(一)考情分析
阅读是我国考生学习和使用外语的最主要途径，因此，阅读理解在试卷中占权重较大。
该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能： (1) 理解主旨要义。 (4) 根据所读内容做出判断和推理。 (2) 理解文中具体信息。 (5) 理解文章的基本结构。 (3) 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义。 (6) 理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
考查形式：第一节：共15小题，每小题2分。要求考生根据所提供的4篇短文内容(不少于900词)，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。 (二)真题分析 体裁 A B C D 题 材 A B C D 主旨要义题 事实细节题 推理判断题 意思猜测题 2018 1 9 4 1 2017 2 4 7 2 2016 1 7 5 2 全国Ⅱ卷 2018 广告 说明文 调研发现 议论文 暑期活动 七月水果 为乐阅读 闲谈有益 2017 信息类 记叙文 报道类 科普文 戏 剧 朋友情 飞行车 植物 全国Ⅱ卷 A B C D 2018 4 4 4 3 2017 4 3 4 4 2016 4 3 4 4 2016 信息类 记叙文 说明文 报道类 音乐喜剧 教学经历 书漂网介绍 发现沉船 (三)命题形式 一、命题
1. 题材非常广泛：包括日常生活、学校生活、人际关系、兴趣爱好、个人经历、实验报告、饮食健康、语言文化、社会现象、环境保护、旅游交通、服务指引等。
2. 短文体裁多样：文体包括信息类、记叙文、报道类(社会现象或社会热点)、说明文(特别是最新研究或调查发现等科普类说明文)、议论文等。
3. 长度比较稳定：一般说来，四篇阅读文章的长度，全国Ⅰ卷1100～1200词；Ⅱ卷和Ⅲ卷1000～1200词。
4.命题依照顺序：命题人一般会根据文中信息出现的先后命题。因此，一篇文章的3~4个小题，其答案信息点会在文中依次出现。
5. 考点分布均匀：所测试的信息点在文中的分布大致均匀。假如短文是四个自然段，可能会一段一题。
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6. 细节决定成败：细节题占的比例最大，一般有7~10题；其次是推理判断题，考4~7题；词义推断题考1~2题；主旨大意题1~2题。准确理解细节不但有助于提高细节题的得分率，而且也是做好推理判断题的前提，因此，细节决定成败！
7. 答案分布均等：A、B、C、D四个选项为正确答案的次数一般是均等或大致均等。合理运用这一规律，考生在高考中可提升2～3分。
(四)解题方略和步骤（灵活运用以下三种有效的阅读方法,可以大大提高阅读速度和解题速度。） 1. 略读(skimming)——了解文章大意
以最快的速度跳跃式地浏览文章的标题、首尾段、每段的首尾句,以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语(特别是however，but，therefore等)后的内容等重要部分，以了解文章的主旨大意或段落大意。 2. 查读(scanning) ——寻找所需信息
也叫寻读，就是带着问题，特别是带着一两个特征词(如专有名词、缩写、数字等)，寻找到我们所需要的信息在文中的位置，进行信息定位。 3. 研读(study reading)——理解深层含义
通过略读了解文章主旨和通过查读找到相关信息之后，在相关范围内逐句、逐词地阅读，不仅要理解其字面意思，而且要结合语境，通过分析、比较、综合、联想等方法，并结合自己已有的知识和经验进行推理、判断，来理解文章的深层含义，以及作者的立场、观点、态度和意图等。 二、解题步骤
解题步骤或顺序，有人先文后题，有人先题后文，因人而异，无优劣之分，应根据你的习惯来决定。我们推荐以下步骤：
1. 抓大意：用略读法了解文章及各段的大意，便于快速信息定位。 2. 读题干：了解题目问什么，并在题干中找出便于定位的特征词。
3. 定位信息：带着问题和特征词，用查读法到文中找到相关句段。特别提醒：了解命题的顺序性和考点分布的均匀性原则，对迅速定位信息非常有用！
4. 研读：理解所找到的相关句段，有的还要根据背景常识进行简单的推理或判断，对比各选项，做出选择。
5. 综合：考虑各题所选选项，看是否切合全文主旨。
注：分析长难句
像“I am a student.”和“I love you.”这样的主系表和主谓宾结构的句子，几乎跟汉语一样，是非常容易理解的。一个句子之所以长，长得难于理解，是因为增加了修饰语的缘故。再长再难的句子，如果去掉修饰语，也会像“I am a student.”和“I love you.”一样简单。修饰语有哪些呢？有作定语的形容词、作状语的副词，还有介词短语、非谓语动词短语和从句。形容词和副词是一个词，相对较短，而介词短语、非谓语动词和从句相对较长，因此，有人称之为“三长两短”。词短语、
非谓语动词短语和从句。形容词和副词是一个词，相对较短，而介词短语、非谓语动词和从句相对较长，因此，有人称之为“三长两短”。
一、分析长难句的基本方法是分清“三长两短”，将三长两短用括号括起来，找到句子主干(主谓语或主系表)，即删除枝节，提取主干
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[例1] (2018年全国Ⅱ卷▪C篇) According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”
［分析］本句长达44个词。将三长两短用括号括起来就是：
(According to the report’s key findings,) “the proportion (比例) [who say (they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for fun)] has gone [from 8percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds (in 1984) to 22 percent and 27 percent] (respectively) (today).”
