolatedC 、 involvedD 、 controlled14、第14题答案是____.A 、 alter B 、 spreadC 、 removeD 、 explain15、第15题答案是_____.A 、 compensationsB 、 symptomsC 、 demandsD 、 treatments16、第16题答案是_____.A 、 LikewiseB 、 MeanwhileC 、 ThereforeD 、 Instead17、第17题答案是____.A 、 changeB 、 watchC 、 countD 、 take18、第18题答案是______.A 、 well-beingB 、 processC 、 formationD 、 coordination19、第19题答案是_____.A 、 level B 、 love C 、 knowledgeD 、 space20、第20题答案是____.A 、 designB 、 routineC 、 diet D 、 prescription3/21

第2题 阅读理解PartA （每题2分，共20题，共40分） 下列每小题的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。21、根据以下材料，回答{TSE}题How can British train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It hasbecome a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing asignificant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work orotherwise.This year's rise, an average of 2.7 percent,may be a fraction lower than last year's, but it isstill well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in andrunning the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why, theargument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commuteof a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will faceamong the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure therelatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst railstrikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to thenetwork, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums theyare now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receivecompensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package ofmeasures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways.Yes, more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenanceis managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it willreturn with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.{TS}The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger fares_____.A 、 will ease train operators' burden.B 、 has kept pace with inflation.C 、 is a big surprise to commuters.D 、 remains an unreasonable measure.22、The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for______.A 、 card rivers.B 、 rail travelers.C 、 local investors.D 、 ordinary taxpayers.23、It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators_____.A 、 are offering compensation to commuters.B 、 are trying to repair relations with the unions.C 、 have failed to provide an adequate service.D 、 have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.24、If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face_______.4/21

A 、 the loss of investment.B 、 the collapse of operations.C 、 a reduction of revenue.D 、 a change of ownership.25、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A 、 Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B 、 Constant Complaining Doesn't WorkC 、 Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?D 、 Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable26、根据以下材料，回答{TSE}题Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia's bleak rate of deforestation has slowed inpace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certainconditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Calledconditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequalityand break the cycle of poverty.They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia, theprogram has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problemsamong children.But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment.In fact, poverty alleviation andenvironmental protection are oiten viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist atJohns Hopkins University.That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protectingthe environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However, those correlations don't provecause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that hadinstituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money, some of them mayhave more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see ifIndonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largestarea of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012————includingduring Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program———in 7,468 forested villages across 15provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss. Withthat,\"We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,\" Ferraro says.That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies againstinclement weather, Ferraro says.Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant morerice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplementtheir harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess.Ferraro suggests the results may transferto other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and marketaccess.And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be goodfor the environment.\"Even if this program didn't reduce poverty\avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.\"{TS}According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to_____.A 、 facilitate healthcare reform.B 、 help poor families get better off.C 、 improve local education systems.5/21

D 、 lower deforestation rates.27、The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that______.A 、 cattle raising has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.B 、 CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.C 、 antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.D 、 economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28、In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out_____.A 、 its acceptance level of CCTs.B 、 its annual rate of poverty alleviation.C 、 the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.D 、 the role of its forests in climate change.29、According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that____.A 、 it will benefit other Asian countries.B 、 it will reduce regional inequality.C 、 it can protect the environment.D 、 it can benefit grain production.30、What is the text centered on?A 、 The effects of a program.B 、 The debates over a program.C 、 The process of a study.D 、 The transferability of a study.31、根据以下材料，回答{TSE}题As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I'vebecome preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (whatbetter way to shatter the image of 19th-centuty prudery?).I've found quite a few, and—since I startedposting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to seeevidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenlyseem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through ourcommon experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ' Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentageof the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority ofwhich show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently intothe middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could takeseveral minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted theirlimbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much tocontemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie andother portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards,the exposure was almostinstantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 10s, so we must lookelsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. \"Nature gave us lips toconceal our teeth,\" ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper6/21

dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular 'pearly whites' was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class:drunks, tramps, andmusic hall performers might gum and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposingCheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain, a man whoenjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be \"nothing moredamning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever\".{TS}According to Paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter_____.A 、 changed people's impression of the Victorians.B 、 highlighted social media's role in Victorian studies.C 、 re-evaluated the Victorian's notion of public image.D 、 illustrated the development of Victorian photography.32、What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A 、 They are in popular use among historians.B 、 They are rare among photographs of that age.C 、 They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D 、 They show effects of different exposure times.33、What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 10s?A 、 Their inherent social sensitiveness.B 、 Their tension before the camera.C 、 Their distrust of new inventions.D 、 Their unhealthy dental condition.34、Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was______.A 、 a deep-root belief.B 、 a misguided attitude.C 、 a controversial view.D 、 a thought-provoking idea.35、Which of the following questions does the text answer?A 、 Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B 、 When did the Victorians start to view photographs differently?C 、 What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?D 、 How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?36、根据以下材料，回答{TSE}题From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried thatthe cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favoraffiliated websites over their rivals'.That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules thatwould prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedomand innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadbandproviders, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighed in againTuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue beforethe U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the FederalCommunications Commission(FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The7/21

Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted whenit had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadbandproviders to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn'tregulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as abroadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at theexpense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providersthat imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers,citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move.But Judge PatriciaMillett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that \"the result is unhinged from the realities of modembroadband service,\" and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to \"avoid trappingInternet regulation in technological anachronism.\"In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, whilepreserving the commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order.Thatmeans more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, whichenacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give thecommission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the trafficon their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.{TS}There has long been concern that broadband providers would_____.A 、 bring web-based firms under control.B 、 slow down the traffic on their network.C 、 show partiality in treating clients.D 、 intensify competition with their rivals.37、Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC_____.A 、 sticks to an out-of-date order.B 、 takes an anti-regulatory stance.C 、 has issued a special resolution.D 、 has allowed the states to intervene.38、What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?A 、 It protects against unfair competition.B 、 It engages in anti-competitive practices.C 、 It is under the FCC's investigation.D 、 It is in pursuit of quality service.39、Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision_____.A 、 focuses on trivialities.B 、 conveys an ambiguous message.C 、 is at odds with its earlier rulings.D 、 is out of touch with reality.40、What does the author argue in the last paragraph?A 、 Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.B 、 The FCC should be put under strict supervision.C 、 Rules need to be set to diversify online services.D 、 Broadband providers' rights should be protected.8/21

第3题 阅读理解Part B （每题2分，共5题，共10分） 下列每小题的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。41、根据以下材料，回答{TSE}题In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister thatwill upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation toautomation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the largereconomy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found thatcompanies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating humanactivities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which ,rather thaneliminating IT jobs, actually make those personnel more valuable to employers, because they helpfirms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiringdecisions.\"There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much morebiased than what AI does,\" says Pedro Domingos , author of The Master Algorithm : How the Questfor the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at theUniversity of Washington.In addition, (41)__________One company that's doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to helpidentify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.Onecompany in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when itcomes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42)__________These are \"toolsthat help people use data, not a replacement for people,\" says Patrick H.Winston, a professor ofartificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money whilehelping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the costof electricity.Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that moreaccurately access risk. Domingos says,\"(43)__________\"Improved accuracy\"Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics which makes data more valuable,\"says Winston.It \"helps people make smarter decisions.\" (44)__________Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technologyto inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.\"If they fail first andthen you fix them, it's very expensive,\" says Domingos.\"(45)__________\"A．AI replaces the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and lookfor relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.B．One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.Thisprocess, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.C．There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiplechannels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about whereadvertising funds will yield best results.D．You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employees9/21

