新疆大学成人高等教育毕业论文(设计)
题 目： 评《呼啸山庄》中的爱与恨
Love and Hatred in Wuthering Heights 指导老师: 张燕 学生姓名： 王玉容 方 向：文 学 专 业：英 语
学习形式：非全日制自考 完成日期：2011年7月2日
新疆大学成人教育学院制
新疆大学成人高等教育
毕业论文（设计）任务书
姓 名： 王玉容
论文（设计）题目：评《呼啸山庄》中的爱与恨 专 题： 文 学 设计（论文）来源： 学生自拟 要求完成的内容： 1. 阅读相关文献资料
2. 提交论文大纲
3. 指导教师的建议下定论文大纲 4. 进行论文写作
5. 指导教师对学生论文进行至少三稿的修改 6. 在提交论文前定稿，完成毕业论文写作
论 文 页 数： 14 页
指 导 教 师： 张 燕 发 题 日 期： 2011年6 月26日 完 成 日 期： 2011年 7 月4 日
声 明
此毕业论文是本人在指导教师指导下独立进行研究取得的成果。除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外, 本文不包含其他人或其它机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文研究做出重要贡献的个人与集体均已在文中作了明确标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。
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Declaration
This thesis under the guidance of supervisor is my independent study results. In
addition to special marking places and thanks, this article does not include the research results that have been published or written by other people or other agencies. The individual and the collective who have made contribution to this paper are clearly marked in the text. I am fully aware of the legal outcome of this statement from my shoulder.
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Abstract
Wuthering Heights is the only novel by Emily Brontë, an English woman writer in the 19th century. Also it is a piece of exquisite works of the world‘s literature, which dilays a sea of Gothic colors. This paper tries to make a research on the production. Love and hate is one of the conflicts in Wuthering Heights. Hate can't make the love disappear, Love is stronger than hate. This is the theme of the novel. And this article will analyze this theme.
Key words: love; hate; humanity; conflict; revenge.
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摘 要
艾米丽·勃朗特是一位才华横溢而早逝的女子。在她死后，她唯一的小说《呼啸山庄》被后人誉为―最奇特的小说‖，她用一个艺术家的锐利的、敏感的目光，超越曲折复杂的故事情节，也超乎一般的世俗观念，去探索她所关心的―人性‖，成为十九世纪英国文学史上绝色异彩的一粒宝石！爱与恨是《呼啸山庄》这篇小说中的一个冲突之一。本论文通过人物之间的冲突以及希斯克力夫的充满仇恨的报复来突显“恨不能使爱消失，爱比恨更强烈”这一主题。
关键词：爱；恨；人性；冲突；报复
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CONTENTS
1.Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Conflict in Catherine and Heathcliff .......................................................................... 3 2.1 Conflict in Catherine ................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Conflict in Heathcliff ............................................................................................... 3 3. Revenge in Heathcliff ................................................................................................ 6 4. Love and Hatred between Catherine and Heathcliff .................................................. 8 4.1 Loves between Catherine and Heathcliff ................................................................. 8 4.2 Loves between Catherine and Linton ...................................................................... 8 4.3 Hatred between Catherine and Heathcliff ................................................................ 8 4.4 Humanity in Heathcliff .......................................................................................... 10 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 10 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 13 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 14
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1. Introduction
Wuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge; it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said, \"Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.\" [Abrams 110]The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity. That extreme love and extreme hate mix together make the novel take on the thick dramatic color. Love and hate is one of the conflicts in Wuthering Heights. Hate can't make the love disappear, Love is stronger than hate. This is the theme of the novel.