主干是：the proportion (比例) has gone. 。句中，who引导定语从句修饰先行词the proportion；而在这个定语从句中，they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for fun是省略了that的宾语从句，作say的宾语。
［句意］根据报告的主要研究结果，“那些说他们从来或者几乎不以读书为乐趣的人的比例从1984年13岁占比8%和17岁占比9%分别上升到了现在的22%和27%。”。
二、另外，由and, or, not only...but also等连接的并列成分或平行结构，也会使句子变长。因此，不但要弄清“三长两短”，还要知道“一并列”，即“三长两短一并列”。
[例2] (2018年全国Ⅱ卷▪D篇)We’ve all been there: (in a lift), (in line at the bank) or (on an airplane), {surrounded by people [who are, (like us), (deeply) focused on their smartphones or, (worse), struggling with the uncomfortable silence]}.
［分析］本句为复合句。主干是We’ve all been there，冒号后的三个并列介词短语用来解释说明there的具体内容；surrounded by people...为过去分词短语作伴随状语，在这个过去分词短语中又含一个who引导的定语从句，修饰people，like us在从句中作插入语，or连接focused…和struggling…两个并列结构。
［句意］我们都曾处于这样的环境中：在电梯里、在银行排队时或在飞机上，我们周围的人，像我们一样，专注于他们的智能手机，甚或苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默之中。
[例3] (2018年全国Ⅱ卷▪D篇) (Dismissing small talk as unimportant) is easy, but we can’t forget [that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist (if it weren’t for casual conversation)].
［分析］本句虽然不长，却很复杂。全句是由but连接的两个并列分句，前一个并列句中Dismissing small talk ...为动名词短语作主语；后一个并列句中that引导一个宾语从句，而这个宾语从句中还包含了一个if 引导的条件状语从句，且该条件状语从句使用了虚拟语气。
［句意］把闲聊看成无关紧要的事很容易，但我们不能忘记，如果没有闲聊，就根本不存在深厚的人际关系。 (五)考点解析
一、理解主旨要义
最近三年，三套全国卷中的每一套都有1～2题考查主旨要义，且每套题都有一道题要求考生给短文选择一个恰当的标题。这类题包括段落大意、短文大意和短文标题三类。其中大意类的题干中常含main idea或mainly about，标题类含title。如： 1. 大意类：
What is the main idea of paragraph 1? (2012年全国课标卷) What is the first paragraph mainly about? (2017年全国Ⅱ卷) What is the main idea of the text? (2018年全国Ⅰ卷) What is the text mainly about? ( 2018年全国Ⅲ卷) 2. 标题类：
What is /can be /might be the best title for the text? (2018年全国Ⅱ卷)
Which of the following can /might be the best title for the text? (2017年全国Ⅰ卷) What can be a suitable title for the text? (2018年Ⅰ卷；2018年全国Ⅲ卷)
解答主旨要义题的主要方法是寻找主题句。寻找主题句的方法是略读法，即快速浏览首尾段、每段的首尾句，以及表达句段关系的连接性词语，特别是but, however, though (adv.然而), in fact, therefore等。有时，没有体现段落或文章主旨的主题句，我们就要根据文章所述内容进行归纳和概括。
寻找主题句的6个微技能：
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(1)Now（如今）…暗示本文即将要讲的事很有可能与以往不同。
(2)表转折的词。段落中出现but, however, actually, while, in fact, on the contrary, in contrast等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正要表达的观点。
(3)表总结的词。如therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词后内容也可能是主题。 (4)多次重复的词。如果一篇文章中多次出现某个词，该词往往是体现文章主旨的关键词。 (5)若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章的主旨。
(6)说明实验结论或调查结果的句子。如their studies show that… ，the experiment shows that …，scientists/researchers have found that…或there is evidence suggesting that…中that从句的内容通常就是主旨。
例1--- (2012年全国课标卷·67) Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water... △ What is the main idea of the paragraph 1?
