一、填空题
1．英汉句子结构最主要的区别在于英语重形合, 汉语重意合。
( )指主要靠语言本身的语法手段表达意思；( )指句与句之间的种种逻辑关系“隐含”于上下文中，主要靠句子内部的逻辑联系表达意思，分句中间不用连词。英语结构紧凑严密；汉语结构简练明快，因此翻译时，应尽量体现出汉语的这一句法特点。
2. 英语长句中经常使用( )、关系代词、关系副词，短语中又包括介词短语、动名词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等，汉语如果照译，读者可能不知所云。按照汉语习惯，可将这些英语特有的结构转译为( )。
3. 早在汉唐时期，就有“文”与“质”之争。严复是清末新兴资产阶级的启蒙思想家，他翻译了大量的西方政治经济著作，总结自己的翻译实践，参照佛经翻译的经验，他提出著名的“( )”的翻译标准。
4．为了弥补翻译的不足，可在译文与原文（ ）保持不变的前提下，在字面上作些
增补，使译文更加流畅、自如。增词的范围包括（ ）上的、结构上的、语气上的，以及文化背景上的等等。
5．英语句子结构( )，而一词多义，词义灵活、抽象。汉语结构则比较
( )，词义比较单一、固定、具体，两种语言各有千秋。因此，英汉语言的表达能力都很强，只是它们的表达方式有所不同而已。
6．汉语拥有大量的四字格词组。无论是用汉语写作的文章，还是用汉语翻译的文章，目前都有一种趋势，那就是四字格的使用越来越频繁，越来越广泛。四字格总体来说有三大优点：（一）在形式上( )，短小精悍；（二）在内容上言简意赅，寓意深刻；（三）在语音上( )，抑扬顿挫，表现力强。因此四字格具有旺盛的生命力。
7．抽象译法的使用，主要出于如下考虑：（1）直译不符合译文民族文化背景、语言习惯、审美心理；（2）原文（ ）不符合译文的语境，特别是语气上或文体上的需要；（3）原文比喻或形象比较晦涩难懂，（ ）可能引起译文不知所云。
8．翻译状语从句涉及的主要问题就是（ ）问题。英汉两种语言的思维方式和表达习惯不尽相同，英语的方式、比较、结果等状语从句一般位于（ ）之后，其他状语从句的位置则比较灵活。
9．英汉数词的表达方式有很大区别。英语数词的用法比较( )，可在句中
做各种成分；英语的数词有( )形式之分，表示数量增减的词语也比汉语 多，因此翻译时应根据实际情况灵活处理。科技文献中，数词使用比较频繁，稍有疏忽就可能产生严重后果，必须认真对待。
10．翻译有许多方法，最基本的方法就是（ ）、（ ）和音译。除了这些常用方法以外，还有一些处理具体问题的常用翻译技巧。
11．词或词组的重复，同是英语和汉语的一种表达手段。但一般来说，回避重复是（ ）的一大特色，书面语和口语都是如此，回避的范围也很广，小自单词，大至（ ），凡是意义相同或部分相同的词语，均在回避之列。
12．无论是英语长句还是汉语长句，在多数情况下，原封不动地对原文中的长句进行翻译，常使译文读者感到费解，因此，把长句（ ）来翻译是翻译中经常用到的方法。
13．总的来说，英语修饰语的位置比较灵活，汉语修饰语的位置比较固定；汉语倾向于前置，英语可以前置，也可以后置，同时更倾向于（ ）。汉语修饰语的前置倾向极大地限制了汉语句子的扩展，因此，比较而言，汉语句子属于（ ），英语句子属于（ ）；汉语句子多取单面结构，英语句子多取（ ）结构。由于汉英主要句型主干成份大体一致，因此，修饰语的位置就成了英汉转换中大量出现的问题。
14．翻译的实质是：翻译时要译的是信息；由于语言文化的差异，译文和原文只能是（ ）；译文要有（ ）。
15．理解的对象是原文的信息，包括理解语言的内部结构：词汇意义和（ ）；理解语言的言外系统：社会--文化意义（social-cultural meaning），即一切与交际有关的各种（ ），也就是使之成为话语的时间、地点、媒介、领域、宗教、习俗、价值观等。
二、修改译文（10分）
1．A shilling life will give you all the fact. 一先令的生命会给你全部的事实。 [改译]
2． The hills, like the great hollows among them here and there, were creations of
the wind.