to go to.E．Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or theywould charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.F．We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplishsomething beyond human scale.G．AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the morepromising candidates.{TS}第41题答案是_____.A 、 AI replaces the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and lookfor relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time forB 、 One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.Thisprocess, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.C 、 There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiplechannels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about whereadvertising funds will yield best results.D 、 You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employeesto go to.E 、 Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or theywould charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.F 、 We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplishsomething beyond human scale.G 、 AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the morepromising candidates.42、第42题答案是______.A 、 AI replaces the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and lookfor relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.B 、 One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.Thisprocess, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.C 、 There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiplechannels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about whereadvertising funds will yield best results.D 、 You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employeesto go to.E 、 Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or theywould charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.F 、 We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplishsomething beyond human scale.G 、 AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the morepromising candidates.43、第43题答案是______.A 、 AI replaces the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and lookfor relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.B 、 One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.Thisprocess, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.C 、 There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiplechannels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where10/21

advertising funds will yield best results.D 、 You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employeesto go to.E 、 Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or theywould charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.F 、 We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplishsomething beyond human scale.G 、 AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the morepromising candidates.44、第44题答案是______.A 、 AIre places the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and lookfor relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.B 、 One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.Thisprocess, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.C 、 There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiplechannels like Ad words, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about whereadvertising funds will yield best results.D 、 You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employeesto go to.E 、 Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or theywould charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.F 、 We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplishsomething beyond human scale.G 、 AI looks at rOsum 6s in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the morepromising candidates.45、第45题答案是_____.A 、 AI replaces the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and lookfor relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.B 、 One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.Thisprocess, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.C 、 There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiplechannels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about whereadvertising funds will yield best results.D 、 You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employeesto go to.E 、 Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or theywould charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.F 、 We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplishsomething beyond human scale.G 、 AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the morepromising candidates.第4题 翻译题 （每题2分，共5题，共10分） 根据题干要求，将材料翻译成中文。46、请将材料中划线的句子翻译成{TSE}中文：World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modem Westem societies.(46)Thosesocieties came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the11/21

relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascismcreated a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduateswith more than a secondary school education.(47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entryto higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a universitybefore the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turnhave given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countriesof Westem Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periodsduring the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions ofhigher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example, ahigh growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration, andabove all of socialization.When a faculty or department grows from, say, 5 to 20 members within threeor four years, (49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh frompostgraduate study,they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.And if the postgraduatestudent population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship betweenfaculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for newpostgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—thiswas seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan.(50) High growth ratesincreased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by whichteachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slowgrowth.In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governancearrangements, with empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.第（46）题{TS}答案______.47、第（47）题答案______.48、第（48）题答案______.49、第（49）题答案______.50、第（50）题答案______.第5题 写作Part A （每题10分，共1题，共10分） 根据材料要求写一篇作文。51、Directions:A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Writehim/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end.Use \"Li Ming\" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)12/21

第6题 写作Part B （每题20分，共1题，共20分） 根据材料要求写一篇作文。52、Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture.In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)答案解析1答案：C解析：考查动词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。文章的首段首句为主题句，谈到了流体智力(fluid intelligence)是一种智力类型，它与短期记忆和快速、逻辑和抽象地思考以解决新问题的能力有关。它在年轻时_______，在一段时间内趋于平稳，然后随着年龄的增长开始缓慢下降。pauses意为“暂停”；returns意为“恢复，返回”；peaks意为“达到顶峰”；fades意为“逐渐消退”。综合分析各选项，只有peaks符合题意，故选C。2答案：D解析：考查副词辨析+上下文语境。根据上一道题目的分析，不难得出空格处应该是对这种普遍现象的修饰。alternatively意为“要不然，或者(二者择其一)”；formally意为“正式地．正规地”：accidentally意为“偶然地”；9enerally意为“普遍地”。综合分析各选项，只有generally符合句意，故选D。3答案：A解析：考查句内逻辑关系。空格处所在句子是以转折词But开头，句意：但是_____，衰老是不可避免的，但科学家们发现，大脑功能的某些变化可能并非如此。while意为“虽然”；since意为“因为；当……时”；0nce意为“一旦”；until意为“直到”。衰13/21