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups. C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words. D. Stories for children are easy to remember.
A 段落大意题。略读找到主题句：第一段第一句“Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still ever since.”，比较各选项，只有A项(人们清楚地记得他们在童年时学到的东西。)正确。 例2--(2017年全国Ⅲ卷·28) After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves. ◇What is the text mainly about?
A. Wildlife research in the United States. B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
D 文章大意题。由主题句，第一段第一句“After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.”可知，选D项(再次将狼引入黄石公园)。 二、理解文中具体信息
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。具体信息有时可以直接从文章中获取，有时则需要进行归纳、概括或推断后才能得到。
在考题中，答题信息可以直在文中获取的，我们称之为直接信息题，这类试题主要出现在每年每套题的阅读理解A篇的信息类文本中。
需要对文中两个或多个信息点进行归纳概括的，我们称之为归纳概括题。 正确选项是对文中信息进行了同义转换，我们称之为语意转换题。
需要对文中提供的数字进行简单计算才可得出答案的，我们称之为数字计算题。 1、直接信息
Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour ...Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights. ◇Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide? A. City maps. B. Cameras. C. Meals. D. Safety lights. 点拨：由题干中的night可定位到Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour这条线路。本题问的是夜间单车旅行会提供下列哪一项。选项City maps, Cameras和Meals在文中均未出现，属无中生有，排除选项A, B和C。在最后一句中找到safety lights，故选D项。 2、语意转换
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... If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. ◇Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas? A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.
C. To speed up their ripening.
D. To improve their nutrition.
点拨：由题干中的lemon juice可定位到第三段倒数第二句If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.，比较各选项， B选项keep their colour(使其保持不变色)与文中prevent them turning brown (阻止它们变成褐色)同义，故选B项。其余选项，“使它们闻起来更香” 是无中生有，“提高它们的营养”和“加速它们的成熟”是分别利用文中出现的单词nutritional和 ripeness张冠李戴。 3、数字计算
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages...The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. ◇How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? A. About 6,800. B. About 3,400. C. About 2,400. D. About 1,200.
目前共有大约6800种语言，不到6千人讲的语言只有6800的一半，即3400种，故选B项。
点拨：本题问“少于6千人讲的语言，目前有多少种？”由第一句可知世界上目前共有大约6800种语言，又由最后一句“世界语言的一半，不到6千人讲”，由此可知，不到6千人讲的语言只有6800的一半，即3400种，故选B项。 4、归纳概括
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources (来源) for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers. △ What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about? A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the park’s income. C. Preservation of vegetation.