But in Wuthering Heights, Emily looks forward to the world, through the hero‘s mouth, she says not only ‗I love‘ or ‗I hate‘, but also ‗we, all the human beings‘ and ‗you, the eternal power…‘，[JanetC 7] Emily is chiefly remembered as the author of the powerful novel, Wuthering Heights. The novel describes the characters and environment of her native countryside, on the moors of north England. She enters her living conditions and her experiences as well as her individuality such as melancholy, passionate and eloquent into the works. Emily Bronte is good at seizing primary images and entering into the savagery field of spirits through her poetic imagination. She shows us the conflicts between the keen heart-storm and the factitious wilderness. Virginia Wolf also remarks: ―Wuthering Heights is more different to understand than Jane Eyre, because Emily is a greater novelist than Charlotte.‖[JohnRickety 225]
Wuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, albeit inordinately long is a combination of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance and revenge. But this novel is not a simple story of revenge; it has more profound implications. As A mold Kettle, the English critic said: ―Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tension and conflicts, personal and spiritual of
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nineteenth-century capitalist society.‖[杨苡 243] The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate, which mix together so as to make the novel take on the thick dramatic color.
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2. Conflict in Catherine and Heathcliff
Wuthering Heights contrasts the effects of love and hate contrasting the two feelings. Hate can‘t make the love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.
In a civilized society, it is hard to imagine what the world will belike if there is no love. Love is the basic needs of human nature, which not give us license to any person deprived of love, but hatred can not be used to replace it. Where there is love there was sexual, as Freud said: ―You should love your neighbor as love, love for me, love is something valuable, we should not abandon it without thinking. Imposition of such a love obligations to me. In order to fulfills its obligations, I must be prepared to make sacrifices.‖[杨静远 295]
2.1 Conflict in Catherine
Another key character in Wuthering Heights is the heroine, Catherine Earnshaw. The free spirit of Emily Brontë is epitomized in Catherine, who, as a child, could ride any horse in the stable, and in later years rides roughshod over everyone who tries to stand in her way. Beautiful, wild, arrogant, and willful, Catherine is a fitting companion for the arrogant and vindictive Heathcliff. Her love for him and the moors is the ruling passion of her life. While she may appear heartless when she chooses to marry Edgar Linton, she is naïve enough to think that by so doing she will be able to
lift him from the degradation into which he has been thrust by Hindley.
There is one occasion showing Catherine‘s wildness. When Nelly refuses to leave her and Edgar in the room alone, Catherine tries to push her out of the room and pinches her arm, leaving an ugly mark. When the baby Hareton complains about ―wicked Aunt Cathy‖, she shakes him until his teeth rattle, and Edgar tries to intervene. She denies she pinched Nelly, but Nelly shows Edgar the mark. Edgar is horrified to see this other side of Catherine, capable of telling lies and becoming violent. Emily uses the description of Female Gothic to show that the nature of human beings has two sides. No one is perfect and one is bound to have his or her ugly side. Although she is married to Edgar, she is clear that her love for Heathcliff is
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remembered with deep gratitude. ―if the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldn‘t have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him; and that not because he‘s handsome, Nelly, but because he‘s more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton‘s is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.‖[杨静远295] Catherine‘s mixed and conflicted attitude towards her marriage splits and tears her. The anguish verging on collapse and the ravings in morbid state differ from the old Gothic tradition and pave the way for Gothic novels. Emily Brontë observes people from the angle of the feminist portrays her characters from the aspects of Female Gothic, and therefore brings us the shock of supernatural strength as well as the vivid portrayal of the hero and the heroines. The further research for the psychology of the Gothic characters develops the shallow horror-making technique in the old Gothic novels and so softens the primitive, pure terror to some extent. It leaves the readers more room to develop their own thought and enhances the depth of thought and the aesthetic awareness in Gothic novels.