老和科学家的发现是对立的观点，所以while符合句意，故选A。4答案：B解析：考查名词辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词and将空格处与前文muscle loss并列，形成前后近义词的关系，那么空格处要选择一个与肌肉消失表达意思相近的词。detection意为“侦查，勘察”；accumulation意为“积累，积攒，增加”；consumption意为“消耗”；separation意为“分开，分离”。综合分析各选项，只有accumulation符合句意，故选B。5答案：A解析：考查名词辨析。句意：这表明生活方式因素________有助于防止或延缓这种衰退。that引导的同位语从句中句子的谓语动词前还有情态动词may表推测，这都是在说明一种不太确定的可能性，所以possibility表示“可能性”符合句意。而其他选项：decision意为“决定”；goal意为“目标”；requirement意为“要求”，均不符合要求。6答案：A解析：考查动词辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词or将空格处和前文prevent构成近义词的关系，delay意为“延缓”，和prevent“阻止”是相近表达，符合句意。而其他选项：ensure意为“确保”；seek意为“寻求，请求”；utilize意为“利用，使用”，均不符合要求。7答案：C解析：考查动词辨析。根据题干和选项特点不难看出句中that引导的是一个定语从句，从句列举了data的具体分类和实验人群，所以定语从句是在具体说明data的内容，included意为“包含，包括”符合句意。而其他选项：modified意为“改变”；supported意为“支持”；predicted意为“预测”，均不符合要求。8答案：B解析：考查动词短语词义搭配和辨析+上下文语境。句意：……并将这些数据与六年来报告的流体智力变化进行了______ 。compare A to B意为“将A和B进行比较”；convert A to B意为“将A转变成B”；apply A to B意为“将A应用于B”。后文是在进行不同情况的比较来得出答案，所以只有compare符合句意，故选B。9答案：A解析：考查介词。介词短语部分为后置定语，对前面的middle-aged people进行修饰，只有with能体现的是某种状态，指的是腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人。10答案：C解析：考查动词辨析+上下文语境。空格处所在句子指出：腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人在流体智力方面 ______也越来越低。lived意为“生存，活着”；managed意为“完成”；scored意为“得分”；played意为“表现”。综合分析各选项，只有scored符合句意，故选C。11答案：D解析：考查动词短语辨析。ran out意为“耗尽，放弃”；set off意为“出发，动身，启程”；drew in意为“吸引，拉入”；“went by”意为“(时间的)流逝，消逝”。…as the years went by意为“随着时间的流逝”，符合题意，故选D。14/21

12答案：B解析：考查形容词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。空格处所在句子用分号隔开，分号代表前后两句话讨论的是一个问题，有可能相同也有可能相反。分号前说免疫系统对于女性来说的作用，后文是用男性来进行比较，说免疫系统对于男性的变化没什么作用。前后是相反的观点，所以免疫系统对女性是有影响的。superior to意为“优于，胜于”；attributableto意为“归因于……”；parallel to意为“平行于，与……平等”；resistant to意为“抵抗”。综合分析各选项，只有attributable符合句意，故选B。13答案：C解析：考查非谓语动词词义辨析。空格处所在句子是在表达对于男性而言，免疫系统没有对其产生影响，did not appear to be involved，意为“似乎不涉及在内”，符合题意。而其他选项：restored意为“恢复，修复”；isolated意为“隔离”；controlled意为“控制”，均不符合要求。14答案：D解析：考查动词辨析+句意理解。空格处句意：人们希望未来的研究能够_____这些差异。alter意为“改变，变更，更改”；spread意为“开展，传播”；remove意为“移除，清除”，explain意为“解释，说明”。综合分析各选项，只有explain符合句意，故选D。15答案：D解析：考查名词辨析。人们希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异，并可能导致对男性和女性不同的对待方式。compensations意为“补偿”；symptoms意为“症状”；demands意为“要求，需求”；treatments意为“处理，对待”。综合分析各选项，只有treatments符合句意，故选D。16答案：B解析：考查段落之间的逻辑关系。there are steps体现出有一些措施可供参考，可见空格处所在段落体现本段与上一段之间的递进关系。Likewise意为“同样地，也”；Meanwhile意为“同时”；Therefore意为“因此”；Instead意为“代替，而不是”。综合分析各选项，只有Meanwhile符合句意，故选B。17答案：D解析：考查定语从句+短语搭配。本句中，“you can”的前面省略了定语从句关系词that，从句修饰steps，take steps to do短语表示采取措施做某事，故take符合题意。而其他选项：change意为“改变”；watch意为“注意，观察”；count意为“数数”，均不符合要求。18答案：A解析：考查固定短语搭配。physical and mental well-being意为“身心健康”，故选A。而其他选项：process意为“进程，流程”；formation意为“形成，组成”；coordination意为“协调，配合”，均不符合要求。19答案：A解析：考查名词辨析+句意理解。空格所在处意思是给大家推荐两种生活方式，保持或提高你的有氧运动水平。level意为“水平”；love意为“喜爱”；knowledge意为“知识”；space意为“空间”。综合分析各选项，只有level符合句意，故选A。15/21

