Feminism reflected in Gone with the Wind
1. Introduction
Gone with the Wind, an American novel by Margaret Mitchell, was published in 1936 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937. The novel is one of the most popular of all time, selling more than 30 million copies. And an American film adaptation of the same name released in 1939 became the highest-grossing film in the history of Hollywood and received a record-breaking number of Academy Awards. The story happens in 1861 and ends in 1871．During the ten years，the South experiences a great change. In the novel, Mitchell illustrated the hardships that the Southern people live through and describes how they conquer difficulties and rebuild their lives through the time of Civil War．In Gone with the Wind, Mitchell successfully created some lively woman images which made a very deep impression on readers, such as Scarlett and Melanie. But how did Mitchell reveal feminism in Gone with the Wind ? This thesis will analyze the reflection of feminist in this novel , mainly based on the analysis of two prominent female characters: Scarlett and Melanie. They, as the representatives of feminist , have their own claims and stand to their thoughts ,pursuing the autonomous rights and self-consciousness.
The body is made up of five big parts. Part1 gives a introduction of literature review about Gone with the Wind, including some early appraisals and contemporary researches. Part2 is about the author Margaret Mitchell and social conditions of her time. Part3 will analyze the reflection of feminist in this novel , mainly based on the analysis of two prominent female characters: Scarlett and Melanie. Part4 will make a comparison between Scarlett and Melanie, and get their similarities and differences. Part5 is conclusion.
2. Literature Review
2.1 The definition and development of Feminism
Feminism is closely related to women‟s struggle for social, political and economic equality between men and women, striving for eliminating all the barriers that prevents the liberation and development of the women. The term feminism first appeared in the 19th century in
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France and the Netherlands. Since then its meaning has been widely debated and people still often disagree about what it stands for.
There are three stages in western feminism. The first significant feminist movement began in the late 19th century in the UK with the campaign for women‟s suffrage. Women gained the right to vote(if they were over the age of 30) in the 1918 in Britain. In the 1960s, a second wave of feminism erupted. People fought for issues such as access to birth control and equal pay. A third wave of feminism emerged in the early 1990s, as an attempt to rectify the movements‟ perceived failures. Today, 71 percent of American and 58 percent of Britain women would not describe themselves as a feminist, according to a Cuardian article. The figure is expected to be lower for men, as historically there have been fewer men than women happy to identify themselves as feminists.
Mitchell wrote a distinctly feminist novel. She sounds the note early with the narrator‟s comment that “at no time, before or since, has so low a premium been placed on feminine naturalness,” and she mercilessly exposes a southern patriarchy that requires that women be flatteringly subservient to males, no matter how much less intelligent and capable.
2.2 Literary review on Gone with the Wind
Gone with the Wind Was officially completed on January 22, 1936. By late 1965， Gone with the Wind had been sold more than 1 0,000,000 copies and had been translated into twenty—five languages in twenty—nine countries．The film adaptation of it，released in1939, became the highest-grossing film in the history of Hollywood. As a well-known novel, Gone with the Wind have been studied and analyzed by many critics. The following are some works about it.