2.2 Conflict in Heathcliff
When Heath cliff heard that Catherine would like to marry Linton, he was very sad. As the child of Hedley was abused and discrimined, he fanned the flames of hatred in walkways profound that ignited love his vengeance fuse he married basis paella, although he doesn't love her. He took a mass of Hedley of all property. At last ,he began to revenge crazily, revenge is his only reason to live in the world. He used to devise ways of making money, and even killed for playing with his foot .He even put into the clutches of Hedley son--innocent little Harleton, let him become a illiterate, vulgar ignorance, of the peasant silly; Heathcliff for Isabella, the love of his . There is no love for the girl, He cheated and then left out of her elopement, he disgusted her; Heath cliff and Catherine‘s daughter Cathy and his son make small Harrington beaten, he threatened to Kathy, and two small Harrington to a vivisection.
He used violence to force the trap and Kathy and small Harrington to be married to death. Heathcliff married with two generations of two families of fraud to
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nothing away, and burned books, an attempt to desert the spirit of the younger generation. He was not directed at individuals but rather aimed at frightening the whole world as if to say. ―I don't know mercy! Worms the more wriggle, the more I wanted to come out of their intestines.‖ Heathcliff was the most heinous of crimes. But eventually he had to forgive the majority of readers, this is because he is not just a fanatic but a retaliation infatuated lover, with relation people around him to hatred and revenge from his love by setbacks .He once said :\" two words on my future can be summed up; the death and hell. Lost her alive is hell.\"[方平 1993]
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3． Revenge in Heathcliff
When Heath cliff came back form Europe with wealth, he beganning to revenge crazily is his only reason for all life. He used to devise ways of making money Hedley and even killed playing with his foot. He even put into the clutches of Hedley 's son -innocent little Harleton, let him become a illiterate, vulgar ignorance, of the peasant sin; Heath cliff for Lizella, the love of his. There is no love for the girl, he cheated and then left out of her elopement, she disgusted her; Heath cliff of Cathie‘s daughter Cathy and his son to torture small Harrington beaten, he threatened to Kathy, and two small Harrington to a vivisection. Harleton grew up like young Heathcliff, honest kind ,gentle manner, to find people like .Like small Catherine, he gradually, which runs counter to the wishes of Heath cliff. He wanted to break up for lovers, but to see from them when their young and Catherine figure is only victory of the spirit, and in real arms has been a failure, he gave up revenge, and he died on hunger strike ,and lovers can finally meet in the ground. Declared the death of mankind the end of everything, love and hate are attributed to dust.
This is consistent with the moral weakness he has shown previously. He concentrates his venom on Heathcliff, whom he brutalizes and in whom he tries to stamp out the feeling of worthiness that old Mr. Earn Shaw had engendered. Heathcliff, in turn, delights in seeing his enemy destroy himself. It is consistent with Heathcliff‘s nature that he encourages his enemies to destroy themselves by their own inner flaws. From this point of view, he behaves quite cruel and revengeful. To fulfill his revenge on Hedley, he turns little Harleton into a brute with no love or respect for his father, and he has ended his education – just as Hedley did to him. When Heath cliff reappears after Catherine‘s marriage, thinking she might show him where his evil ways are leading him.
When Heathcliff finds Isabella has fallen in love with him, he encourages her to run off with him even though he does not love her at all. He does so only for the Linton property and the revenge on Edgar. But after her marriage to him, Isabella receives no love or pity from him, but indifference and distain. The desperately
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unhappy Isabella sends a letter to Nelly saying ―Is Mr. Heath cliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devilz?‖[ 张伯香 ] When she defends her brother, Heathcliff retorts that she looks like a slut. He hints that she is losing her mind and says he will not let her outside the house for fear she would disgrace him. He has become more and more imperious to her. You‘re not fit to be your own guardian, Isabella, now; and I, being your legal protector, must retain you in my custody, however, distasteful the obligation may be.