20答案：C解析：考查名词辨析+定语从句。空格处后面that引导定语从句，对前面的名词进行修饰，那么空格处应该填入一个表示饮食习惯的词。design意为“设计”；routine意为“行程，流程”；diet意为“饮食习惯”；prescription意为“处方”。综合分析各选项，只有diet符合题意，故选C。21答案：D解析：根据题干关键信息this year和increase in rail passenger fares可以定位到原文第一段。该段最后一句提到“This year’s rise，an average of 2.7 percent，may be a fraction lowerthan last year’s，but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure ofinflation”，即今年的平均涨幅为2．7％，可能比去年略低，但仍远高于官方衡量通胀的消费者物价指数(CPI)。由此可知，作者认为今年火车费用上涨仍然是不合理的措施，故选D。22答案：B解析：根据题干关键信息stockbroker和paragraph 2可以定位到原文第二段该段第一、第二句提到“Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost ofinvesting in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it，rather than thegeneral taxpayer．Why。the argument goes。should a car．driving pensioner from Lincolnshirehave to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey”，即历届都允许这种增长，理由是投资和运营铁路网的成本应由使用铁路网的人承担，而不是由一般纳税人承担。他们认为，为什么一个在林肯郡领养老金的汽车司机必须补贴一个从萨里郡来的股票经纪人每天的通勤费用?由此可知，一般纳税人对应的是领养老金的汽车司机，使用铁路网的人对应的是股票经纪人，故选B。23答案：C解析：根据题干关键信息train operators和Paragraph 3可以定位到原文第三段。该段第二句提到“It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to thenetwork，but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantialsums they are now paying to travel”，即火车运营商大肆宣传他们正在对铁路网进行的改进是非常好的，但是乘客们应该能够期望他们现在支付的大笔旅行费用能达到基本的服务水平。由此可知，乘客并没有享受到充足的服务，故选C。24答案：D解析：根据题干关键信息if unable to calm down passengers可以定位到原文第四段。该段最后一句话提到“The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now，but it willreturn with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order”，即国有化的威胁目前或许已经被化解，但如果乘客的合理愤怒不能在短时间内得到解决，它将卷土重来。国有化指的是铁路将被收归国有，即如果铁路不能平复乘客的心情，铁路的所有权将会变为国有，故选D。25答案：D解析：文章整体是在针对铁路费用的上升做出讨论，A项和c项只是在文章中有所提及，不宜作为题目；B项与文章内容关系不大。符合题意的只有D项。26答案：B解析：根据题干关键信息CCT programs和aim to可以定位到原文第二段。该段第二句提到“Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs，these social assistance programs are16/21