2.2.1 Some early appraisals of Gone with the Wind
Some early appraisals of Gone with the Wind noted its memorable characters and historical accuracy as well as Mitchell‟s remarkable storytelling ability, though many other reviews dismissed the novel as melodramatic and trite．From 1970s，the studies of the novel became diversified: text study, psychoanalysis, reception aesthetics，myth-arch-etypical criticism and cultural criticism are integrated．
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2.2.2 Three aspects on contemporary researches of Gone with the Wind
2.2.2.1 Research on the novel‟s theme
On one hand, the academic circle depreciate it；on the other hand, critics praise it. American Encyclopedia points out that Gone with the Wind describes southerners as noble and unyielding people. While Many critics regard the novel as a song of the old South, such as 0．Levitski and O.Dumer‟s “Color Symbolism and Mythology in Margaret Mitchell‟s Novel Gone with the Wind”, and Eaklor,Vicki Us Striking Chords and Touching Nerves：Myth and Gender Gone with the Wind． 2.2.2.2 Research on the main character
It can be roughly divided into two kinds．On one side，Scarier is criticized as a rebellious，selfish woman with bad qualities．On the other side，Scarier is criticized as a courageous and independent heroine. For instance：Jonathan D．Austin‟s Pat Conroy：1 was raised by Scarlett O'Hara. Citing questionable moral choices，Eaklor maintains the inability to understand Scarlett‟s character is at the heart of the dynamics of Gone with the Wind and responses to it．For example，Belle Rosenbaum‟s 1937 essay calls Gone with the Wind an “obscenity” and Scarier „„a harlot”．(Li，2000：34) 2.2.2.3. Research from feminist perspective
For example：Elizabeth Fox‟s Scarlett O'Hara. The Southern Lady as New Woman, Claudia Ibm Pierpont‟s A Study in Scarlett. In China,many critics discuss the female consciousness from the perspective of feminine criticism．For example，Dong Jinwei‟s “The Charm, Value and Characteristic of Gone with the Wind” confirms that Gone with the Wind is meaningful to women‟s liberation and analyses Scarlett‟s pursuit of freedom and independence．
3. About Margaret Mitchell
Margaret Mitchell, an American woman writer in the South, was born on November 8, 1900 in Atlanta, Georgia, where she lived all her life. Her mother was a suffragist, father a prominent lawyer and president of the Atlanta Historical Society. Mitchell grew up listening to stories about old Atlanta and the battles the confederate Army had fought there during the
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American Civil War. At the age of fifteen she wrote in her journal: “If I were a boy, I would try for West Point, if I could make it, or well I‟d be a prize fighter.” Mitchell graduated from the local Washington Seminary and started in 1918 to study medicine at Smith College. In her youth Mitchell adopted her mother‟s feminist leanings which clashed with her father‟s conservatism, but she lived fully the Jazz age and wrote about it in nonfiction, like in her article „Dancers Now Drown Out Even the Cowbell‟ in he Atlanta Journal Sunday Magazine. When Mitchell‟s mother died in 1919, she returned to home to keep house for her father and brother. In 1922 she married Berrien Kennard Upshaw. The disastrous marriage was climaxed by spousal rape and was annulled in 1924. Mitchell started her career as a journalist in 1922 under the name Peggy Mitchell, writing articles, interviews, sketches, and book reviews for the Atlanta Journal. Four years later she resigned after an ankle injury. Her second husband, John Robert Marsh, an advertising manager, encouraged Mitchell in her writing aspirations.
From 1926 to 1929 she wrote Gone with the Wind, the novel took her nearly ten years. She never thought that so many people favor it even now. The book broke sales records, the New Yorker praised it and the poet and critic John Crowe Ransom admired “the architectural persistence behind the big work” but criticized the book as overly Southern, particularly in its treatment of Reconstruction. Malcolm Cowley‟s disdain in his review originated partly from the book‟s popularity. John Peale Bishop dismissed the novel as merely “One more of those 1000 page novels, competent but neither very good nor very sound.” But in these opponents‟ sounds, the book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. Mitchell died in Atlanta on August 16, 1949. She was struck by a speeding car while crossing Peachtree Street.
4. Social Conditions of Margaret Mitchell’s time
4.1 Women’s social status in America society at Margaret Mitchell’s time
The story happens in the southern plantation before American Civil War. At that time, the South is a new reclaimed land in which the industrial civilization has not yet penetrated it. The residents rest on the rolling money gained by cotton planting and picking. There, within
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the shadow of chivalry, keeps the skin-deep grace and splendor. Women living on the red soil are delicate flowers, tightly clinging to men and decorating men‟s world. They have no rights to vote. Nor can they control their belongings or children after they get married, let alone draw a will or make a treaty without their husbands‟ permission. Their social status is parallel to “that of a minor or a slave” (Deborah L.Madsen, 2006). They endure dual oppression not only from men but also from themselves, lying in the subordinate social position without the privilege to manage their own lives. In this male-dominated world, men stifle women‟s development from every aspect.
Firstly, they strain every nerve to confine women in the house to make sure that women‟s ignorance has not been corrupted by the society and they are satisfied to be the lovely “vase”. Women are imprisoned at home wanting economic independence. The exclusive approach for their social status and economic warranty is to marry and give birth to babies.