这些小山丘和到处都是的山谷一样，都是风的创造物。
[改译]
3．All these metals are not good conductors.
这些金属都不是良导体。 [改译]
4．People weren’t measured by how much they had but by the way they behaved.
人不是被他的财富衡量的，而是被他的品德衡量的。 [改译]
5．Last summer, more than 3000 city welfare employees staged a “work-in” during which they showed up at the office but refused to process cases.
上一个夏天，3000多名靠城市福利救济的雇工举行了一次“消极怠工”活动，他们出现在办公室，但救济申请却被拒绝了。 [改译]
6．A number of new machines were installed in the factory, thus resulting in an increase in production.
这座工厂中装置了许多新机器，因此导致生产增加。 [改译]
7． The roofs loomed in front of them with startling clarity. 暗礁在他们面前令人吃惊地清楚，时隐时现。 [改译]
8． This was the period when he began the research which resulted in the creation of
his famous Theory of Relativity.
这个时期，他开始了导致著名相对论产生的研究。 [改译]
9．No matter how she juggled the figures, she and her husband were wage earners and their savings were all eaten up by the increased prices of everything. 无论怎样拨弄这些数字，她和丈夫还是靠工资收入来谋生的人，而他们的一点储蓄都被飞涨的物价给吃掉了。 [改译]
10．I don’t remember all their names.
我不记得所有人的名字。 [改译]
三、翻译句子
1．The voluntary three-week program uses family contacts, stress reduction and talk-it-out therapy from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. every day.
2．Until you can think clearly or express yourself properly, you’ll never fully grow up ——even though you live to be a hundred.
3．The only trouble was that the parties concerned had sharply different ideas.
4．Sonar is a term that refers both to the application of underwater sound to the detection and location of objects in the sea and to the apparatus used in such applications.
5．Florida election officials released the latest tally on Thursday, which showed Bush leading Gore by 1784 votes, from the 53 recounted counties and original figures from the remaining 14.
6．Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes and the nature of particular faults to predict quakes directly.
7．Because fans watch more than one game, a total of 12 billion viewers will see the TV transmissions, which are beamed to 154 countries.
8．Barely a year now passes without the United States losing its dominance in some sophisticated technology in some fields.
9．Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.
1. We spent a wonderful and creative fall in Sweden and Norway five years ago
shooting Autumn Sonata, a film about a famous pianist and her daughter.
2. Both parties shall act as Principals, each paying expenses for business, sales and
purchases.
3. Owing to the increase of consignments arriving at Keelung port, discharge of the
cargoes seems to be much delayed, and we must ask you to change the port of destination.
4. Coal is made from trees and other plants that grew on the earth millions of years
ago.
5. Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.
6. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it
will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated.
7. 你一旦成为我公司的雇员，就会享受高薪和各种福利待遇。
17. 他像大海捞针一样在茫茫黑夜里寻找金色的梦。
18. 这些资料还太有限，不足以成为确凿的证据。
19. 毋庸质疑，中国的航天工业在过去的四十年中已取得了辉煌的成就。
20. 今后应努力改变农村缺医少药的状况。
21. 整套设备可以在几小时内安装或拆卸完毕。
22. 厂长已决定让三百多名工人下岗，对此他们本人暂时还一无所知。
23. “9．11”事件后，美国种族歧视有增无减。
24. 我们实行“三包”：包修、包退、包换。
25. 那个整天在云朵里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。
26. 卖方凭样品售货，必须保证货到时的质量同卖方1998年3月29日提交的样品完全一致。
27. 锦衣玉石者未必能安于荆钗布裙也。
28. 采用新技术以后，工厂1998年生产的拖拉机是前一年的两倍。
29. 孩子们之所以能把自己的母语学得很好，恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋
之中，而不单单是读几本教科书而已。
30. 从大学一年级起，她的各科成绩在全班一直名列前茅，她因此连续三年荣获
学校优等生奖学金。
三、英语短文翻译
1. What is the origin of the star and crescent symbol? My research shows that all the published astronomical claims are false. The historical and archaeological evidence shows the popularity of the symbol as early as 2500 BC. The true origin is likely to be much earlier, as it would have taken many centuries for the tradition to have become popular over such as large area. Unfortunately, before this time, there are only rare sources of iconography, and the scarcity of evidence is not the evidence of scarcity. Our best information is that the start and crescent symbol began near Turkey long before 2500 BC.