D. An increase in the variety of animals.
A 由题干中的disappearance of gray wolves可定位到第三段。该段第一句告诉我们“灰狼的消失带来了许多意想不到的后果”。什么后果？“灰狼的主要食物鹿和麋鹿的数量迅速增加，这些动物吃掉大量的植被，减少了公园内植物的多样性。没有了灰狼，丛林狼也迅速增加，这些丛林狼又吃掉大部分的红狐，也把海狸全部赶走了。”这些具体信息概括起来，就是“破坏了当地的生态”，故选A项。
三、根据上下文推断单词或短语的含义
阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词和短语，但许多这类词语的含义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断词语含义的能力，是一个合格的读者必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读理解部分经常考查的一种能力。每年每套题通常有一个小题，有时会有两个小题，要求考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的含义。这类题的题干常含mean, replace, best explain或refer to四个词语之一。
解答这类题时，需要考生理解划线词语所在句的意思，有时需要理解该句的前一句或后一句的意思，或前后句的意思；也有的需要理解前后一段或几段的意思。要善于根据划线词语所在句内部各分句之间，或该句与上下句或上下段之间的逻辑关系，并结合常识，进行推断。特别是转折关系(but, however, though, fortunately, sadly等)、因果关系(so, because等)或条件与结果的关系。 1、推断单词的含义
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Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
△ What does the underlined word “displaced” in the paragraph mean? A. Tested. 测试 B. Separated.分开
C. Forced out取代，替代 D. Tracked down. 追查到
2. C 转折关系。“虽然灰狼在黄石和美国大陆的大部分地区曾经随处可见，但是由于人类的发展，它们渐渐地 。”渐渐地怎么了？“到20世纪20年代在黄石几乎消失了。”；去哪了？“去了人口稀少的加拿大森林了。”由此推断，它们因人类的发展而“被迫离开(forced out)”美洲大陆，故选C项。其他选项“被测试”“被分开”“被追踪”均与语境无关。 2、推断短语的含义
There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for
eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. △ What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope. C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.
点拨：理解划线部分所在句，“食用质量最优良的品种之一是Orleans Reinette”，由随后的but可推断“得之不易”；再由so可知前后是因果关系，“因为你需要温暖又避风的地方，且有肥沃的土壤才可以种植它，所以相信可以种植它的大多数苹果爱好者都 。”由因(种植条件苛刻)推果(想种种不了)，可知选项B “希望落空”正确。将其余选项“实际的想法”“非凡的计划”“自私的愿望”代入，逻辑不通。 3.推断句子的含义
“Have a nice day!” may be a pleasant gesture or meaningless. When my friend Maxie says “Have a nice day” with a smile, I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me…
“Have a nice day. Next!” This version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl at the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out the door. The words come out in the same tone (腔调)with a fixed procedure. They are spoken at me, not to me. Obviously, the concern for my day and everyone else's is the management's attempt to increase business.
◇What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean? A. The salesgirl is rude. B. The salesgirl is bored.
C. The salesgirl cares about me.
D. The salesgirl says the words as a routine.
D 由划线句的上句“那句话是用一种固定的程序以相同的腔调说出来的。”和后面一句“显然，对我和他人一天的关心是经理在努力增加营业额。”可知，售货员说那句话是“例行公事”。 四、做出判断和推理
这类试题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。这种判断和推理的能力是阅读理解能力的重要组成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。每年每套题通常会有2～4题。这类试题主要是要求考生推断隐含意义，有时也会要求考生推断文章出处、识别语篇类型，以及推断文中人物或组织的观点态度等。 1、推断隐含意思
每年每套题中一般会有一道题的题干含infer(推断)，明确要求考生推断隐含意思。如： What can we infer about…? (2018年全国Ⅰ卷) What can we infer from…? (2017年全国Ⅱ卷)
但是，更多地是以what, why或which开头提问，且有时含learn about(了解)或probably(可能)等字眼。如：
What can we learn about Decio? (2016年全国Ⅲ卷)
What do we learn about the gap year from the text? (2015年全国Ⅱ卷) What will probably happen to the building? (2017年全国Ⅲ卷)
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Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams? (2016年全国Ⅱ卷)
Which of the following best describes Dali according to Paragraph 1? (2015年全国Ⅰ卷)
解答这类试题，一定要根据文章提供的事实和线索去推断，而不是主观臆断，即推测有理，判断有据。因此，首先要在文中找到依据，然后理解其字面意思，再据此进行逻辑推理，做出判断，最后比较各选项，确定正确选项。即“一找二理，三推四比”。注意排除无中生有(文中无据)、简单事实(无需推理)、推理过度、黑白颠倒(与文中所述事实相反)、张冠李戴(借用文中某个词迷惑考生)等选项。
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday. While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children's lives…
According to the report's key findings, “the proportion (比例)who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone…”
◇What is the Common Sense Media report probably about? A. Children's reading habits. B. Quality of children's books. C. Children's after-class activities. D. Parent-child relationships.