Secondly, men also spiritually suppress women. They may yield to women and satisfy their all kinds of small requirements about the household affairs; nevertheless once women have
independent opinions, they will feel panic and pull every string to hold them back. Regrettably, women are imperceptibly influenced by the location given from men. Southern mothers in Gone with the Wind act as the executor of ethical codes, inhibiting young girls‟ development of their true colors. Take Scarlett as an example, she is educated to be an obedient lady even from childhood. Her mother and black mammy have always tried their best to instill those indispensable qualities of a lady into her. “You must be more gentle, dear, more sedate”, “Gentlemen do not like forward girls” (Margaret Mitchell, 2008).
4.2 Social influences on Margaret Mitchell’s attitude towards women
4.2.1 The anti-slavery movement and awakening of women’s consciousness
In the rise of anti-slavery movement during the 19th century America, women are also an active part. In this movement, women go through fire and water as with men yet receive no respect or attention from them. At that time, their actions are hard to win men‟s understanding let alone their support. In 1840, when feministic founders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretian Mott participated in the World‟s Anti-slavery convention in London as abolitionists
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they were refused proper seats because of their sex. In the face of the truth, women notice and personally experience the oppression and the shame. It urges them to be closely united to challenge the patriarchy. They take action and establish their own National Federation of Women‟s Anti-slavery. Hence, the feministic movement gradually takes form and develops. “It was in connection with slavery that the organized movement for women‟s rights has its origin” (Deborah L. Madsen, 2006).
4.2.2 Feministic movement’s attack on American southern culture and the author.
At the end of 18th century, French Bourgeois Revolution proposed the slogan of “freedom, equality and universal fraternity”. When the thought of human rights shocked men‟s hearts, it meanwhile convulsed women‟s soul. Bourgeois women took this as a wonderful opportunity to begin the fight for sex equality. However those passionate women were quickly aware that the so called “freedom”, “equality” and “human rights” were only men‟s patents not women‟s. Feminists believed that “women need to fulfill their personal and national destinies, but they also need to fulfill the spiritual destiny of humanity” (Deborah L.Madsen, 2006). Therefore those obstacles and restricts should be abolished and reformed. Women should enjoy the equality in laws and politics.
In 1848, the first women‟s rights conference was held in Seneca Falls of America, at which the delegates discussed about the problems of society, citizens, religions, women‟s rights and so forth. This conference adopted Elizabeth Cady Stanton‟s Declaration of Sentiments which modeled piercingly Jefferson‟s Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal…The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part if men toward women, having in objection the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her…” (Deborah L.Madsen, 2006) This feministic movement, quickly sweeping through the entire America, culminates in the early 20th century, which is later viewed as the first wave of American feminism.
The Abolition Movement and Feministic Movement exert great impact on American traditional southern culture. For Margaret who lives in those turbulent years of reform and is
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Feminism reflected in Gone with the Wind
ceaselessly dynamic in the media, such impact no doubt greatly influences her creation of the novel. In addition, Margaret is born in the middle-class family with fine education. Her father Eugene Muse Mitchell is a prominent attorney and president of the Atlanta Historical Society while her mother Mary Isabelle is a suffragist who strives all her life for women‟s liberation and political rights. It is under such educational and social background that Margaret Mitchell creates her immortal work Gone with the Wind with abundant feministic thought which re-establishes female images and explores women‟s values.
5. Feminism reflected by the two main typical female
characters
Two popular and comparable roles in this novel are Scarlett and Melanie. Both of them are young ladies popular among upper class. As rivals they both like Ashley, but they are no doubt best friends with opposite characters. One is a self-concerned business woman, who runs her own career and feed a big family. The other is a typical housewife, who is obviously a good wife and mother.
5.1 Feminism in Scarlett O‟Hara
5.1.1 Fighting against traditional conventions and focusing on self-consciousness
5.1.1.1 Being wayward at home
Scarlett, growing up in the oldest daughter of the owner of Tara—a farmland, in which she has suffered strict management and education of traditional principals. She was partly hoping for being a housewife like Melanie does, but her characters of carefree and self-will made her behavior different from others, and rebellion against social restrictions frequently burst out under the pressure from family. She always expresses her great hatred and rebellion on the principals that fettled women.