2. How does the stock market affect business investment? There three direct effects. One is that the market has traditionally served as a general barometer of expectations of the business-minded community as a whole. We say “Business-minded” rather than
“business” because the demand for, and supply of, securities mainly comes from securities dealers, stockbrokers, and the investing public, rather than from nonfinancial business enterprises themselves. When the market is buoyant, it has been a signal to business that the “business climate” is favorable, and the effect on what Keynes called the “animal spirits” of executives has been to encourage them to go ahead with expansion plans. When the market is falling, on the other hand, spirits tend to be dampened, and executives may think twice before embarking on expansion program in the face of general pessimism.
3. The chief functions of the heart are to send blood to the lungs, so that they can receive oxygen from the inhaled air, and then to pump this oxygenated blood all over the body. The activity of every tissue in the body depends upon its receiving a constant supply of oxygenated blood. This is particularly true for the heart itself which contracts 10,000 times a day, and requires a very large amount of oxygen for conversion into the energy necessary to produce regular and efficient contractions. The heart muscle, or myocardium, receives its oxygenated blood from the main artery, or aorta, which leads out of the heart. The first arteries that are fed by the aorta are the two coronary arteries, so called because they circle like a crown the upper part of the heart.
4. Letter of Credit:
Buyer shall open banker’s Irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of
Seller by telegram or mail immediately upon confirmation of sale. Unless otherwise specified in each order, Buyer shall open L/C so that Seller may receive it within fifteen (15 ) days after order at latest. The credit shall be made effective fifteen ( 15 ) days beyond the contracted time of shipment.
Payment: Sellers shall draw drafts under credits at 30 days after sight,
documents attached, for the full invoice amount.
Shipment: Seller shall ship all goods sold to Buyer within the period stipulated.
The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the day of shipment. Unless clearly stated in the Order Sheet, the port of shipment shall be at the Seller’s option.
五、汉语短文翻译
1. 50多年来，在中央政府的重视和全国人民的支持下，西藏各族人民经过努力奋斗，不仅使西藏的社会面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化，而且在生态建设与环境保护方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。如今的西藏，不仅经济发展、社会进步、人民安居乐业，而且山川秀美、河流清澈、动物多样、植物繁茂，成为名副其实的“香格里拉”。
2. 学校的主要任务是培养精通外语、知识面广、有事业心的人才。开设的专业课程包括外事翻译、语言学、文学、国际文化交流、国际金融和地区研究，这样学生在掌握了一、两门外语之后，还具有这些领域的基本知识。研究生的学制是两年半；培养文学、语言学、教学法、社会学和地区研究几方面的研究人员，还有大学师资。有11个系有权授予硕士学位，4个系有权授予博士学位。
3. 西苑饭店是一座具有国际四星级水准的大型涉外饭店，位于北京三里河路，与进出口谈判大楼、北京图书馆、首都体育馆等相毗邻，环境优美，交通便利。
饭店共有客房1300余套，房间舒适、宁静，配有全套现代化设施。饭店共设餐厅酒吧12个，中餐经营粤、鲁、川、淮扬及穆斯林风味菜肴；西餐主要经营俄式、法式及英式大菜。饭店还设有传真、电传、国际直拨电话等现代通讯设施及各种综合服务设施和娱乐设施，为每位宾客提供尽善尽美的服务。
西苑饭欢迎您的光临。
4. 据最新一期的新闻周刊《瞭望》报道：经过两年的准备，中国地方政府的机构重组计划即将付诸实施。
该周刊在三月二十七日的一篇报道中指出，地方政府的机构重组将在中央政府的直接领导下进行。地方政府部门的组成大部分将由中央政府决定，各部门人数也将从现有人员中减少一半。
例如，北京市政府已经宣布，北京市的部、局总数将由67个减少到45个，行政管理干部人数减半。
该周刊说，除缩小政府部门的规模以外，地方政府的重组工作还应在进一步转变政府职能方面下功夫。
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