Hello大家好,今天这篇文章是要教大家顿悟定语从句引导词之which/ who(whom/whose)/that。这三类引导词都适用于“缺主语”或“缺宾语”的定语从句。
核心讲解:
我们先来看一个例子:
1. 互联网上出现的这些虚假的故事受到猛烈批评。
首先,句子拆分为:
①这些虚假的故事被猛烈批评。(主句)
The fake storiesare strongly criticized.
②这些虚假的故事出现在互联网上。(从句)
The fake stories appear on the Internet.
其次,依据最上面的中文意思,①肯定是主干,②肯定是修饰成分。两个句子重复了“the fake stories”,为了避免重复,把②里面的“the fake stories”替换成“which/that”这样的代词,就变成了定语从句。
①这些虚假的故事被猛烈批评。(主句)
The fake stories are strongly criticized.
②这些虚假的故事出现在互联网上。(从句)
which/that appear on the Internet.
最后,把②放到①里面the fake stories的后面,变成:
The fake stories which/that appear on the Internetare strongly criticized.
which和that都可以担任这个句子的引导词,因为先行词为“the fake stories”,为物。当先行词为物时,定语从句引导词既可以用which,也可以用that,所以在很多情况下,which和that可以互换。但which和that也有无法替换的时候,这就是我们这一讲的重点。
要点拓展
一、当先行词为物时,有些情况下引导词只能用which:
(一)非限定性定语从句
1. The bag, which is really heavy, makes James tired.
这个包,真地很重,使詹姆斯很累。
这是一个非限定性定语从句。that和which最大的一个区别就是,that不能担任非限定性定语从句的引导词。所以在非限定性定语从句中,当先行词为物时,引导词只能为which。
(二)介词+which
1. Harry had a bag of bread with which he could feed himself.
哈里有一袋用来喂饱自己的面包。
上面这个句子可以拆分为:
①Harry had a bag of bread.
②He could feed himself with a bag of bread.
这个句子中的定语为“with which he could feed himself”,其正常的语序为“he could feed himself with which”,which做介词with的宾语指代“a bag of bread”,所以介词with和which一起提前,在这种情况下,引导词不能为that。
(三)避免重复
1. What’s that whichappeared in the room just now?
刚刚在房间里出现的那个是什么啊?
这个句子的定语为“which appeared in the room just now”,先行词是“that”,为避免重复,这时引导词只能用which。
二、当先行词为物时,有些情况下引导词只能用that
(一)特殊先行词
1. That’s all thathe told me.
他告诉我的就这些。
2. This is the best thatTony has advised.
这是托尼已经做出的最好建议。
3. The plane is the last thatwill leave tonight.
这趟飞机是今晚将离开的最后一趟。
4. Does Kate know thethings and personsthatyou told her?
凯特知道你告诉了她的事情和人吗?
5. That is the only building thatLucy designed.
那是露西设计的唯一一栋楼。。
6. This is the same bag thatNancy buys.
这和南希买的包是一样的。
7. That is the very gift thatBill desires.
那正是比尔渴望的礼物。
这七个句子的先行词都比较特殊,第一个为不定代词all;第二个为形容词最高级the best;第三个是序数词the last;第四个既有人又有物,为things and persons;第五个为the only(唯一的);第六个为the same(一样的);第七个为the very(正是,表强调)。当句子的先行词为这几类时,引导词用that,不能用which。
常见的不定代词还有few, little, much, the one, something, anything, everything, nothing等;
(二)避免重复
1. Which is the bus that we should catch?
我们要赶的是哪辆车?
当定语从句中其他位置已经存在which时,为避免重复,引导词用that。
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