During the whole life, Scarlett keeps her truth and be her own. Artificial manners are what Scarlett distains: “I‟m tired of everlastingly being unnatural and never doing anything I want
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to do. I‟m tired of acting like I don‟t eat more than a bird, and walking when I want to run and saying I feel faint after a waltz, when I could dance for two days and never get tired. I‟m tired of saying, „How wonderful you are!‟ to fool men who haven‟t got one-half the sense I‟ve got, and I‟m tired of pretending I don‟t know anything, so men tell me things and feel important while they‟re doing it. Some day I‟m going to do and say everything I want to do and say, and if people don‟t like it I don‟t care.” [1]She does as what she says so that she lives as free as she wants.
5.1.1.2 Religious Rebellion
For Scarlett, religion is just a thing on the lips. When the whole family is praying, her disappointment and sadness have indeed gone with the wind, and she gains a sense of hope; however such comfort is not from God but from her mother‟s peaceful face as she is praying. In Scarlett‟s eyes, her mother Ellen rather than God is her real spiritual backbone and source of wisdom. Therefore when Scarlett leaves her mother, her religious convention becomes quite weak. “Scarlett‟s conscience smote her at this last, for it had been months since she had been to church.”(Margaret Mitchell, 2008). In addition, the misery later brought by the war further stops Scarlett from going to the church, praying or communicating with God, for she feels that asking for God‟s blessing dose little good to relieve her sufferings. She even questions God‟s power and justice in her heart “For some time she had felt that God was not watching out for her, the Confederates or the South, in spite of the millions of prayers ascending to Him daily” (Margaret Mitchell, 2008). After pushing through the flames of the war and going through thick and thin, Scarlett return home Tara only to find her mother‟s death and the devastated house with nobody and nothing to rely on. The death of her mother completely cuts off the contact between God and her, and becomes the symbol of her non-believing. The so-called “Omniscient and omnipotent” God cannot give her strength, nor can he be the one that can be counted on. Hence, she dose what she wants to do, says what she wants to say, and creates her own life with her own hands, regardless of the God‟s will. 5.1.1.3 Some Anti-convention behaviors
Apart from her religious rebellion, Scarlett also shows her self-consciousness by her anti-conventional behaviors. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg has claimed in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America that the American society of the 19th century has
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provided women with only one acceptable role——being a good wife and loving mother. This is a role that demands women to continuously sacrifice themselves and wholeheartedly meet others. Before the war, the South is famous for its moral codes and manners. In this patriarchal society, the girls from their childhood are educated to be weak, innocent, and incapable so as to court men‟s sympathy and love. After their marriage, they should be wise, considerate and industrious to serve their husbands and children heart and soul. Under such patriarchal education, women are obliged to become the slaves of men, just as Simone de Beauvoir has written in The Second Sex “One is not born a woman, but becomes one” (Simone de Beauvoir, 1949). Although Scarlett lives in this culture, she is unwilling to be the vassal of the male world. She dares to challenge men‟s authority and express her own thoughts. “Some day I‟m going to do and say everything I want to do and say, and if people don‟t like it I don‟t care” (Margret Mitchell, 100). As long as she can achieve her goals, she will never be afraid of public indignation aroused by her various socially unacceptable behaviors.
5.1.2 Deciding her marriage and seeking for happiness by herself
5.1.2.1 Scarlett‟s marriages
From the very beginning she denies accepting the marriage proposed by her father. At the barbeque in the Twelve Oaks, she casts off lady‟s style, takes the initiative to reveal her true love to Ashely and even proposes the idea of elopement. Then later as the widow of Charles, she is bold to break the mourning system of that age which prescribes that the widow must be confined to the house to go through the rest of the life with the dark veil. When in the mourning, she still participates in all kinds of social activities and flirts with men, ignoring others‟ criticism. Moreover in conventional ideas, women should pay their entire attention to the family, being a good wife and loving mother; nevertheless, Scarlett breaks the golden rule. After finding her husband Frank lacks a businessman‟s mind and all the business is in a mess, she determines to abandon the traditional bias that prevents women from showing their faces in the public and resolutely run the lumber mill on her own. She throws off family bondage, steps out of the cave of “home” into society and no longer blindly sacrifices herself to fulfill others. Instead she courageously quests for true self and her value. Through her numerous
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anti-conventional behaviors, Scarlett demonstrates her outstanding judgments and courage. Her behavior outdoes what the patriarchal society has set for women, expressing women‟s desire for self-consciousness and independent rights.