1. A 一找：由题干中的Common Sense Media report可定位到第一段(仅一句)。二理：根据星期一出版的一份常识媒体报告，十几岁和更小年龄的孩子为快乐而读的少多了。三推：从常识媒体报告的内容来判断，该报告是关于儿童阅读习惯的。第二、三段中含report的句子，也进一步印证这一点。四比：“儿童阅读习惯”“儿童书籍的质量”“儿童的课外活动”“亲子关系”，只有A项正确。 2、推断文章出处
这类试题在全国卷中偶尔会出现，题干中常含有come from或take from。解答这类题时要根据文章内容、文体特征或某些关键词去推断。
Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to? Try some of these places: ·Visit art museums. ·Head to a natural history museum. ·Go to a Youtheater. ·Try hands-on science.
◇Where does this text probably come from? A. A science textbook. B. A tourist map. C. A museum guide. D. A news report.
2. C 由第一段“你在寻找一些新鲜而又令人兴奋的地方带你小孩(kids)去吗？请试试下面这些地方”和所列项目中含museum可以判断，本文出自博物馆参观指南，故选C项。出自“科学教科书”“旅游地图”“新闻报道”的可能性不大。 3、识别语篇类型
这类试题在全国卷中仅2014年出现过一次。可根据首句、文体特征和某些关键词来识别语篇所属类型。
The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF)is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge. The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing…
◇What type of writing is this text? A. An exhibition guide. B. An art show review. C. An announcement. D. An official report.
点拨：由第一句“剑桥科学节很高兴地通知您第六届创意挑战大赛”可知，这是一则通知，关键词是inform you of…。故选C项。其余选项，“展览指南”“艺展评论”“官方报告”易排除。
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4、推断文中人物或组织的观点态度
…But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards. △ What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car? A. Cautious. B. Favorable. C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.
B 本题问的是政府对研发飞行汽车持何种态度。一找：由题干中的government定位到第三段第三句和第四段第一句。二理：政府允许该公司采用特殊材料以使车身更易飞行。 联邦航空管理局五年前为轻型运动飞机建立一套单独的标准。三推：政府对研发飞行汽车是支持的。四比：“谨慎的”“支持的”“模棱两可的”“反对的”。故选B项。 五、理解作者的意图、观点和态度
理解作者的意图、观点和态度，是近四年来全国Ⅰ卷和Ⅱ卷的必考点，全国Ⅲ卷的常考点。每年每套题通常考1~3个小题。这类题包括作者写整篇文章的目的，写某个部分或段落的目的，写某句话的目的，在文中提到某人或某事物的目的，以及使用某标点、引用和举例的目的等。 题干中常有purpose或不定式(intend to do, in order to do, to do)。 1、作者的意图：文章写作目的
作者写文章的意图，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。这类题的提问方式有：
What is the author's purpose in writing the text? (2017年全国Ⅱ卷) What does the author want to tell us? (2013年全国课标Ⅰ卷) What does the text suggest people do about…? (2018全国Ⅰ卷)
写作意图与文体类型密切相关，因此，解答这类题可用文体推断法： 议论文——说服读者接受或赞同某一观点，倡导某种做法等。 说明文——介绍某一事物或说明某种现象。
记叙文——分享一段有趣的经历或故事，使读者获得乐趣；若是夹叙夹议的文章，则是表达作者的观点、感悟或启示，重点关注首尾段中的“议”。
广告——推销一种产品或服务，其目的是吸引更多顾客、游客、读者、订户、观众等。 If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what's around. It's called Apple Day but in practice it's more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain. ◇What is the author's purpose in writing the text? A. To show how to grow apples. B. To introduce an apple festival. C. To help people select apples. D. To promote apple research.