designed toreduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty”，即这些社会援助项目被称为有条件现金转移(CCTs)，旨在减少不平等，打破贫困循环。由此可知，CCT项目有两个目的：一是减少不平等，二是改善贫困，B项是对第一个目的的同义改写，即帮助贫困家庭改善现状，故选B。27答案：D解析：根据题干关键信息the study based on the area in Mexic0可以定位到原文第四段。该段第三句提到“The only previous study analyzing causality，based on an area inMexicothat had instituted CCTs，supported the traditional view”，即先前唯一一项基于墨西哥某个地区的因果关系分析研究支持传统观点。根据该段第一句可知，传统观点是“economic growthcan becorrelated with environmental degradation，while protecting the environment is sometimescorrelatedwith greater poverty”，即经济增长可能与环境退化有关，而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困有关。由此可知，这一研究是为了表明经济增长倾向于导致森林毁坏，故选D。28答案：C解析：根据题干关键信息Ferraro和intends to可以定位到原文第五段。该段第二句提到“Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affectingdeforestation”，即费拉罗想知道印尼的扶贫计划是否影响到森林砍伐，故选C。29答案：C解析：根据题干关键词Indonesia可以定位到原文第六段。该段最后一句话提到“…we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation”，即CCT项目与森林砍伐减少30％有关。由此可知，CCT项目能够保护环境，故选c。30答案：A解析：本文讨论的核心问题是CCT项目对环境起到的积极作用，而没有提到争论观点，故选A。研究只是为了证明CCT项目与森林砍伐率之间的关系，不是本文的核心内容，故排除C、D项。31答案：A解析：根据题干关键信息posts on Twitter可以定位到原文第一段。该段第二句提到“…since I started posting them on Twitter——they have been causing quite a stir”，即自从我开始在上发布这些照片——它们已经引起了相当大的轰动。接着下文讲到了人们发现维多利亚时期的人们确实会微笑，由此可知，作者在上发布的照片改变了人们对维多利亚时期英国人的印象，故选A。17/21

32答案：B解析：根据题干关键信息the Victorian portraits he has collected可以定位到原文第二段。该段第一句提到“Of course。I need to concede that my collection of‘SmilingVictorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and 1900…”，即作者收集的“微笑的维多利亚人”在1840年至1900年间创作的大量摄影作品中只占很小一部分，由此可知，这些照片在那个时代的照片中很稀有，故选B。33答案：D解析：根据题干关键词10s可以定位到原文第四、第五段。第四段最后一句提到了我们必须在其他地方寻找维多利亚人仍然不愿意微笑的解释。接着第五段第一句话提到“One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin”，即一种解释可能是由于一个俗气的微笑表现出的尊严的丧失。然后作者进一步做出解释，在真正的牙科诞生之前，口腔往往处于令人震惊的卫生状态。由此可知，维多利亚人在照片中没有微笑是因为牙齿状况不健康，故选D。34答案：A解析：根据题干关键词Mark Twain可以定位到原文第六段。这道题真正想问的是引用马克·吐温的例子是为了证明什么核心观点。第六段最后一句提到“Even MarkTwain，aman who enjoyed a hearty laugh，said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be‘nothing more damning than a silly，foolish smile fixed forever”’，即即使是马克·吐温，一个喜欢开怀大笑的人，当谈到摄影肖像时，也说“没有什么比一个永远固定的愚蠢的微笑更糟糕的了”。由此可知，当时的人们坚信不应该在照片中露出微笑，故选A。35答案：A解析：文章第一段就提出了核心话题，即在维多利亚时期的照片中，人们都不笑。第二段提出了问题，即如何解释这一趋势。接下来几段从摄影技术和口腔卫生方面探讨这一现象形成的原因。由此可知，本文主要回答了为什么大多数维多利亚时期的人们在照片中都表情严肃的问题，故选A。36答案：C解析：根据题干关键词concern可以定位到原文第一段。该段第一句提到“Fromthe early days of broadband，advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried thatthe cableand phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favoraffiliatedwebsites over their rivals”’，即从宽带发展初期起，消费者和网络公司的拥护者就担心，18/21