5.1.2.2 Scarlett’s attitude towards giving birth
Ladies in novels are mostly proud of giving births while Scarlett is not too fond of children. For scarlett giving birth can not make her proud. On the contrary, she regard children as something burdensome,which may change her stature to bad and have a bad effect on her career. She is stubborn in her own emotions and motivations. She is unwilling to submit to the constraint of being a good wife and mother. She paying no attention to the gossip and lives in her own way.
5.1.3 Pursuit of economic independence and self-realization
5.1.3.1 Providing for the whole family
In Gone with the Wind, the hurricane of the Civil War sweeps Scarlett‟s world, taking her out from the “cozy nest” of Tara, her previous warm home which has nurtured her numerous golden dreams. After the war, the former black slaves have gone; the lands have been ravaged; the cotton has been burned, mother is dead; father is mad; two sisters are suffering from disease: these comprise what the plantation has left. But Scarlett “the belle of the County, the sheltered pride of Tara” (Margaret Mitchell, 2008) who has never raised her hand even “to pick up her discarded stockings from the floor or to tie the laces of her slippers” (Margaret Mitchell, 2008), unwaveringly bears the burden of her family. During those hard days, Scarlett toils every day to feed the whole family. To protect all their scanty food, she even shoots a soldier who has the intention of robbery, takes away his horse and money, and quickly cleans her home without a trace. In Atlanta, she robs and marries her sister‟s boyfriend so that she can raise the money for Tara‟s taxes. Besides she even borrows money from Rhett to buy a lumber mill and decides to run it by herself rather than giving it to her husband.
5.1.3.2 Doing business in the city successfully
For the purpose of more profits, Scarlett employs prisoners with no wages, openly drives
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the carriage to do business in the city, and fiercely competes with her male competitors. By means of her intelligence, she defeats them and successfully wins not only money but also the independent personality and self-realization. During the reconstruction of Tara, Scarlett gives her whole attention to money, bustling everywhere for the revitalization of her family, sometimes even deserting the morality. She transforms from a girl who only seeks a life of pleasure into a keen and wise householder, showing her distinguished ability in the construction and management of life and becoming a tough woman. Her courage, resolution, fortitude and actions make people have to admit that she has completely achieved self-actualization. Her transformation is the token of the death of “southern ladies”, the awakening of women‟s consciousness and their unremitting pursuit for self-realization.
6.2 Feminism in Melanie
6.2.1 An intelligent woman
6.2.1.1 A good wife and mother
Melanie maybe the most traditional women who obey to the principles, conforms to all the requirements for women: kind, gracious and forgiving, trust, respect and love. She knows very well the skills of maintain a family. She fully believe in Ashley, believe that he would come back safely from the battlefield, believe that he would never betray her even if Scarlett was eager for eloping with her husband. She handled the scandal between Scarlett and her husband politely and gracefully, which not only saved her husband and Scarlett‟s fame, but also kept Scarlett beside herself.
Even without a charming appearance she won her husband‟s heart. Melanie considered her husband and child as all she had. Her love for Ashley is more likely to be said as general love, it just because he is her husband, but her love is everlasting and powerful. Ashley marries Melanie also not because he loves her but because they are alike and only he stays with Melanie, thus he can link himself with the past of the old days. They have combined a harmonious and happy family if there is no war.
