Diction 用词
1. Level of words词的类型
2. Meaning of words词义
3. General and specific words一般词汇与具体词汇
4. Idioms 习语
5. Figures of speech 修辞格
A. simile 明喻
B. metaphor暗喻（隐喻）
C. personification拟人
D. metonymy借代
E. synecdoche提喻
F. euphemism 婉语
G. irony反语
H. overstatement and understatement 夸大和缩小
I. transferred epithet移位修饰
J. oxymoron矛盾修饰
K. alliteration头韵
修辞：Rhetoric devices
1. 比喻：
a. simile 明喻
b. metaphor 暗喻
c. synecdoche 提喻
比喻中的要素：the tenor/the signified本体
the vehicle/the signifier 喻体
similarity或dissimilarity 相似点／相异点
比喻的价值在于移位：displacement
Like/as/likened to
1. The water of the pool was too dirty, and what was more, the swimmers were packed like sardines.
2. O my Luve’s like a red, red rose.
That’s newly sprung in June;
O my Luve’s like the melodie.
That’s sweetly played in tune!
3. I see the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.
我也看到大批呆头呆脑、训练有素、唯命是从、凶暴残忍的德国大兵，像一群蠕动的蝗虫蹒跚前进。
4. A year has gone as a tortoise goes, heavy and slow.
一年过去，像乌龟爬行一样沉重而缓慢。
5. Passions are likened best to floods and streams:
The shallow murmur, but the deep are dumb…
激情像洪流与溪水，
水面喧声淙淙，水底无声无语……
用as…as或more than 表示比喻关系
６．
The ruby shall be redder than a red rose,
And the sapphire shall be as blue as the great sea.
红宝石将比玫瑰还要红，
蓝宝石像大海一样蓝。
７．
So as she shows she seems the budding rose,
Yet sweeter far than is earthly flower…
她的出现，看似含苞的玫瑰，
却远比尘世的花儿馥郁……
Metaphor
I、 以事物间的形状、形式、位置上的相似。
1. The baby daughter came waddling after her mom.
2. The dark Blue Ridge Montains in which I dwell, great-hipped, big-breasted, slumber on the west sky.
II. 事物之间的功能相似。
1. The root of the present intenational convulsive situation lies in the hegemony of the two superpowers.
2. I don’t know what it is to see into the heart of a friend through the “window of the soul”…
III. 事物间的特征和性质相似。
1. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义的性情既残暴又狡猾。
2. The politicians raped the public opinion in the campaign.
隐喻表现形式：
（一）通过系动词体现：
1. Mark Twain is a mirror of America.
2. Life is a short summer.
3. The face is the index of a man.
（二）由词义的折射表示比喻关系：
1. Now for me life is coming to bud again as if in eternal spring.
2. When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case mould snowball into one of the most famous trails in U. S. history.
3. the resignation of the foreign Minister caused domino effect: nearly ten other ministers resigned.
（三）N1 of N2 的结构。
An oyster of a man 沉默寡言的人
A sea of flowers
A grain of hope
A stream of mercy
A rain of kisses
A shower of letters
The storm of abuse
Metonymy 借代
I. 容器代替所盛的东西
1. He is a sturdy little fellow although he was brought up on the bottle.
2. He always keeps a good table, and one gets plenty to eat and drink in his house.
3. After the meeting, we discussed the matter over a bottle.
4. Who hold the purse rules the house.
II. 人体的部位或器官代人的品质、才能、特征等
1. She was to be sure a girl, who excited the emotions, but I was not the one to let my heart rule my head.
2. I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth.
3. Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscle, but he had to leave the city for a while because of some of scathing columns he wrote.
4. If there is any bad blood in the fellow he will be sure to show it.
III. 以资料、工具代替事物的
1. He chose a gun instead of a cap and gown.
2. The Japanese soldiers put all to fire and sword.
VI. 用典型实物代替职业或从事该职业的人
1. Bob was promoted from the gray-collar to the white-collar in the shortest time.
2. His elder sister went on the stage; the yonger one had taken the veil.
V. 以产地、发明者或作者代替产品或作品。
To read a Shakespeare or a Mark Twain is to eat a food full of protein; likewise, to read a pornographic mahzines is to eat a sugar-coated poison.
以所在地代替人物、事物、机构、组织
1. The Wall Street definitively has more say in their policy making.
2. The White House has sent a deligation to Downing Street to strengthen their traditional relationship.
以原因代替结果，以结果代替原因。
1. The fish desperately takes the death.
2. O, for beaker full of the warm south!（Ode to a Nightingale）
啊，但愿有一杯葡萄美酒。
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