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4. Love and Hatred between Catherine and Heathcliff
4. 1 Loves between Catherine and Heathcliff
Catherine novels heroine Lin really good, when her father old Earn Shaw Mr. Heathcliff this Jeep plug, the outcast, she brought home is not because he was born and nested unexpectedly lost, on the contrary, she may be for Heathcliff partner-Les-brother Cinder. Whenever an insult to Heathcliff, Catherine Forest is always to protect his star going the republic. For years old, Catherine Forest a passion of a beautiful girl, she veins of the flow of blood and Heathcliff as warm and free wheeling. She and Heath cliff both love each other, a five-dent form scalding hot of the two hearts together. She had told the maid Nari Linton of love, just like hung in the woods of clumps leaves, long time back to change it, I know that winter corny Wautoma retrains location will my love for Heathcliff, is like a beneath permanents of rock, form where very few, effluents see the fly kite danker, but she technician understands republics mangle slay, I just Heathcliff! He got a TV in my mind . ―This is a strong, super human spirit of love!‘‘[李维平 1998]
4.2 Loves between Catherine and Linton
In the nineteenth century, the Victorian period the nobleman is enormously proud of their success, full of the temporal rank concept. Status is first, money is God. People‘s spirits suffer from the intense oppression. Humanity is twisted without mercy. The Earnshows hold a precarious place within the hierarchy. Although the gentry, possessed servants and often large estates, they nonetheless hold a fragile social position. The Lintons are relatively firm in their gentry‘s status, but the Earnshows are on much shakier ground social. Catherine wants to marry Edgar so that she will be ―the greatest woman of the neighborhood‖. Above all, this is the social culture and humanity on that time.
4.3 Hatred between Catherine and Heath cliff
With the birth of his son Hareton and the death of his wife Frances Hindley‘s final disintegration commerces. This is consistent with the moral weakness he has
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shown previously. He concentrates his venom on Heathcliff, whom he brutalizes and in whom he tries to stamp out the feeling of worthiness that old Mr. Earnshaw had engendered. Heathcliff, in turn, delights in seeing his enemy destroy himself. It is consistent with Heathcliff‘s nature that he encourages his enemies to destroy themselves by their won inner flaws. And readers anticipate conflicts and trouble in the future. From this point of view, he behaves quite cruel and revengeful. To fulfill his revenge on Hindley, he turns little Hareton into a brute with no love or respect for his father, and he has ended his education – just as Hindley did to him. When Heathcliff reappears after Catherine‘s marriage, thinking she might show him where his evil ways are leading him, Nelly pays a visit to the Heights. Seeing little Hareton outside the gates, she identifies herself and says she has called to see his father, Hindley. Hareton does not recognize her as his former nurse and greets her with a hail of stones and curses.
He says his father cannot abide him because he swears at him. He says the curate no longer comes to teach him and it is Heathcliff, whom he loves, who has taught him to swear. Furthermore, he is determined to brutalize Hareton as himself was brutalized. This is evidented by the incident of Hareton‘s hanging the puppies. So far, Heathcliff has succeeded in revenging Hindley‘s insult on the next generation. His cruelty is easy to feel.
What‘s more, his attitude towards Isabella is not only very cruel but also very imperious. Edgar is his enemy, too. Once he declares he will ―crush his ribs in like a rotten-hazel-nut‖. Because of his hatred for Edgar, he takes advantage of Edgar‘s sister, Isabella. When he finds Isabella has fallen in love with him, he encourages her to run off with him even though he does not love her at all. He does so only for the Linton property and the revenge on Edgar. But after her marriage to him, she receives no love or pity from him, but indifference and distain. The desperately unhappy Isabella s ends a letter to Nelly saying ―Is Mr. Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil?‖ Emily Brontë uses Isabella‘s letter to let us know about the state of affairs at Wuthering Heights and about Heathcliff‘s abusive treatment of Isabella.
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4.4 Humanity in Heathcliff
Because of the strength of his love for Catherine, Heathcliff undertakes his wicked and vengeful revenge against those deems responsible for his misery.