As a mother, she suffered much bitter. She was not suitable enough to give birth to a child and the process of giving birth to the first child was an unforgettable nightmare in her life. It
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was a mother‟s nature that made her so bravely to suffer the hardness. After giving birth to the first child Melanie was told that she would better not be pregnant any more or she might be in danger, but she was still so excited and willing to have another baby for her husband. Unfortunately she was finally died of miscarriage. 6.2.1.3 Strong-minding
Melanie is loyal to her own point of view. Even though she loves Ashely, she never gets lost or change her original intention. For example, one day in the Twelve Oak Tree Party, Scarlett was all ears about the conversation between Ashely and Melanie, but only to capture the words: \"I'm afraid I can't agree on your opinion of zac Monsieur works... 14], which reveals Melanie's \"rebellion\". She is not led by the secular words that men is the world and keeps her own argument, giving different ideas from men‟s. What‟s more , Ashely is her husband and Scarlett is her good friend. However, Scarlett loves Ashely from beginning to the end ,which will make it difficult for her to deal with the relationship with Scarlett. But she trusts her husband and her own choose, at the same time , she trust Scarlett and keep good relationship with Scarlett.
6.2.2 An influential person
As Rhett evaluate that Melanie is” a great woman”. For people in that era, different from Scarlett, Melanie has won a kind fame since she was a considerable wife at home, a
warm-hearted philanthropist for refugees. She never treat at people by stereotypes and so kind to help a prostitute to contribute her money. Melanie's personality charm fallen countless people. After the war, her little room is always full of people, \" Melanie‟s house will be the first place for everybody that come there.” And they often spent the night there. Melanie‟s strong personality and gentle personality please them and they are willing to be with her, talking about the past. They will always find comfort. Dr. Meade praised her as \"eveyrone‟s heart\".
7. Comparison and contrast between Scarlett and Melanie
7.1 Similarities
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Feminism reflected in Gone with the Wind
They , as the representatives of feminist ,have their own claims and stand to their thoughts ,pursuing the self-consciousness and autonomous rights. Both Melanie and Scarlett are not restrained by patriarchy,pursuing their independence as women on their whole life. Their feminist consciousness determines that they can‟t submit to patriarchy or allow men to be dominators. They make themselves their souls‟ master.
7.2 Differences
Scarlett, in her battle-liked life, fights for love, for free and for Tara. She is no doubt a modern female, a successful business woman, while Melanie is a wonderful and durable housewife, who demands of tranquil life with her small family. They still impact the modern female on both social communication and family life. In order to get success in career, women can learn Scarlet‟s natural liberation, Bravery and Persistence and Decisive and Sacrifice. As for success in family life, women can follow Melanie to hold the love, respect and trust for their spouses.
8. Conclusion
We could find the early females‟ spirit of pursuing independence and self-consciousness through these two prominent characters depicted by Margaret Mitchell. They keep seeking for themselves, and looking for the ultimate liberation of women, which reveals Margaret Mitchell‟s progressive thought of feminist. Their feminist consciousness determines that they can‟t submit to patriarchy or allow men to be dominators. They make themselves the master of their own minds. On the way to safeguard women's rights, Gone with the wind became a light beacon have a long and far-reaching significance in encouraging women to liberate themselves and pursue economic and personality independence.
References
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[1] Elizabeth, R.T. Scarlett O’Hara: The Southern Lady as New Woman [J]. American Quarterly. 1981
[2] John Peale Bishop. War and No Peace [J]. The New Republic, 1936.
[3] Baym, Nina. Feminism and American Literary History [M]. New York: Rutgers University Press. 1992.
[4] Margaret Mitchell, 1973. Gone with the Wind [M]. The United States of America, reprint (36).
[5] 陈洁.《飘》中的女性发展[D]. 湖南师范大学. 2010年4月.
[6] 杨玉珍.论《飘》的女性意识[J]．吉林:吉林大学学报，1994年第3期. [7] 李美珍.《飘》中郝思嘉和韩媚兰形象浅论[J]. 文学教育（上）,2012(4). [8] 熊欣.《飘》中斯嘉丽的反叛精神浅析[J]. 琼州:琼州大学学报.2005.(12). [9] 荆兴梅．《飘》的女性主义解读[J] 江苏：江苏科技大学学报：社会科学版，2005. [10] 万丽．从《飘》中解读女性主义[J]．长春理工大学学报．2011年8月，第6卷第8期．
[11] 安妮.爱德华兹.《塔拉之路:<飘>的作者玛格丽特.切尔传》[M].思宏译，天津:天津人.1996年.
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