销售宽带连接的有线电视和电话公司有能力和动机支持附属网站而不是竞争对手。由此可知，宽带供应商在提供服务时会有偏向性，故选C。37答案：B解析：根据题干关键词FCC可以定位到原文第二段。该段第一句表明阻力来自宽带提供商、反监管保守派和三方，而通信委员会既不是宽带供应商，也不是，因此属于反监管保守派，故选B。38答案：B解析：根据题干可以定位到原文第三段。该段第一句提到“The commission arguedthat other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior，such as a broadband-providingconglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video—streaming service at the expense of Netflixand AppleTV”，即该委员会认为，其他机构将防范反竞争行为，比如像美国电话电报公司这样的宽带提供商，以牺牲网飞和苹果电视为代价，支持自己的视频流服务。由此可知，AT&T公司参与反竞争的举措当中，故选B。39答案：D解析：根据题干关键词Patricia Millett可以定位到原文第四段。该段第二句提到“But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that ‘the result is unhinged fromtherealities of modern broadband service，’ \"，即帕特里夏·米利特法官在一份一致的意见中正确地指出，“这一结果与现代宽带服务的现实脱节”。unhinged from the realities与out of touchwithreality为同义替换，故选D。40答案：A解析：根据题干可以定位到原文最后一段。该段第一句话提到“The endless legalbattles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act”，即联邦通信委员会无休止的法律斗争和反反复复，迫切要求国会采取行动。接着继续论述应该采取什么样的行动，故选A。41答案：G解析：41题所在的小标题是“更好的招聘实践”(Better hiring practices)，前面提到AI在雇佣过程中所带的偏见更少，后面提到了在做这件事的一个公司。G项中的“looks atresumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to”和“selects the more promisingcandidates”都是AI在招聘过程中的优势，故选G。42答案：C19/21

解析：42题所在的小标题是“更有效的营销”(More effective marketing)，后一句提到，这些工具可以帮助人们使用数据，而不是代替人们。说明42处应该是举例论证，故选c。43答案：E解析：43题前一句提到“与此同时，保险公司可以根据更准确评估风险的人工智能模型来确定保费。”由此可知，多明戈斯接下来说的话应该与保险(insure)有关，故选E。44答案：B解析：44题所在的小标题是“提高的精确度”(Improved accuracy)，B项中accurate是accuracy的同义复现，故选B。45答案：D解析：45题所在的小标题是“保护和维护基础设施”(Protecting andmaintaininginfrastructure)，前面一句话提到如果基础设施坏掉，然后对其进行修复，这是非常昂贵的。D项中与前文形成衔接，即Al可以预测基础设施的问题，不用等到损坏再去维修，故选D。46战争刚刚结束时，这些社会的适龄群体入学率为3％～5％，这是战前几十年基本恒定未变的水平。47在那些社会中，人们对接受高等教育的需求上升。这个需求延伸到了战前那些没有想过上大学的群体和社会阶层中。48在许多西欧国家，高校学生人数在20世纪60年代每5年便翻一番，到70年代中期，这一人数在7、8或10年内又翻了一番。49如果新员工主要是刚从研究生学习中毕业的年轻男女，他们很大程度上定义了该学院学术生活的规范。50高增长率增加了学术创新的机会，同时也削弱了教师和学生在稳定或缓慢增长时期进入学者这一群体的形式和过程。51Dear friend， Congratulations on your graduation from college! You expressed your intention of finding a job in China in your last letter．Since I have beingworking for more than two years，I can provide you with some suggestions for finding a decentjob．First，you should prepare an eye-catching resume，which can impress your potential employerbeforehe meets you in person． Second，think about your ideal career and the place you want to workat andlive in．Third，be confident during your interview．Always believe in yourself． I sincerely hope that this letter will be of help．Wish you all the best． Yours， Li Ming20/2152In the picture,a little boy，who is wearing the monkey king costume,speaks to his lather sadly,“Dad,my classmates don’t think learning traditional Chinese opera is attractive.”And his latherreplied with love and encouragement,“Don’t you think it is attractive? That’s enough.’’ The picture is educational as well as inspirational.As we all know, China is a great countrywitha long and splendid history.Traditional Chinese opera,such as Beijing Opera,is of pricelessvalue tous.But in today’s society,with the development of multimedia and the Internet,people are payingless attention to our traditional heritage.Some people even think that learning traditional opera isboring and outdated.Instead,they are more prone to follow the current trend and leam the popularcuIture． As far as I am concerned， it is inevitable that we keep up with the times and learn somethingnew and useful,but on the other hand,it is also essential for us to preserve the traditional cultureofChina.As long as we are willing to learn more about it，we will definitely find its charm andfun. 21/21