Heathcliff comes from the lower class and because of this, the Linton family makes him feels unworthy of her. Catherine seeks a more genteel life therefore betraying their love. When Heathcliff heard that ―It would degrade me to marry Heath cliff now‖. He withdraws in a rage of shame, humiliation, and despair. Three years later, Heathcliff comes back with power and money, he is longing for meeting Catherine, at this time he begins to do an elaborate plan for revenge. But his cruel and harmful behavior comes from the pain of his love .He becomes a fiend, a demon, toward every person around him .He ruins Hindley [Catherine‘s brother] by tricking him and therefore, taking possession of Wuthering Heights. He also ends Hareton‘s [Hindley‘s son] education after Hindley died, and then elopes with Isabella [Lintion‘s sister], after she is ill-treated by him. Likewise, Heathcliff uses Isabella to revenge Edgar. ―His malevolence proves so great and long—lasting that it can‘t be adequately explained even as a desire for revenge‖ Without Catherine, he lost his sense of life , revenge replaces love, and become the driving force behind his actions. However, who strips his love? What does twist his humanity? But the deep-rooted love didn‘t disappear at all. Heathcliff tries to recapture the spirit of Catherine in his desire to rejoin her. He even opens her coffin, Heathcliff says :―I saw her face again‖. The many signs of Catherine show that ―she did exist‖ but that ―I have lost her‖.[戴维·洛奇 1998]
When Heathcliff fulfills his revenge, he finds that the primary pleasure is no longer within him. He begins to give up his revenge, wanting only to be with Catherine. The humanity of his love arises again, love for Catherine eroding his lust for revenge. In Heathcliff‘s life, he sees Catherine‘s shadow everywhere. He is bound to Catherine. They shared one soul, longing to become one unit. Heath cliff becomes more and more obsessed with the memories of Catherine, begins to talking with her ghost. Remembering his climactic night on the moors, he feels so happy and
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anticipates a reunion with her ghost. Two opened souls become one. Heathcliff‘s feeling of revenge for his lost love, eventually ,return to the original source. In the end, Humanity‘s love wins driving his life from this point onward.
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Conclusion
Inevitably, the unbridgeable gap in Catherine‘s and Heath cliff‘s social positions renders their fervent romance unrealizable on any practical level. Catherine‘s actions are so stringing driven by her social ambitions that she betrays her humanity, and consequently Heath cliff‘s love turns top the hate.
When love turns to hate, hate twists the humanity. This profound avatar is shown through Heath cliff and Catherine. The author shows for us the struggle between humanity‘s love and social culture, at same time, she indicates the change and integration of the love and hate. Love and hate, the two extremes feelings of the man, make Wuthering Heights mysterious. It‘s hard for the reader to understand. But it's the soul of Wuthering Heights.
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Acknowledgements
Firstly I would like to take this opportunity to thank my tutor—Zhang Yan, who provides me with a lot of useful and valuable academic and constructive advices on composing this paper. Her encouragement and help for me are worthy of high appreciating, and I thanks for her patient direction and guidance. Moreover, my endless thanks go to my dear friends, who offer me lots of help and share their valuable opinions with me on my thesis. At last, I would like to give my sincere gratitude to those who spend their precious time in reading my thesis.
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Bibliography
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[2] Janet C .James. Cliffs Notes on Bronte‘s Wuthering Heights [M]. Lincoln: Cliffs Notes, Inc.，1979 P7
[3] John Rickety Columbia History of the British Novel [M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005 P225
[4] 转引自杨苡译. 呼啸山庄[M]. 上海：译林出版社，1990 P243
[5] 《杨静远. 勃朗特姐妹研究.》[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，1983 P295 [6] 注,同上 P295
[7]《呼啸山庄》【英】艾米莉·勃朗特 方平译 上海译文出版社， 1993 [8] 《英美文学选读》 张伯香主编 外语教学与研究出版社
[9] 李维屏 英美现代主义文学概观 上海；上海外语教育出版社， 1998 [10] 戴维·洛奇 小说的 艺术 北京 ； 作家出版社， 1998
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