B 文体推断法。本文是说明文，作者应是介绍某事物。由第一段第一句“If you are a fruit
grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what's around.(如果你是或愿意成为一名果树种植者，可利用苹果节了解一下情况。)”可知，作者是要介绍苹果节，故选B项。 2、作者的意图：段落写作的目的
此类题目要求考生理解作者写作某个段落或部分的目的。提问方式有： What is the purpose of the last part of the text? (2017年全国Ⅰ卷) What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4? (2018全国Ⅰ卷)
Why does the author mention… in the first paragraph? (2016年全国Ⅱ卷)
写作意图与文章主旨密切相关，因此，解答这类题多用主旨推断法。即用略读法，读首尾段和各段的首尾句，找到主题句，抓住文章主旨，然后由主旨来推断作者的写作目的。议论文、新闻报道、说明文等，其主题句多在文首。
Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your 8
grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder. ◇What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph? A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own. B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them. C. Sacrifice for their struggling children. D. Get to know themselves better.
. A 主旨推断法。最后一段首句“Moving is not for everyone. (搬到孩子那里一起生活并不适合所有的老年人。)”是该段主题句；又由第二句but后“sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently
instead(然而不和孩子住在一起，而是经常去探访他们，更明智)”，以及最后一句的but后“giving up the life you know may be harder (放弃本来已习惯的生活可能更难)”可知，在做这类决定之前，要谨慎考虑，以保证自身最大的权益，故选A项。 3、作者的观点
此类题目考查的是作者对某事物或某问题的看法。题干中常有think of或opinion等，具体提问方式有：
What does the author think of…? (2018全国Ⅰ卷)
What is the author's opinion on…? (2012年全国课标卷)
作者的观点态度必定会在字里行间流露出来，因此，由相关句段里的表达情感状况的形容词或动词往往能把握作者的观点态度，因此主要用关键词推断法。
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置)well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment——and our wallets——as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. ◇What does the author think of new devices? A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old. C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.
由第一段最后一句，“过时的装置比更新的装置消耗多得多的能源”，也就是说，新装置耗能少得多，即有利于环保，故选A项。 4、作者的态度
此类题目考查作者对某事物是持赞成、赞扬或支持的态度；还是怀疑、批评或反对的态度，是持乐观、幽默、热情、羡慕或关切的态度，还是持厌恶、担忧、悲观、失望、沮丧或容忍的态度，或是持中立的态度。题干中常含attitude，具体提问方式有： What is the author's attitude towards…? (2017年全国Ⅲ卷) 解答这类题也主要是用关键词推断法。
The government spent…Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a
comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 黄石狼项目是一个很有价值的实验 △ What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring. 不关心的
点拨：由最后一段最后一句“黄石引狼工程是帮助生物学家决定是否还要再引狼到别的地方的有价值的实验。”可知，作者是持肯定态度的，故选B项。文中关键词是valuable。 六、理解文章的基本结构
文章的基本结构，主要是通过七选五阅读来考查，在四选一阅读中，主要是考查作者为使行文连贯或使上下文衔接更紧密而使用的衔接手段——代词的指代或名词的指代(同义复现)，即要求考生推断that、it、them等代词或名词的指代信息。
指代信息可以是一个名词、短语、句子或更多内容，其位置一般在划线代词或名词的前面，可能在本句的前部分，也可能在前句或前几句或前一段中。
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这类题的题干一般含有refer to(指)。解题时，在基本确定指代对象后，将其代入原句验证；也可将各选项代替划线词语，看前后意思是否连贯，逻辑是否通顺。 1、判断代词所指信息
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that…
（爵士乐爱好者正在减少并逐渐变老，而爵士乐又未能与与年轻一代相连，即爵士乐在年轻一代中不那么受欢迎。）
△ What does the underlined word “that” in the paragraph refer to? A. Jazz becoming more accessible.
B. The production of jazz growing faster. C. Jazz being less popular with the young. D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
C 代词指代题。根据上一段“the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”可知，爵士乐爱好者正在减少并逐渐变老，而爵士乐又未能与与年轻一代相连，即爵士乐在年轻一代中不那么受欢迎。 2、判断名词所指信息
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.
◇What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. The tube. B. The still. C. The hole. D. The cup.
点拨：划线词所在句“尽量在潮湿的地方挖洞，以便提高the water catcher的效率。” the water catcher指代什么？tube, cup, hole只是其中一个组件，无所谓出水效率，出水效率应是相对整个蒸馏装置而言的，因此the water catcher指代的是前句中的still，故选B项。
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